Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes that morality progresses through six stages of increasing complexity. The theory was developed based on interviews about moral dilemmas. There are three levels of moral reasoning - preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. The stages involve shifting views on obedience, individual needs, maintaining social norms, and upholding universal ethical principles. While influential, the theory has been criticized for overlooking other values besides justice and for potential cultural and gender biases.
This document discusses positive psychology and how to find true happiness. It argues that true happiness comes from feeling pleasures and engagement, and finding meaning and satisfaction in life. It identifies character strengths like wisdom, courage, humanity, and justice that comprise our "real self" and notes that using our strengths leads to growth and happiness. The document provides exercises and tips for increasing positive feelings and meaning, such as acts of kindness, gratitude, and focusing on strengths to build one's real self and live an authentic, happy life.
This document discusses different types and definitions of love. It begins by introducing the group members who authored it. It then explores love as a drug, art, nature, animal, family, God, and intense feeling. The rest of the document discusses impersonal and interpersonal love. It outlines the ancient Greek types of love including eros, philia, storge, xenia, agape, ludus, pragma, and philautia. Finally, it discusses the psychological basis of love involving intimacy, commitment, and passion.
This is Assignment Container (Solved Assignment) for MAPC IGNOU MPC003 Personality
PERSONALITY: THEORIES AND ASSESSMENT (MPC003)
TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT (TMA)
Course Code: MPC 003
Assignment Code: MPC 003/ASST/TMA/2022-2023
Marks: 100
NOTE: All questions are compulsory.
SECTION – A
Answer the following questions in 1000 words each. 3 x 15 = 45 Marks
1. Describe self-report inventories.
2. Explain behavioural assessment techniques and their weaknesses.
3. Explain Eysenck’s trait-type theory.
SECTION – B
Answer the following questions in 400 words each. 5 x 5 = 25
Marks
4. Explain the technical criteria before which the assessment techniques are considered
scientific.
5. Explain the classification of projective techniques. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of
projective techniques.
6. Define personality. Explain the concept of trait and personal dispositions.
7. Explain the salient features of Sullivan’s theory of personality.
8. Discuss the psychological determinants of personality.
SECTION – C
Answer the following questions in 50 words each. 10 x 3 = 30 Marks
9. Important steps in personality assessment
10. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
11. Purpose of case study method
12. The study of values by Allport
13. Big-five Inventory
14. Evaluation of Bandura’s theory
15. Characteristics of self-actualizers
16. Constitutional and environmental traits
17. Guilford’s trait theory
18. Idiographic approach to personality
The document discusses the importance of relationships and how they change and develop over time from infancy through adulthood. It notes that relationships start with family and expand to include friends, romantic partners, and others. Developing good communication skills and taking responsibility are important for building and maintaining strong relationships.
Football is a popular sport that involves kicking a ball to score goals. The history of football dates back to ancient China, Greece and Rome where early versions of the sport were played. In the 19th century, modern football codes were established in England including the rules and dimensions of the pitch. Today, there are several versions of football played globally including association football, futsal, beach soccer and Paralympic football. Major international competitions include the FIFA World Cup which is held every four years involving 32 national teams.
The document discusses different types of love including romantic love, sexual love, pragmatic love, and self-love. It also covers topics like the purposes and stages of dating, saying no on a date, and common STDs. Students are instructed to complete various activities and assignments related to understanding love, relationships, and healthy dating.
This document discusses expressing gratitude and how it can positively impact one's life and psyche. It recommends taking time to appreciate positive experiences and relationships, being grateful for both good and challenging things, and specifically thanking others. Expressing gratitude requires seeing connections between people and nature, acknowledging how others help us, and reframing obstacles as opportunities. The document encourages processing life through a grateful lens even during difficult times.
This document discusses positive psychology and how to find true happiness. It argues that true happiness comes from feeling pleasures and engagement, and finding meaning and satisfaction in life. It identifies character strengths like wisdom, courage, humanity, and justice that comprise our "real self" and notes that using our strengths leads to growth and happiness. The document provides exercises and tips for increasing positive feelings and meaning, such as acts of kindness, gratitude, and focusing on strengths to build one's real self and live an authentic, happy life.
This document discusses different types and definitions of love. It begins by introducing the group members who authored it. It then explores love as a drug, art, nature, animal, family, God, and intense feeling. The rest of the document discusses impersonal and interpersonal love. It outlines the ancient Greek types of love including eros, philia, storge, xenia, agape, ludus, pragma, and philautia. Finally, it discusses the psychological basis of love involving intimacy, commitment, and passion.
This is Assignment Container (Solved Assignment) for MAPC IGNOU MPC003 Personality
PERSONALITY: THEORIES AND ASSESSMENT (MPC003)
TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT (TMA)
Course Code: MPC 003
Assignment Code: MPC 003/ASST/TMA/2022-2023
Marks: 100
NOTE: All questions are compulsory.
SECTION – A
Answer the following questions in 1000 words each. 3 x 15 = 45 Marks
1. Describe self-report inventories.
2. Explain behavioural assessment techniques and their weaknesses.
3. Explain Eysenck’s trait-type theory.
SECTION – B
Answer the following questions in 400 words each. 5 x 5 = 25
Marks
4. Explain the technical criteria before which the assessment techniques are considered
scientific.
5. Explain the classification of projective techniques. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of
projective techniques.
6. Define personality. Explain the concept of trait and personal dispositions.
7. Explain the salient features of Sullivan’s theory of personality.
8. Discuss the psychological determinants of personality.
SECTION – C
Answer the following questions in 50 words each. 10 x 3 = 30 Marks
9. Important steps in personality assessment
10. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
11. Purpose of case study method
12. The study of values by Allport
13. Big-five Inventory
14. Evaluation of Bandura’s theory
15. Characteristics of self-actualizers
16. Constitutional and environmental traits
17. Guilford’s trait theory
18. Idiographic approach to personality
The document discusses the importance of relationships and how they change and develop over time from infancy through adulthood. It notes that relationships start with family and expand to include friends, romantic partners, and others. Developing good communication skills and taking responsibility are important for building and maintaining strong relationships.
Football is a popular sport that involves kicking a ball to score goals. The history of football dates back to ancient China, Greece and Rome where early versions of the sport were played. In the 19th century, modern football codes were established in England including the rules and dimensions of the pitch. Today, there are several versions of football played globally including association football, futsal, beach soccer and Paralympic football. Major international competitions include the FIFA World Cup which is held every four years involving 32 national teams.
The document discusses different types of love including romantic love, sexual love, pragmatic love, and self-love. It also covers topics like the purposes and stages of dating, saying no on a date, and common STDs. Students are instructed to complete various activities and assignments related to understanding love, relationships, and healthy dating.
This document discusses expressing gratitude and how it can positively impact one's life and psyche. It recommends taking time to appreciate positive experiences and relationships, being grateful for both good and challenging things, and specifically thanking others. Expressing gratitude requires seeing connections between people and nature, acknowledging how others help us, and reframing obstacles as opportunities. The document encourages processing life through a grateful lens even during difficult times.
Kohlberg's theory of moral development outlines 6 stages across 3 levels of moral reasoning ability. The pre-conventional level involves obeying rules to avoid punishment (stage 1) and acting in self-interest (stage 2). The conventional level involves pleasing others to gain approval (stage 3) and following rules to maintain social order (stage 4). The post-conventional level involves reasoning based on social contracts (stage 5) and universal ethical principles (stage 6).
Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes that individuals progress through six stages of moral reasoning grouped into three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At the pre-conventional level, morality is based on obedience and self-interest. The conventional level considers societal expectations and laws. The post-conventional level involves reasoning about universal ethical principles and justice. Kohlberg believed most people only reach the conventional level of moral reasoning. The educational implications aim to help students progress through the stages by considering cooperation, individual rights, social order, and universal principles.
Kohlberg’s Stages Of Moral Development.pptxEekaLibunao
Kohlberg’s theory focuses on the thinking process that occurs when one decides whether a behaviour is right or wrong. Thus, the theoretical emphasis is on how one decides to respond to a moral dilemma, not what one decides or what one actually does.
There are several physical and cognitive challenges that can arise during adulthood and old age due to the natural aging process:
1. Physically, the body shows a gradual decline in organ function of around 1% per year after 30. This includes external changes like graying hair and wrinkles, and internal changes to systems like respiratory and cardiovascular decline.
2. Sensory abilities also decline with age, with losses in hearing higher pitches and vision. Strength, flexibility, and reaction time decrease as well.
3. Cognitively, fluid intelligence and processing speed decline from mid-adulthood onward. However, crystallized intelligence and practical skills continue to grow through experience. Memory abilities also show
This document provides a comprehensive summary of several theories of moral development, including those proposed by Piaget, Kohlberg, Gilligan, Freud, Skinner, and Bandura. Piaget and Kohlberg's stage-based theories proposed that morality develops through increasing levels of perspective-taking and understanding of social rules and justice. Gilligan argued women's morality focuses more on caring for relationships. Freud believed morality stems from resolving Oedipus complex anxieties through identification with parents. Skinner and Bandura viewed morality as learned through social reinforcement or modeling of others' behavior. Cognition and social interaction play key roles in most theories, versus unconscious drives or behaviorist conditioning alone.
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development has 6 stages across 3 levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. The pre-conventional level involves obedience to avoid punishment. The conventional level focuses on pleasing others and following rules. The post-conventional level judges morality based on self-chosen ethical principles. Kohlberg's theory is relevant for nurses to understand clients' behaviors and decision-making based on their moral reasoning abilities.
Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes that morality progresses through six stages within three levels - preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. At the earliest preconventional level, morality is based on obedience and self-interest. The conventional level focuses on maintaining social norms and relationships. The highest postconventional level assesses morality based on abstract ethical principles and social contracts. Kohlberg used moral dilemmas like the Heinz dilemma to study people's reasoning and classify it within his six stages of moral development.
Kohlberg's stages of moral development describe 6 stages grouped into 3 levels - preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. At the preconventional level, morality is based on obedience and self-interest. The conventional level focuses on maintaining relationships and social order. The postconventional level assesses morality based on individual rights and universal ethical principles. Kohlberg believed people progress sequentially through these stages as their reasoning becomes more sophisticated.
Kohlberg's stages of moral development consist of three levels - preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. The preconventional level is focused on self-interest where rules are followed to avoid punishment or gain personal benefit. The conventional level involves accepting social norms and expectations. The postconventional level prioritizes moral principles and justice over rules and laws. It involves considering different perspectives and universal ethical values.
This document summarizes Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which consists of three levels with two stages each. The pre-conventional level focuses on obedience to avoid punishment and personal gain. The conventional level emphasizes living up to social norms and obeying laws. The post-conventional level involves reasoning about moral principles and social contracts to determine what is right. The document provides examples of behaviors and judgments associated with each stage.
Kohlberg identified three levels of moral reasoning:
pre-conventional
Obedience and punishment
Individualism and Exchange
conventional
Interpersonal relationship
Maintaining Social order
post-conventional
Social contract and individual rights
Universal principle
Each level is associated with increasingly complex stages of moral development.
PPT KOHLBERG THEORY power point presentationKittyTuttu
Kohlberg was a psychologist who developed a theory of moral development. He proposed that morality develops through three levels - preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Each level contains two stages that represent moral reasoning abilities. Kohlberg's theory was based on his research using moral dilemmas with children and adolescents. Though influential, his theory has been criticized for focusing only on male subjects and Western cultures. Understanding moral development can help nurses assess patients' decision making and recognize influences from different levels of reasoning.
Lawrence Kohlberg proposed six stages of moral development within three levels. The levels are preconventional morality (stages 1-2), conventional morality (stages 3-4), and postconventional morality (stages 5-6). Kohlberg believed moral development is progressive and occurs throughout life. Jean Piaget also theorized three stages of moral development: premoral, moral realism, and moral relativism. Children transition from viewing rules as absolute to understanding rules are socially constructed.
Piaget's theory of moral development posited two stages - heteronomous morality and autonomous morality. Kohlberg later expanded on this, identifying six stages across three levels of moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Both theorists studied children's responses to moral dilemmas to understand their moral understanding. However, their theories have been criticized for being too focused on moral justifications rather than judgments. Naorem Binita Devi proposes additional moral dilemmas to further study moral development from different perspectives.
Kohlberg's theory of moral development outlines six stages within three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At the pre-conventional level, children view morality in terms of obedience to rules and self-interest. At the conventional level, morality is defined by social norms and laws. At the post-conventional level, individuals reason about morality based on ethical principles of justice and human rights. Kohlberg studied moral dilemmas like the Heinz dilemma to understand moral reasoning. His theory provides insight but has been criticized for overemphasizing justice and not accounting for cultural differences in morality.
The document summarizes Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which was developed by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg based on Jean Piaget's work. Kohlberg's theory proposes that morality develops through six stages from childhood through adulthood, as individuals progress from focusing on obedience and punishment, to interpersonal relationships, to societal laws and norms, and finally to universal ethical principles. The theory aims to understand how individuals distinguish between right and wrong as they mature.
Kohlberg outlined 6 stages of moral development across 3 levels:
- Level 1 focuses on self-interest and avoiding punishment (stages 1-2)
- Level 2 focuses on following rules and pleasing others (stages 3-4)
- Level 3 focuses on upholding universal ethical principles (stages 5-6)
The stages show how morality evolves from an external focus on rules/authority to an internal focus on ethical principles. Understanding moral development helps people make ethical decisions and handle complex dilemmas.
Kohlberg was an American psychologist known for his theory of moral development which consists of six stages across three levels - preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. The preconventional level includes the punishment and obedience orientation and instrumental purpose stages. The conventional level comprises the good boy-good girl and social order maintaining stages. Finally, the postconventional level contains the social contract orientation and universal ethical principle stages. Kohlberg believed that moral reasoning progresses through these stages as individuals develop their understanding of justice.
Kohlbergs moral development, Erik erikson's stages and Factors affecting grow...nishakataria10
Continuation with last upload
Kohlbergs moral development theory, its stages and criticism,
Erik erikson's stages of psychological development - conflicts during each stage,
Factors affecting growth and development.
B.Ed first year notes
Lawrence Kohlberg was an American psychologist known for his theory of moral development. He proposed that moral reasoning develops through six distinct stages - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At each stage, moral reasoning is qualitatively different. Kohlberg studied moral development through hypothetical moral dilemmas and found development progresses sequentially through the stages without skipping any. His theory emphasizes that moral reasoning develops as a result of cognitive disequilibrium caused by social interaction and experience with moral dilemmas.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Kohlberg's theory of moral development outlines 6 stages across 3 levels of moral reasoning ability. The pre-conventional level involves obeying rules to avoid punishment (stage 1) and acting in self-interest (stage 2). The conventional level involves pleasing others to gain approval (stage 3) and following rules to maintain social order (stage 4). The post-conventional level involves reasoning based on social contracts (stage 5) and universal ethical principles (stage 6).
Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes that individuals progress through six stages of moral reasoning grouped into three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At the pre-conventional level, morality is based on obedience and self-interest. The conventional level considers societal expectations and laws. The post-conventional level involves reasoning about universal ethical principles and justice. Kohlberg believed most people only reach the conventional level of moral reasoning. The educational implications aim to help students progress through the stages by considering cooperation, individual rights, social order, and universal principles.
Kohlberg’s Stages Of Moral Development.pptxEekaLibunao
Kohlberg’s theory focuses on the thinking process that occurs when one decides whether a behaviour is right or wrong. Thus, the theoretical emphasis is on how one decides to respond to a moral dilemma, not what one decides or what one actually does.
There are several physical and cognitive challenges that can arise during adulthood and old age due to the natural aging process:
1. Physically, the body shows a gradual decline in organ function of around 1% per year after 30. This includes external changes like graying hair and wrinkles, and internal changes to systems like respiratory and cardiovascular decline.
2. Sensory abilities also decline with age, with losses in hearing higher pitches and vision. Strength, flexibility, and reaction time decrease as well.
3. Cognitively, fluid intelligence and processing speed decline from mid-adulthood onward. However, crystallized intelligence and practical skills continue to grow through experience. Memory abilities also show
This document provides a comprehensive summary of several theories of moral development, including those proposed by Piaget, Kohlberg, Gilligan, Freud, Skinner, and Bandura. Piaget and Kohlberg's stage-based theories proposed that morality develops through increasing levels of perspective-taking and understanding of social rules and justice. Gilligan argued women's morality focuses more on caring for relationships. Freud believed morality stems from resolving Oedipus complex anxieties through identification with parents. Skinner and Bandura viewed morality as learned through social reinforcement or modeling of others' behavior. Cognition and social interaction play key roles in most theories, versus unconscious drives or behaviorist conditioning alone.
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development has 6 stages across 3 levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. The pre-conventional level involves obedience to avoid punishment. The conventional level focuses on pleasing others and following rules. The post-conventional level judges morality based on self-chosen ethical principles. Kohlberg's theory is relevant for nurses to understand clients' behaviors and decision-making based on their moral reasoning abilities.
Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes that morality progresses through six stages within three levels - preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. At the earliest preconventional level, morality is based on obedience and self-interest. The conventional level focuses on maintaining social norms and relationships. The highest postconventional level assesses morality based on abstract ethical principles and social contracts. Kohlberg used moral dilemmas like the Heinz dilemma to study people's reasoning and classify it within his six stages of moral development.
Kohlberg's stages of moral development describe 6 stages grouped into 3 levels - preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. At the preconventional level, morality is based on obedience and self-interest. The conventional level focuses on maintaining relationships and social order. The postconventional level assesses morality based on individual rights and universal ethical principles. Kohlberg believed people progress sequentially through these stages as their reasoning becomes more sophisticated.
Kohlberg's stages of moral development consist of three levels - preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. The preconventional level is focused on self-interest where rules are followed to avoid punishment or gain personal benefit. The conventional level involves accepting social norms and expectations. The postconventional level prioritizes moral principles and justice over rules and laws. It involves considering different perspectives and universal ethical values.
This document summarizes Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which consists of three levels with two stages each. The pre-conventional level focuses on obedience to avoid punishment and personal gain. The conventional level emphasizes living up to social norms and obeying laws. The post-conventional level involves reasoning about moral principles and social contracts to determine what is right. The document provides examples of behaviors and judgments associated with each stage.
Kohlberg identified three levels of moral reasoning:
pre-conventional
Obedience and punishment
Individualism and Exchange
conventional
Interpersonal relationship
Maintaining Social order
post-conventional
Social contract and individual rights
Universal principle
Each level is associated with increasingly complex stages of moral development.
PPT KOHLBERG THEORY power point presentationKittyTuttu
Kohlberg was a psychologist who developed a theory of moral development. He proposed that morality develops through three levels - preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Each level contains two stages that represent moral reasoning abilities. Kohlberg's theory was based on his research using moral dilemmas with children and adolescents. Though influential, his theory has been criticized for focusing only on male subjects and Western cultures. Understanding moral development can help nurses assess patients' decision making and recognize influences from different levels of reasoning.
Lawrence Kohlberg proposed six stages of moral development within three levels. The levels are preconventional morality (stages 1-2), conventional morality (stages 3-4), and postconventional morality (stages 5-6). Kohlberg believed moral development is progressive and occurs throughout life. Jean Piaget also theorized three stages of moral development: premoral, moral realism, and moral relativism. Children transition from viewing rules as absolute to understanding rules are socially constructed.
Piaget's theory of moral development posited two stages - heteronomous morality and autonomous morality. Kohlberg later expanded on this, identifying six stages across three levels of moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Both theorists studied children's responses to moral dilemmas to understand their moral understanding. However, their theories have been criticized for being too focused on moral justifications rather than judgments. Naorem Binita Devi proposes additional moral dilemmas to further study moral development from different perspectives.
Kohlberg's theory of moral development outlines six stages within three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At the pre-conventional level, children view morality in terms of obedience to rules and self-interest. At the conventional level, morality is defined by social norms and laws. At the post-conventional level, individuals reason about morality based on ethical principles of justice and human rights. Kohlberg studied moral dilemmas like the Heinz dilemma to understand moral reasoning. His theory provides insight but has been criticized for overemphasizing justice and not accounting for cultural differences in morality.
The document summarizes Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which was developed by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg based on Jean Piaget's work. Kohlberg's theory proposes that morality develops through six stages from childhood through adulthood, as individuals progress from focusing on obedience and punishment, to interpersonal relationships, to societal laws and norms, and finally to universal ethical principles. The theory aims to understand how individuals distinguish between right and wrong as they mature.
Kohlberg outlined 6 stages of moral development across 3 levels:
- Level 1 focuses on self-interest and avoiding punishment (stages 1-2)
- Level 2 focuses on following rules and pleasing others (stages 3-4)
- Level 3 focuses on upholding universal ethical principles (stages 5-6)
The stages show how morality evolves from an external focus on rules/authority to an internal focus on ethical principles. Understanding moral development helps people make ethical decisions and handle complex dilemmas.
Kohlberg was an American psychologist known for his theory of moral development which consists of six stages across three levels - preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. The preconventional level includes the punishment and obedience orientation and instrumental purpose stages. The conventional level comprises the good boy-good girl and social order maintaining stages. Finally, the postconventional level contains the social contract orientation and universal ethical principle stages. Kohlberg believed that moral reasoning progresses through these stages as individuals develop their understanding of justice.
Kohlbergs moral development, Erik erikson's stages and Factors affecting grow...nishakataria10
Continuation with last upload
Kohlbergs moral development theory, its stages and criticism,
Erik erikson's stages of psychological development - conflicts during each stage,
Factors affecting growth and development.
B.Ed first year notes
Lawrence Kohlberg was an American psychologist known for his theory of moral development. He proposed that moral reasoning develops through six distinct stages - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At each stage, moral reasoning is qualitatively different. Kohlberg studied moral development through hypothetical moral dilemmas and found development progresses sequentially through the stages without skipping any. His theory emphasizes that moral reasoning develops as a result of cognitive disequilibrium caused by social interaction and experience with moral dilemmas.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
2. #1 what is "Moral
development theory"
TOPIC OUTLINE
Today's Discussion
#2 how Kohlberg developed
his theory
#3 stages of Moral
Development
#4 Applications and Criticisms
for Kohlberg's Theory of Moral
Development
PROD BY : PLASTICS
4. WHAT IS "MORAL
DEVELOPMENT
THEORY"
Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a theory that
focuses on how children develop morality and moral
reasoning. Kohlberg's theory suggests that moral
development occurs in a series of six stages and that
moral logic is primarily focused on seeking and
maintaining justice.
PROD BY : PLASTICS
6. Kohlberg based his theory on a series of moral dilemmas presented to his
study subjects. Participants were also interviewed to determine the
reasoning behind their judgments in each scenario.
One example was "Heinz Steals the Drug." In this scenario, a woman has
cancer and her doctors believe only one drug might save her. This drug
had been discovered by a local pharmacist and he was able to make it for
$200 per dose and sell it for $2,000 per dose. The woman's husband,
Heinz, could only raise $1,000 to buy the drug.
He tried to negotiate with the pharmacist for a lower price or to be
extended credit to pay for it over time. But the pharmacist refused to sell
it for any less or to accept partial payments. Rebuffed, Heinz instead
broke into the pharmacy and stole the drug to save his wife. Kohlberg
asked, "Should the husband have done that?"
How Kohlberg developed his theory?
PROD BY : PLASTICS
8. Preconventional morality is the earliest period of moral
development. It lasts until around the age of 9. At this
age, children's decisions are primarily shaped by the
expectations of adults and the consequences of
breaking the rules.
LEVEL 1.
PRECONVENTIONAL
MORALITY
PROD
BY
:
PLASTICS
9. STAGE 1: PUNISHMENT-
OBEDIENCE ORIENTATION
In the context of Skinner's Operational Conditioning, this stage
involves applying punishment to keep a person from acting and
following rules. For example, we follow the law because we don't
want to go to jail or could be also when we follow school rules
because we don't want to be called in principal's office, therefore in
which they are given self-awareness of the consequence of the
action. however adults also are able to expressing this sort of
reasoning. According to Kohlberg, human beings at this level see
guidelines as constant and absolute. Obeying the guidelines is critical
due to the fact it's far a manner to keep away from punishment.
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10. STAGE 2
INDIVIDUALISM
AND EXCHANGE
At this stage, actors are supposed to judge the morality of their
actions by how they meet their individual needs. For example,
someone steals money from another person because they need
that money to buy food for their hungry children. In Kohlberg's
theory, children tend to say that this action is morally right
because of the serious need of the doer. Children consider their
individual perspectives and make behavioural decisions based
on how they respond to their individual needs. In Heinz's
dilemma, the children argued that the best course of action was
the choice that best suited Heinz's needs. is limited to, another
example is that when a homeless person steals medicine from a
pharmacy store to give to his ill child because of serious needs
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11. LEVEL 2.
CONVENTIONAL
MORALITY
The next period of moral development is marked by the
acceptance of social rules regarding what is good and moral.
During this time, adolescents and adults internalize the moral
standards they have learned from their role models and from
society.
This period also focuses on the acceptance of authority and
conforming to the norms of the group. There are two stages at
this level of morality
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12. STAGE 3 : DEVELOPING
GOOD INTERPERSONAL
RELATIONSHIPS
Developing good interpersonal relationship -There are a few crucial areas
to concentrate on when learning how to enhance interpersonal
connections. There is space for improvement in these particular abilities,
even in partnerships that are supportive and affirming. They are talking,
being open and truthful, dealing with discomfort, apologizing, and
showing thanks. -Interpersonal connection skills: what are they? They are
the channels via which we communicate with others and form emotional
connections. The same abilities will help you in interpersonal relationships
with friends, parents, partners, neighbors, and complete strangers.
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13. LEVEL 4:
MAINTAINING SOCIAL
ORDER
The fundamental goal of this phase is to keep social
order intact. People start to take society as a whole
into account when making decisions at this point in
moral development. The emphasis is on upholding
law and order through abiding by the law,
performing one's duties, and showing respect for
authority.
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14. The third stage of moral development, known as postconventional
morality, is distinguished by a person's comprehension of
overarching ethical concepts. These are ill-defined and vague, but
they might include things like the necessity of protecting life at all
costs and the value of human dignity. The external control of
morality is present at the preconventional level. In order to avoid
punishment or gain rewards, people abide by the rules that are set
forth by authoritative persons. According to this viewpoint, doing
what is right simply means getting away with it or doing what
makes you happy.
LEVEL 3 :
POSTCONVENTIONAL
MORALITY
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15. STAGE 5 :
CONTRACT AND
INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS
This stage recognizes the emergence of abstract thought as
people make an effort to explain particular behavior. For
instance, since his wife is gravely ill and the laws do not account
for her condition, the guy should steal the medication for her.
The fifth stage merely states that participants start to think
about "What makes for a decent society? They have the
capacity to take a step back and consider each circumstance as
a whole while considering what is right and fair. They can
address contradictions in their principles and make an effort to
change what they disagree with by considering the morals and
ethics of their contemporary community.
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16. According to Kohlberg's theory's final step, moral judgment is
based on individual values. As an illustration, it is okay for the
guy to use the prescription without paying because his wife's life
is more important than things or property. When Kohlberg
realized that outcomes from elected processes are not always
fair, stage six was created. People who had reached the fifth
stage of moral development understood the value of defending
human rights while also finding democratic solutions to
problems. Unfortunately, some majority votes led to regulations
that in fact hurt a minority group, raising even more profound
philosophical issues.
STAGE 6 :
UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES
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18. Understanding Kohlberg's theory of moral
development is important because it can help
parents guide their children as they develop their
moral character. Parents with younger children
might work on rule obeyance, for instance,
whereas they might teach older children about
social expectations. Teachers and other educators can also apply
Kohlberg's theory in the classroom, providing
additional moral guidance. A kindergarten
teacher could help enhance moral development by
setting clear rules for the classroom, and the
consequences for violating them. This helps kids
at stage one of moral development.
A teacher in high school might focus more on the
development that occurs in stage three
(developing good interpersonal relationships) and
stage four (maintaining social order). This could
be accomplished by having the students take part
in setting the rules to be followed in the
classroom, giving them a better idea of the
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20. Kohlberg's theory played an important role in the development
of moral psychology. While the theory has been highly
influential, aspects of the theory have been critiqued for a
number of reasons:
Moral reasoning does not
equal moral behavior
1. 2. Overemphasizes justice 3. Cultural bias
4. Age bias 5. Gender bias
A critique of Kohlberg's theory is that it emphasizes justice to
the exclusion of other values and so may not adequately
address the arguments of those who value other moral
aspects of actions. Carol Gilligan, in her book In a Different
Voice, has argued that Kohlberg's theory is excessively
androcentric.
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