Moral Development - Components, Theories and Characteristics of Learners

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY,
ISLAMABAD
ONLINE WORKSHOP – JUL./AUG 2020
Moral Development - Components, Theories
and Characteristics of Learners
in
Human Development and Learning
C.C 8610 - B.Ed.
Presented by:
Ch. Muhammad Ashraf
m.ashraf0919@gmail.com
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
Telegram: https://t.me/duhdra

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
COMPONENTS, THEORIES
AND CHARACTERISTICS
OF LEARNERS
2
By:Ch.M.Ashraf

MORAL DEVELOPMENT- COMPONENTS, THEORIES
AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNERS
Objectives
After learning this unit, the students will be able to
 Define moral development.
 Explain morality within the context of nature and nurture
 Describe moral characteristics of learners from infancy to
childhood
 Describe various activities from preschool to elementary level to
inculcate moral values among learners
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Overview
Today we are going to discuss meaning and nature of moral
development, it's importance and need in child's personal and social
life. Moral development has significant role in shaping child's
personality. The teacher must have the knowledge of various
patterns of morality. Moral development occurs along with the social,
emotional and cognitive aspects of development.
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Moral Development
Moral development is related to an individual's sense of right
and wrong. Morality refers to “a set of principles or ideals that help
the individual to distinguish right from wrong and to act on this
distinction. Principles of morality guide how people should treat one
another, with respect to justice and others’ rights.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Moral Development Includes
⎯ Learning the difference between right and wrong
⎯ To reach proper decisions in complex choices: and possessing
strength and freedom to act according to right decision. It can be
referred to do the right thing even in difficult situation.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Moral Components
There are three moral components according to Shaffer (1993)
1. Cognitive component: It is related to thinking about moral
issues and making decisions about right and wrong.
2. Emotional component: It is linked to the feelings associated
with moral thoughts and visions. These feelings include guilt,
shame, and pride.
3. Behavioral component: This is concerned with the ways we
behave (act) and includes the limit to which we steal, lie, cheat
and behave nobly. 7
By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Factors Affecting Moral Development
1-Family
Parents show acceptance or rejection of child’s actions and set
the meanings of right and wrong for the child.
This makes his first orientation to morality.
2-School
The children get influenced by the concept of good and bad as
a result of his relation with his class fellows, teachers and
senior students.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Factors Affecting Moral Development
3-Peer Group
4-Age
5-Society and Culture
6-Gender.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Importance of Moral Development
Society cannot work in a proper way in the absence of ethical
and moral principles on what it is right and what is wrong. Impact of
moral education will be reflected through individual’s personality,
behavior and attitude. Morality spreads out to society and is an
important element for peace and unity. Thus teaching positive values
such as honesty, courage, kindness, tolerance etc. becomes essential.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Theories Related To Moral Development
Jean Piaget's Theory
Jean Piaget (1886-1980) focused especially on the moral life of
children. He watched the children to learn about their beliefs- right
and wrong. He also asked the children questions about moral issues
like: theft, lies, punishment, justice etc. He concluded that there are
two unique ways of morality development.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

1-Heteronymous Morality
First stage of moral development in Piaget's theory
It is from 2 to 7 years. Here justice and rules are considered
unchangeable things of the world which are beyond control of people.
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2-Autonomous Morality
This is exhibited by the children (10 years and above) the child
becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and that, in
judging an action, one should consider the actor’s intentions as well
as the consequences. Piaget’s explanation (in his cognitive
development theory) support our consideration on the process
through which the child continues to understand the world
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
To Kohlberg the people developed in the moral reasoning
through a series of stages. He believed that there were six
identifiable stages of moral reasoning. These stages can be clustered
into 3 levels as given below.
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Kohlberg's Theory of Model Development
Level 1 - Preconventional Reasoning:
At this stage the child cannot understand the concept of moral
values. Moral reasoning is controlled by external rewards and
punishment.
Stage 1: Punishment And Obedience
Children obey because the adults tell them to obey. What is rewarded is
good: whatever is punished is bad.
Stage 2 : Individualism And Purpose
Model thinking is based upon the rewards and self interest. children obey
when it is in their best interest to obey.
What is right is what feels good and what is rewarding. 15
By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Level 2 Conventional Reasoning
The child abides by certain standards (internal). however these are
the standards of others (external) such as parents or the laws of
society
Stage 3 Interpersonal Norms
At this stage, children often follow their parents’, moral standards. They
make efforts to be considered by parents as “a good boy” or “a good girl”.
this impression is rewarding for children.
Stage 4 : Social System Morality
Moral judgment is based on understanding the social order, law, justice and
duty. For example a child might say that it is always wrong to steal because
the laws that have been developed are for the benefit of society . A law
should be obeyed even if it is not fair.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Level 3 Postconventional Reasoning
At this level morality is completely internalized by the individual and is
not based on others’ standards. The adolescent identifies alternative moral
ways, search for the choices and decides on personal moral codes.
Stage 5 : Community Rights VS Individual Rights
At this stage the adolescent understands that values and laws are not absolute but
relative. Standards differ from person to person. He knows that Liberty is more
important than laws. he knows that laws are important for society, but these can be
changed. And unfair law needs to be changed .
Stage 6 Universal Ethical Principles
At this stage individual develops a moral standard based on universal human
rights. In case of conflict between Law and conscience, the person will follow
conscience , even though the decision might involve personal risks. emphasis is on
human rights without caring for the approval of society. As the moral reasoning is a
complex process and the child needs guidance throughout his developmental stages
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Moral Characteristics of Learners
At Pre-Schooling
Preschool years mark Child’s transition from self interest to
empathy or at least the potential for empathy but 4 years old child
will still perhaps choose self interest if he/she is forced to choose. an
act is always right or always wrong. At this stage some more
features emerged as: strict equality, meet mutuality, merit,
deserving etc.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Characteristics Of Learners At Kindergarten:
At this stage young children think of right and wrong as below
Absolutes: things are always good or always bad. It is unimportant
whether an act was intentional or unintentional
How much physical damage was done?
Greater the damage, worse perception of the act.
Whether An Act Will Evoke Punishment: if an act will be
punished, it is wrong.
Rules
Rules should never be broken. breaking rules is viewed as wrong 19
By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Characteristics Of Learners At Kindergarten
Classroom Activities To Develop Morality
Teaching positive values such as honesty courage
responsibility, sympathy, self discipline, kindness, tolerance, respect,
love, justice, etc. will be more effective when the young children are
at the preschool age
1. Telling and reading stories
2. Learning and singing songs
3. Role playing a story
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Characteristics of Elementary Learners
At this level the school child can easily put himself/herself in
another person's shoes, can show empathy. children are able to take
need as an important reason for kindness. children try to reason
things out and increase their moral understanding. they often shout
“it's not fair”.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Classroom Activities For Elementary Level:
We can help in moral development of students by inculcating moral
values through classroom activities as explained below
Thinking About Rules
It is to teach children that some rules are in flexible while other rules
can be changed
Skill: respect, creating agreement
Ask the group , what is meant by following rules.
What would happen if people don't follow them
write down their answers on board or a large sheet 22
By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Classroom Activities For Elementary Level
Tell them
Rules tell us how to behave. Some rules should be followed that is “don't
cheat”, “speak the truth”, etc.
Ask the children which of the following rules must be followed and which
can be changed
 Don't hit anyone in anger
 Eat a balanced meal
 keep your room neat
 Don't talk behind ones back
 Always be attentive to the teacher
Present the great personalities as a role model and ask what qualities of
great people you wish to possess and why. 23
By:Ch.M.Ashraf

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING
THEORIES REGARDING INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
24
By:Ch.M.Ashraf

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