The document discusses different theories of motivation including instinct theory, drive theory, incentive theory, arousal theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It also covers biological motives like hunger and thirst, stimulus motives including sensory stimulation, curiosity and exploration, and competence. Learned social motives such as achievement, power, and affiliation are mentioned as well.

1. Motivation Chapter 10

2. What is motivation? a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

3. Theories of Motivation Instinct Theory Drive Theory Incentive Theory Arousal Theory Maslow's Humanistic Theory Cognitive Theory

4. Instinct Theory What is Instinct ? Behavior that is inherited by all members of the species

5. Instinct Theory Developed theory to explain human behavior People could modify their behavior by learning and experiences Theory Disappeared In America but continued in European Zoologists called ethnologists (Williams James 1890)

6. Drive Theory Internal forces that push us towards doing something (Woodworth 1918) Homeostasis (Walter Cannon 1939) Tendency to keep a constant or balanced internal state

7. Incentive Theory Pull the individual towards some goal

8. Arousal Theory state of being awake Optimum level of Arousal We are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal Sensation Seeking We are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal Arousal and Performance Sensation seeking focuses on the need for new and varied experiences

9. begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied then higher-level safety needs become active then psychological needs become active Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

10. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

11. Cognitive Theory Cognitive motivation Individual that learn certain behaviors lead to certain goods they develop cognitive expectancy that motivate them to exhibit those behavior

12. Cognitive Theory Expectancy value Julian rotter developed this theory in 1954. He argued that behavior is the result of our expectations of achieving goals and the value that those goals have for us. We are motivated to maximize the value of our behavior choice Attributes The cognitive process of determining the motives of someone’s behavior

13. Biological Motives Hunger Eating Disorder Thirst

15. Motivation-Hunger Hunger is a complicated motivation; people eat only because they need food.

16. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly ( > 15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve usually an adolescent female Bulimia Nervosa disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

17. Thirst Thirst is the basic instinct of humans or animals to drink . Thirst motivation, is like that of hunger

18. Stimulus Motives Sensory Stimuliation Exploration & Curosity Competence

19. Sensory Stimuliation It is excitement or motivation to learn or do something Being excited or motivated through the five senses: seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and tasting.

20. Curiosity and Exploration Curiosity Curiosity is defined as a need, thirst or desire for knowledge Berlyne (1966) Exploration Exploration refers to all activities concerned with gathering information about the environment.

21. Competence Competence is the ability to perform some task. Incompetence is its opposite Intrinsic Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades Extrinsic Extrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from outside an individual. The motivating factors are external, or outside, rewards such as money or grades. These rewards provide satisfaction and pleasure that the task itself may not provide.

22. Learned Social Motives Achievement Power Affliation

23. Achievement Desire for significant accomplishment Reflects achievement concerns for mastery of things, people, or ideas for attaining a high standard

24. Power It is the desire to control or exert influence

25. Affliation to describe a partnership between two or more parties