This document provides an overview of motivation and different theories of motivation. It defines motivation as referring to the movement or activity, or as one of the determinants of behavior. The motivational cycle involves a need creating a drive that leads to arousal and goal-directed behavior aimed at reducing arousal. Motivation types include psychological motives focusing on social/environmental factors and biological motives centered on innate biological causes. Early motivation theories included hedonism, instinct theories like McDougall's theory of instincts, and Hull's drive reduction theory involving biological drives creating tension. Later theories discussed include arousal theory, expectancy theory, goal setting theory, achievement motivation, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

1. MOTIVATION
BY
Dr. LALIT SHARMA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
INDIRA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
&
SPORTS SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

2. MOTIVATION
DEFINITION
“Motivation is derived from the Latin word “movere” referring to movement of
activity”.
OR
“Motivation is one of the determinants of behaviour”.
OR
“Instincts, drives, needs, goals, and incentives came under the broad cluster of
motivation.

3. The Motivational Cycle
• A need is lack of deficit of some necessity.
• A drive is a state of tension or arousal produced by a need.
NEED
DRIVE
AROUSAL
GOAL
DIRECTED
BEHAVIOUR
REDUCTION
OF
AROUSAL

4. TYPES OF
MOTIVES
Psychological motives focus on
psychological and social as well as
environmental factors and how they
interact with each other to produce
motivation e.g. Need for
achievement, affiliation, power,
exploitation and self-actualization.
Biological motives
focus of the innate biological causes
of motivation like hormones
neurotransmitters, brain structures
(hypothalamus, limbic system, etc.)
Eg. Hunger, thirst & motives

5. Expression of any motive is always due to the interaction of biological, learned and cognitive factors.
Traditionally motivation is concerned with arousal, direction and persistence of behaviour, however it is
not exclusive domain of motivation. Also, factors that arouse and energize behaviour after give Direction.
 learning theorist often interested in stability of behaviour.
Human and animal change behaviour shift from one activity to another.
Systematically altering the direction of their behaviour.
There are two important question arises.
1. Are such shifts systematic?
2. Are such shifts are better explained by principles of motivation or by some other principles (learing ,
personality or perception)
So, motivation as the Direction and Intensity of one’s effort.

6. TYPES OF MOTIVATION:
1. Intrinsic motivation
2. Extrinsic motivation
How to Motivate the pupil’s
1. Child centered Approach
2. Linking the new learning with the past.
3. Use of effective methods, aids and devices in teaching.
4. Definiteness of the purpose and goal.
5. Knowledge of the results and progress.
6. Rewards and punishment/ cooperation and competition
7. Ego- involvement.
8. Development of proper attitude.
9. Appropriate learning situation and environment.
10. Novelty
11. Level of Aspiration

7. Early Conceptions of Motivation
The Greek Philosophers :- We are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain. Goodness of a thing could be
obtained only. If the intellect allowed was fully developed.
Intellect allowed the individual to understand the long term consequences of a given action.
Position of Hedonism (belief that pleasure is most important thing persistent in psychology and
philosophy).
Instinct Theories:- Perspective of Dualism (mind & body)
- the human behaviour was attributed to the existence of a Rational soul.
McDougall’s Theory of Instinct:-
Instincts are innate tendencies or inherited psychological dispositions or even the complex pattern of
behaviour that lead to same purposive actions.
Instinct are:- Repulsion, curiosity, self assertion, reproduction.
Emotion :- Fear, anger.

8. Hull’s Drive Reduction Theory
Biological drives such as hunger, thirst, sex and escape from pain are responsible from maintaining and
primary response.
The Drive produce internal Tension.
DRIVE THEORY
BIOLOGICAL NEED
FOOD, WATER,
SEX
DRIVE
HUNGER
BEHAVIOUR THAT REDUCE
DRIVE STRENGTHED
ACTIVATION OF MANY
DIFFERENT BEHAVIOUR
BEHAVIOUR DO NOT REDUCE
DRIVE ARE WEAKENED

9. AROUSAL THEORY:-
Suggests human being seeks an optimal level of Arousal not minimal level of Arousal.
MERKES-DODSON LAW:-
Further increase in Arousal actually reduce performance.
EXPECTANCY THEORY:-
A cognitive approach behaviour is determined by your thoughts about future outcome and about how
your current actions can help you get where you want to go.
GOAL SETTING THEORY:-
S – SPECIFIC
M – MEASURABLE
A – ATTAINABLE
R – RECORDED
T – TIME BOUND
E – EVALUATION
R - REVISABLE

10. Achievement Motivation
The desire to accomplish difficult task and to meet standards.
Perceived Competence
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
FIX ABILITY TASK DIFFICULTY
DYNAMIC EFFECT LUCK

11. MASLOW’S NEED THEORY

12. THANK YOU