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1. MOTIVATION
DR. Ahmed Albehairy, M.D
Consultant Psychiatry

2. Definitions
Motivation is the activation or energization of goalorientated behavior .
Desire is a sense of longing for a person or object or
hoping for an outcome (craving).
Goal or objective is a projected state of affairs thata person
or a system plans or intends to achieve .
need is something that is necessary for organisms to live a
healthy life.
Motivation affects every thing we do ; ability to learn,
memory perception.

3. Types of motives
physiologically based
Unlearned, in animals:
- Survival needs:
hunger & thirst.
- Biologically based
social needs: sex &
maternal behavior.
- curiosity
psychologically based
Learned , socially in
nature

4. Concepts of motivation
1- concept of instincts.
2- concept of need & drive.
3-concept of incentives.
4- concept of equilibrium.
5- psychoanalytic concepts of motivation.
6- social learning theory of motivation.

5. concept of instincts.
• Unlearned pattern of behavior that occur
in the presence of certain stimuli.
• Basic instincts are ( by William McDougal,
1980)
- repulsion, curiosity, flight, parenting,
reproduction, gregarious,acquisition,
constructive, puganicity, self a

6. 2- concept of need & drive.
• needs arise from deprivation. E.g. need
for food drive a state in which the need
makes the organism tense, aroused and
activated e.g. hunger drive.
• Drive state is motivation.
• Drives is alike instincts , 1ry ( unlearned
physiological)– 2ry ( learned experience).

7. Maslow's hierarchy of needs

8. 3-concept of incentives.
Incentives , external stimuli & consequences
are controlling the response and behavior.
Motivated if operant conditioned with
positive incentives.
Not motivated if related to negative
incentives.

9. 4- concept of equilibrium.
Essence of motivation is to maintain
optimum level of functioning, equilibrium.
Balance involve either physiological process
or /and cognitive, emotional , arousal
processes.

10. 4- concept of equilibrium.
(cont.)
Homeostasis:
-1ry, survival motives operate acc. To
homeostasis, i.e. constancies are essentials for
survivals, in the face of changing external
environment .e.g. body temp and body water.
- Need s the physiological departure from the
optimum value.
- Drive s the arousal and seek of org. to correct
this problem( homeostasis)

11. 5- psychoanalytic concepts of motivation.
Eros, enhance life
thantos,
destruction
• Libido, sex is energy
of life instinct.
• Unconscious motives,
tongue slips, dreams.
• Suicide( inward).
• Aggression
( outwards).
• Unconscious motives,
tongue slips, dreams.
• sex
aggression

12. 6- social learning theory of motivation.
-
Concerning behavior not the drive.
-
Successful behaviors, person select them by reinforcement
and discard the others.
-
Social learning theory stresses:
a- vicarious learning .
b- cognitive process that think in the situations symbolically and
so our action can be governed by anticipated consequences.
c- self regulation , evaluation of the behavior and reaction to it
and form a standard to the level of function of the behavior.
d – most effective ext stimuli when there s consistent between
self reinforcement and society approval of the behavior.

13. 6- social learning theory of motivation. (CONT)
The reinforcement that control the expression of
learned behavior may be:
- Direct reward, social approval, disapproval.
- Vicarious learning.
- Self – praise and reproach.

14. Current classification of motives
inherited
acquired
• Physiological, air,
water, food, etc.
• Survival of species:
sex, motherhood.
• Emergency :fight and
flight.
• Objective : exploration,
manipulation ,
interests.
• General social
motives shared by
whole env.
• Cultural social
motives.
• Individual social
motives: education &
subculture.

15. THANK YOU