Slides on Motivation

1. Motivation
• The term motivation is derived from latin word ‘movere’ means
to move or forward movement or to active.
• The readiness for an action a/c to need or drive is called
motivation.
• For efficient work, for action motivation is basic need for learners
• For example, In class room teacher’s first duty is to motivate the
students for effective learning.
• Motivation is extremely complex, difficult to understand ,
interpret, predict .and control.
• Modern psychologist thinks that single drive and motive alone
does not govern the behaviour of individual.
• Interaction of various drives and motives are responsible for
particular behaviour.

2. Some definitions of motivation
• Motivation is the state of organism in which bodily energy is mobilized
and activity is selectively directed towards the particular part of
environmnet.
• Such behaviour generally continues until is goal achieved.
• A/cc to good “ motivation is the process of arousing , sustaining, and
regulating activity”.
• Fischer - “motivation is an iclination or impulsion to an action plus some
degree of orientation and direction”.
• Pinder -“ Motivation refers to the forces within a person that affect his
/her direction , intensity and persistence of voluntary behaviour.
• Caroll- “ Motive is readiness and response which has been learned. It is
directed toward the goal.”

3. Nature/ Characteristics/ concept of motives
• Motive is inner state of mind.
• Motivation makes behaviour selective.
• Motivation is internally related with emotion.
• It is generated by the need or drive of the individual.
• It compels the individual to respond by creating tension in mind.
• It is a preparing stage to respond against the stimuli.
• It is goal directed.
• Fulfillment of a motive gives reward satisfaction.
• When the goals are achieved nature and motive increases.
• Motive may not tell us what exactly happens but they give us idea
about the range of things a person will do.
• Thus, it is clear from above description when we use the term
motivation, it is basically involves need, drive and incentive.

4. Motivation cycle
There are four aspect of motive
Need
Drive
Incentive
Goal

5. Need
 A need is a state of physical deprivation that causes tension
within an organism.
 It is lack of what we want.
 It tend to organize the field of organism with respect to
certain incentive or goals to stimulate the activity toward
their attainment.
 When organism is deprived from basic needs like food, water
and sleep, the internal envrioment is imblanced.
 Then the need develop tissue need, which are bio chemical
requirement of body.
 Need is the first condition for goal directed behaviour.

6. Drive.
 An internal motivational state that is created by a need is
drive.
 For example, need for food creates a drive a state of arousal
or tension.
 The activity persist until the need is satisfied .
 Therefore, drive, a psychological state , is original source of
energy that activate the organism.
 Drive is result of need.

7. Incentive
 Incentive is the appropriate object or situation toward which
motivated behaviour is directed.
 It can provide satisfaction of the aroused drive.
 Need and drive alone do not fulfill the motivated behavoiur,
incentive is necessary.
 Food is inceptive to hungry need.
 A/c to Hilgard , an incentive is something in the external
environment that satisfies the need and thus reduces the
drive through consumatory activity.

8. Goal
 Reward or goal is energized activity is to reduce tension
created with in body.
 Consumption food reduce the tension which is goal.
 When goal ai achieved, the need reduced , the body is
balanced and tension is also reduced.
 The person is again ready for othe goal directed activity.
 Motivation cycle , therefore means that behaviour goes
in a sequence ,
 Since the sequence is cyclical and needs are never
ending.

9. Theories of motivation
Instinct theory
 Instinct are in born fixed pattern of behaviour.
 The psychologist assumed that human being are motivated by
instincts. And all type of behaviour guided by instinct.
 A/c some sociologist there are around 600 instinct which govern
the behaviour.
 But the instinct theory was fadev in 1920’s and replaced by drive
theory.
 Psychologist who advocated instinct theory state that it is an inborn
pattern of bhaviour and is biolgically determined rather than
learned.
 These sets of instincts are essentials for survival.
 Instinct provide energy that channels behaviour in appropriate
direction., eg sex is a response to an instinct for reproduction

10.  Drive reduction theory.
 When instinct theory of motivation is collapsed, it was replaced drive
theory to explain ‘why’ of behaviour.
 Motivation is an inner ‘drive’ that determine the behaviour ( Robrt
woodworth, 1918).
 Drive is also defined in biological term as energy released from an
organism store.
 it was conceived as fuel of action.
 Clark Hull related this theory with homeostasis.
 It is based on the idea that a physiological need creat an aroused
physiological state that drive the organism to reduce tension created
by need. Such as hunger or thirst.
 A/c to this theory, physical deprivation caruses the arousal of
biological need.
 Depivation , in turn, produces a physiological drive, a state of tension
that motivate a person to satisfy the need.
 Physiological drive are in born. Eg hunger is inborn drive.
 These are primary drive and include hunger, thirst, cold, pain. Etc.

11. Inceptive theory
 Bolles, 1975 introduced another view of motivation that was
diffrernt from drive.
 The incentive theory explains the motivation in terms of external
stimuli.
 A/c to this theory behaviour is not always guided by internal need
or arousal.
 Delicious food ( external stimulus ) make us eating it.
 Inceptive direct and energize behaviour. In such condition external
stimuli largely account for persons behaviour.
 But there is arguments that it does not explain a complete
explanation. Even without incentive organism seeks to fulfill needs.
 The drive theory regarded as ‘push ‘ theory as it push the organism
to act so that it can fulfill the need.
 While,incentive theory is regardede as pull theory such as good
food, money fame etc.

12. Arousal theory
 A/c to this theory, all human are motivated to achieve and maintain
optimum level of bodily arousal ( best or ideal).
 People when exposed to a state of sensory restriction, or to a highly
monotonous situation, They quickly bored.
 Studies also so that when people are exposed bright light, loud music
and other intense stimuli, their arousal level lowered.
 Therefore people are aroused maximum only when stimulation is
optimum.
 Another part of arousal theory is Yerkes- Dodson law, a/c to this law,
simple task require high level of arousal, to get motivation to do them.
 While difficult task require low arousal to get proper motivation.

13. Cognitive approaches: The thoughts behaind motivation.
• Cognitive approach to motivation suggest that motivation is the
product of peoples thought expectation and goals.
• For instance, The degree to which people are motivated for a test
depends on their expectation of well studying will pay off in terms
of a good grade.
• Cognitive theories draw a key distinction between intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation.
• Intrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for our
own enjoyment.
• In contrast, extrinsic motivation causes us to do something for
money or grade, or for other concrete reward.
For example, when a physician work for a long time because he/she
love medicines, the intrinsic motivation prompting her.
But if she/he works hard for a lot of money , the extrinsic factor
underlies his/her effort.

14. Hierarchy of motives
• The sequential level or steps motives A/c to importance or
requirement is called hierarchy of motives.
• It was discovered by Abraham Moslow in 1970.
• He developed pyramid type of structure having five steps.
• Basic physiological need
• Safety needs
• Love need
• Esteem need
• Actualization need

15. Physiological need
• It is most important requirement to fufill the
other requirement of motives.
• It includes food, water, rest and sleep and sex.
• When these motives are fulfilled , the people
may feel sicknes, irritation, pain, discomfort
etc.
• We only think about other once they are
fulfilled.

16. Safety need
• After getting basic needs, individual proceed
in second step, the safety need.
• These needs have to do with establishing
stability and consistency in a confused world.
• It includes freedom, secuirty, protection.
• The needs are psychological in nature as we
need security at home.

17. Belonging and love need
• It is third step after achieving earlier two
steps.
• It forms friend, family life, groups and create
intimate relation with others.
• We feel loved ( non sexual ) by others and to
be accepted by others.
•

18. Esteem need
• After belonging and love step, the next step is
esteem motive.
• It includes confidence power Will, status.
Recognition.

19. Self actualization need
• After achieving all the four step, the individual
reach in fullest stage in this actual life.
• It is the optimum stage of life.
• The need for actualization is the desire to
become more and more what one is to
become, everything that one is capable of
becoming.
• Individual who have everything can maximize
their potential.

20. • Moslow theory is also called growth theory of
motivation.
• In this, the individual progressively and slowly
with confidence to actualize the need.
• This theory is useful for human life for success,
happy and cheerful life.
• It is also useful for business personnel to
develop their business up to their optimum
stage.

21. Types of motives
• Motives are of two types;
 Primary ( physiological, innate o inborn).
 Secondary( social, psychological or learned).

22. Physiological need and motivation
• Biological motives are in born.
• The are primary motives as their fulfillment is very
important.
• With out Them individual can not survive.
• The primary motives are;
 Hunger
 Thirst
 Sleep and rest
 Sex
 Maternal needs
 Temperature regulation

23. Hunger
• The food is necessary for generating enegry.
• The need of food causes the arousal of hunger motive.
• It the result of food deprivation in the body.
• It is regulated by hypothalamus.
• Two process occur in hunger: Feeding system and satiety system.
• The consumption of required food is feeding system while after
completing the requirement, stop of feeding is called satiety
system.
• Following mechanism occur in hunger
 Stomach contract.
 Blood sugar

24. hunger
Stomach contract.
Hunger was assumed due to contraction .
The empty stomach undergoes contraction,
the wall contract and expand
A/c walter cannon (1934), empty stomach
leads to its contraction called hunger pang (
cramp or spasm), which is considered as
signal for hunger.

25. hunger
• Blood sugar
• The sugar in the blood is found in the form of glucose.
• The level of glucose in the blood is detected by
hypothalamus.
• The deficiency of glucose in the blood shows the symptoms of
hunger while excess of it reduce hunger.
• Researcher also suggested that receptors in the liver also play
a role to regulate hunger.
• Whenever there is a food deprivation, blood sugar level
become low in liver.
• The impulses are sent to brain , and huger senesation of
hunger felt.

26. • The psychological factor also control hunger
beside the physiological factor.
• Food taking behavoiur is influenced by taste,
coloureating habit etc.
• Attaction colour, tasty food lure the individual
and they take food even are not hungry.

27. Sex
• Sex is essential motive but not as impotant as food.
• It is a highly powerful psycho- physical motive.
• It is affected by external stimulation, sexual hormones,
and cerebral activities.
• The sex hormones play an important role in sex drive.
• Its satisfaction result in immense happiness and well
being ,
• Human sex motive is a complex blend of innate as
well as acquired tendencies.

28. Socio-physiological motivation(Need for achievement
and power)
• The social motives are acquired and learned and complex.
• They are also goal directed behaviour.
• these are not related to survival but satisfy us in number of
ways.
• People sing, play musical instruments, paint write etc.
• These things are related to social survival and are resulted from
man’s interaction with his social environment.
• Some of the social motives include need for praise, recognition
and status, power, sympathy, gregariness achievement etc.
• People can survive physically without these things but it will
impossible to live socially.
• The strength of these motives differ from individual to
individual and culture to culture.

29. Important socio- physiological need
• Achievement motivation
• Need for power
• Affiliation motivation