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This document summarizes four theories of motivation: 1) Instinct theory proposes innate tendencies determine behavior. 2) Drive reduction theory states needs motivate behavior to reach homeostasis. 3) Incentive theory says external rewards like social approval motivate behavior. 4) Cognitive theory posits thinking influences behavior through extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. It also outlines biological needs like hunger and social motives like bonding. Emotions involve feelings, arousal, and expressions, with theories arguing they are biologically based or reactions to social cues.
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The document discusses various theories of motivation and emotion. It describes motivation as factors that energize and direct behavior toward goals. Emotion is defined as subjective feelings that include arousal, cognitions, and expressive behaviors. Several theories of motivation are outlined, including instinct/evolution theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, incentive theory, cognitive theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Theories of emotion discussed include James-Lange theory, facial feedback hypothesis, Cannon-Bard theory, and Schacter-Singer theory. Biological drives like hunger, thirst, and sex are also summarized.
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جذبات کا باب نمبر 11
1) Emotions are subjective sensations that arise from an interaction of perception, neural responses, cognitive appraisal, and expression.
2) Major theories of emotion include James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and Schachter-Singer theory. Lazarus theory emphasizes cognitive appraisal.
3) Emotions can be measured through physiological responses, thoughts, and behaviors. The limbic system and amygdala are strongly associated with emotion processing in the brain.
4) Basic emotions include those universally expressed through facial expressions like anger, fear, sadness, and disgust. Display rules are cultural norms that govern emotional expression.
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جذبات کا باب نمبر 11
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Motivation refers to driving and pulling forces that result in persistent goal-directed behavior. Motives are inferred from behavior and help explain and predict behavior. There are various theories of motivation including instinct, drive reduction, arousal, incentive, cognitive, and humanistic theories. Physiological needs like hunger and thirst are deeply rooted biological motives driven by bodily needs and regulated by mechanisms like the hypothalamus. Psychological needs for achievement, affiliation, and power also motivate behavior and are influenced by both innate and learned factors.
Emotion annesley 2010
The document discusses theories of emotion and how they are measured and influenced. It describes four main theories: James-Lange theory states that physiological arousal produces emotional feelings; Cannon-Bard theory says cognition, arousal, and expression occur simultaneously; the facial feedback hypothesis is that facial expressions produce emotions; and Schachter's two-factor theory is that emotion results from physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal. The document also discusses measuring emotion through body, thoughts, and behavior and how culture influences emotional expression. It summarizes an experiment showing that facial expressions influence humor ratings.
Ch 1 notes
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It uses scientific research methods to observe and explain behaviors through description, explanation, prediction, and control. Throughout history, views of psychology and its goals have developed from focusing on internal mental processes to emphasizing observable behavior and the purpose and function of thoughts and actions. Modern psychology incorporates many perspectives including biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, and social-cultural approaches.
Chapter # 6 motivation and emotion
This document discusses motivation and emotion. It defines motivation as the factor that directs and energizes human behavior. It outlines several approaches to motivation, including the instinct approach, drive-reduction approach, arousal approach, incentive approach, and cognitive approach. It also discusses Maslow's hierarchy of needs. The document defines emotion as feelings that have psychological and cognitive elements and influence behavior. It discusses the functions and roots/theories of emotion, including the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and Schachter-Singer theory. It also lists the six basic emotions and discusses the relationship between culture and emotion.
017602877.pdf
Psychology has its roots in ancient Greek philosophy, with early perspectives including structuralism which looked at the basic structures of the mind, and functionalism which examined how consciousness helps with problems of everyday life. Modern psychology uses the scientific method and different types of research like experiments, correlations, surveys, observations, and case studies. The six major perspectives in psychology are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, and socio-cultural.
Psychology,
This document discusses key concepts in psychology including human behavior, different branches of psychology, factors influencing behavior, emotions, motivation, perception, attitudes, and beliefs. It explains that psychology is the study of human behavior and why people behave the way they do. It addresses topics like normal and abnormal psychology, the influence of physical and mental factors on behavior, and how psychology can help promote mental health.
Motivation and Emotion
This document discusses various types of human motivation beyond basic drives like hunger and thirst. It describes the motivation for affiliation, or the need to be with others, and explains that this motive is strongest when people feel threatened, anxious or celebratory. The document also covers achievement motivation, defining it as the desire to meet internal standards of excellence. Research on achievement motivation is discussed, including traits of high achievers and situational factors that influence motivation.
2011 ch 9
This chapter looks at how our motivations are emotionally directed and vice-versa. There is a discussion of eating disorders, sexual behavior, and the role of the amygdala.
New material , Motivation and its classification.pptx
Motivation is derived from the Latin word "movere" meaning "to move" and is defined as a need that requires satisfaction. It stimulates, orients, and maintains human behavior toward achieving a goal. Motivation is not a direct observable behavior but rather influences behavior. The motivation cycle involves a need arising, which creates a drive, arousal, goal-directed behavior to satisfy the need, achievement of the goal, and reduction of arousal. Approaches to motivation include behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic perspectives. Maslow's hierarchy of needs model organizes motivations from basic physiological needs to self-actualization. Motivations can be intrinsic, originating from within the individual, or extrinsic, originating from outside rewards
Motivation
Motivation refers to internal states and conditions that influence behavior and give it direction in relation to physiological conditions, interests, attitudes, and aspirations. There are two components of motivation: needs, which arise from deficits within an individual, and drives, which are observable behaviors based on needs. Motivation functions by activating individuals, directing and regulating behavior, and selecting mechanisms. There are several theories of motivation including instinct theory, psychoanalytic theory, incentive theory, arousal theory, association theory, humanistic theory, cognitive theory, self-efficacy theory, and self-determination theory. Motivation can also be intrinsic, promoted by internal desires, or extrinsic, promoted by external factors. Motives are classified as physiological or psychological. Mas
Motivation and Emotion. Chapter 13
This document discusses different theories of motivation. It begins by defining motivation as the process that starts, directs, and sustains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation can be intrinsic, stemming from internal satisfaction of an activity itself, or extrinsic, driven by external rewards or punishments. Six major theories of motivation are then outlined: instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, incentive theory, and humanistic theory. Key concepts in each theory like needs, drives, homeostasis, and optimal arousal levels are explained through examples. The document also discusses different types of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation as well as specific needs like achievement, affiliation and power.
Motivation and emotions
This document discusses motivation and emotions. It defines motivation as the purpose for responding and refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior. Motivation is useful for understanding how strong and why behavior occurs. Theories of motivation discussed include biological determinism, which sees behavior as resulting from biological forces like instincts. Homeostatic motivation refers to the body maintaining equilibrium through processes like regulating blood pressure. Non-homeostatic motivation explains behaviors not related to survival like play. Arousal theory links motivation to seeking an optimal level of arousal, while incentive theory sees external stimuli as motivating. Emotions are feelings that produce physiological changes and behaviors in response to stimuli. Theories of emotions discussed are the James-Lange theory
ppt for psychology.pptx psychology and culture science
This document discusses various theories and concepts related to motivation and emotions. It covers topics like drives and incentives as motivators, arousal theory, humanistic hierarchy of needs, homeostatic and brain theories of drives, short and long-term signals regulating eating behavior and body weight, theories of sexual motivation and response, and self-determination theory. Regarding emotions, it defines emotions and basic emotions, discusses the brain and facial expressions' role, and presents theories like James-Lange, Cannon's challenge, two-factor theory, and cognitive-mediational theory.
Motivation
This document discusses motivation and the different types of motives that drive human behavior. It defines motivation as physiological or psychological arousal that causes behavior. There are biological drives like hunger and thirst aimed at survival. General drives seek new experiences through curiosity, activity, and affection. Acquired motives are learned and include needs for achievement, autonomy, order, and affiliation. Understanding motivation provides insight into why people do what they do.
10motivation
This document defines and discusses various theories of motivation. It begins by defining motivation as the internal drive that activates and directs goal-oriented behavior. It then covers drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, social motives like achievement, affiliation and power, and expectancy theory. The document also discusses applying motivation theories to work motivation and improving it through reinforcement and goal setting.
motivation-100511010430-phpapp01 (1).pdf
This document discusses motivation and drives in psychology. It defines motivation as internal processes that initiate and direct behavior toward a desired goal. Motivation involves needs, drives, responses, and goals. Needs are internal deficiencies while drives are energizing states that motivate reducing needs. The document also discusses homeostasis, the tendency of organisms to maintain internal equilibrium, and how biological drives help maintain homeostasis. It distinguishes between primary motives related to survival and secondary motives acquired through socialization.
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Dualcreditpsychologynotes chapter12-motivationandemotion-shortenedforslideshare-111031224937-phpapp02
- 1. Ch. 12 – Motivation and Emotion
- 3. Theories of Motivation • Instinct Theory • Drive-Reduction • Incentive Theory • Cognitive Theory
- 4. Motivation • Internal state that activates behavior and directs it towards a goal.
- 5. 1. Instinct Theory innate tendencies determine human behavior
- 6. 2. Drive Reduction Theory Drive – state of tension produced by a need –motivates an organism towards a goal Need – bio. or psycho. requirement of an organism – ex. Oxygen/food/social approval Homeostasis – tendency of organisms to correct imbalances/deviations from normal state
- 7. 3. Incentive Theory – organisms are motivated by incentives • Incentive - External stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior – stresses environmental factors
- 8. 4. Cognitive Theory – How an organisms thinking influences behavior • Extrinsic Motivation – activities that either reduce biological needs or obtain incentives/rewards • Intrinsic motivation – activities that are personally rewarding or fulfill beliefs/expectations • “Mentalism” – Mental states are to behavior as cause is to effect.
- 9. Ch. 12.2 Biological and Social Motives • Hunger (drive)/Food (need) – example – page 321 Lateral Hypothalamus – produces hunger signals Ventromedial Hypothalamus – Signal to stop eating
- 10. • Food Biological Motives • Water • Oxygen • Sleep • Avoid pain • Others?
- 11. Social Motives • Need to excel • Need for social bonds • Need for fun • Others?
- 12. Some studies on motivation… • Eating – Schachter – Overweight people respond to external cues; normal weight people respond to internal cues… • Fear of success – Horner – Write a story “After first term finals, John finds himself…top of his class” 90% of men predicted success for “Anne” when substituted for John, 65% of women predicted failure for Anne.
- 13. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self Actualization Needs Psychological Needs Fundamental (Physical) Needs
- 14. Emotions • Set of complex reactions to stimuli involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior
- 15. Expressing Emotions – 3 parts – Physical, Behavioral, Cognitive
- 16. Psychological Theories • Arguments for Biologically Based Emotions 1. Universal Expressions of Emotions Across Cultures 2. Blind/deaf children laughing/smiling 3. Difficulty hiding true emotions • James-Lange theory – emotions perceptions of internal bodily changes • Canon-Bard Theory – argued (incorrectly) thalamus was center of emotions (limbic system is…amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus)
- 17. Cognitive Theories • Reacting to social cues (Schacter/Singer Experiment…injections of adrenaline) • Opponent processing – sympathetic and parasympathetic balance emotions in homeostasis