The document summarizes physical development during childhood and adolescence. It covers development of the brain, body, motor skills, problems in early childhood, growth in middle childhood, hormonal changes and puberty in adolescence. It also discusses physical and mental health issues during these stages including nutrition, sleep needs, physical activity, depression, use and abuse of drugs, and death in adolescence.

1. Physical development
of childhood and
adolescence
By 3rd Group
Source : Mc Graw Hill, 10th edition

2. Physical
Development of
Childhood
Middle
Childhood
Early
Childhood

3. EARLY CHILDHOOD
A. BRAIN

4. Three to four weeks after conception, one of the two
cell layers of the gelatin like human embryo, about one-tenth
of an inch long, starts to thicken and build up along the
middle. As the cells continue to divide and this flat neural
plate grows, parallel ridges, similar to the creases in a paper
airplane, rise across its surface. Within a few days, the ridges
fold in toward each other and fuse to form the hollow neural
tube. The top of the tube thickens into three bulges that
form the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. The first signs of
the eyes and the hemispheres of the brain appear later in
development.

5. B. BODY
• Grow rapidly between ages 3 and 6, but less quickly than
before.
• The trunk, arms, and legs grow longer.
• The head is still relatively large, but the other parts of the
body continue to catch up as body proportions steadily
become more adult like.
• Muscular and skeletal growth progresses, making children
stronger.
• Cartilage turns to bone at a faster rate than before.
• Bones become harder, giving the child a firmer shape and
protecting internal organs.
• Childhood tooth decay remains high, especially among low-
SES youngsters in the United
• By age 3, all the primary, or deciduous, teeth are in place, and
the permanent teeth which will begin to appear at about age
6, are developing.

6. C. Motor Skills
3-Year-Old 4-Year-Old 5-Year-Old
• Cannot turn or • Have more effective • Can start, turn and
stop suddenly or control of stopping, stop effectively in
quickly starting and turning games
• Can jump a • Can jump a distance of • Can make a running
distance of 15 to 24 to 33 inches jump of 28 to 36
24 inches inches
• Can ascend a • Can descend a long • Can descend a long
stairway unaided, stairway alternating stairway unaided
alternating feet feet alternating feet
• Can hop, using • Can hop four to six • Can easily hop a
largely an irregular steps on one foot distance of 16 feet
series of jumps with
some variations
added

7. D. The Problems for Early Childhood
• Night terrors occur mostly between ages 3 and 13, and effetc boys more
often than girls
• Walking and talking during sleep are fairly common in early and middle
chilhood
• It’s best not to interrupt sleep walking or night terrors, as interruptions
may confuse and further frighten the child
• Persistent sleep problems may indicate an emotional, physiological, or
neurological condition that needs to be examined
• It’s happened by staying up too late, eating heavy meal close to bed
time, or overexcitement
• Nor is persistent enuresis primarily an emotional, mental, or behavioral
problem – though such problems can develop because of the way bed-
wetters are treated by playmates and family
• Heredity is a factor in the condition, possibly in combination with slow
motor maturation, reduced bladder capacity, and slow arousal from
sleep
• In developing world, however, such vaccine-preventable diseases as
measles, pertussis (whooping cough), and tuberculosis still take large
toll.

8. MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
Aspects of physical dvelopment in the middle chilhood
a. Growth
 Starting at the age 6-11 years old
 Grow about 2 to 3 inches each year
 The weight approximately double their weight, average 10 years old
about 11 pounds.
b. Nutrition and sleep
 Needs 2400 calories every day (should get only 30% of their total
calories from fat.
 Needs about 11 hours a day to sleep at age 5 to a little more, about 10
hours at age 9, and about 9 hours at age 13.

9. c. Motor development
Most nonliterate and transitional societies go to work, plus more
household labor espescially for girl. Give them time and freedom for
physical play.
 Time play; about 10% of school children’s free play at recess in the
early grades consist of rough and tumb play.
 Organized sports; organized athletic programs will help children
improve their motor skills

10. d. Health, Fitness, and Safely
1. Obesity/ overweight
Causes of obesity:
too much and wrong kinds of food
Prevention of obesity :
Less time in front of TV and computer, changes in food labeling
and more physical activity
2. Vision and Hearing problem
Children under 6 yearsbold tend to be far sighted. by age 6,
vision typically is more acute and because two eyes are better
coordinated, they can focus better.

11. 3. Asthma
Asthma is characterized by sudden attacks of choughing,
wheezing and difficulty in breathing.caused by some experts
point to tightly insulated houses that intensify exposure to
indoor environmental toxins and allergens.
4. HIV and AIDS
The cause of HIV and AIDS infected may acquired virus
from their mothers and the victim of sexual abuse, etc.

12. Physical
Development of
Adolescence

13. Physical Development
Adolescence
• Begins : • The • Physical
Hormonal Adolescence and Mental
Change Brain Health

14. Begins : hormonal change
Puberty begins with a sharp increase in production of
sex-related hormones and takes place in two stage : andrenarche
and gonadarche
• Estrogens
– More in girls
– Adrenal estrogens
• Androgens
– More in boys
– Testosterone

15. Factors Affecting Reactions to Puberty
• Physical attractiveness – body image
• Girls: most want to be smaller, thinner
• Boys: most want to be bigger
• Fitting in with peers
• Prefer similar level
of physical maturity

16. Timing and Sign of puberty
begins
• When does puberty begins ?
The puberty begins at
Girls : 9-13 years old
Boys : 10-11 years old
• What is the sign of the puberty?
The sign for puberty are :
Girls : Menstruation or menarche
Boys : Ejaculation or spermache

17. The sequence of Puberty and
Sexual Maturity
Primary
• For Female
Characteristics Age of First Appearance
Growth the breasts 6-13
Body growth 6-14
Menarche 9.5-14.5
Growth the pubic hair 10-16.5
Appereance of underarm hair About 2 years after appearance of
pubic hair
Increased output of oil and sweat About the same time as appearance
producing Glands of underarm hair

18. • Male
Characteristics Age of First Appearance
Growth of testes, scrotal sac 9-13.5
Growth of pubic hair 12-16
Body growth 10.5-16
Growth of penis 11-14.5
Change in voice About the same time as growth
of penis
First ejaculation of semen About 1 year after beginning of
growth of penis
Appearance of facial and About 2 years after appearance
underarm hair of pubic hair
Increased output of oil and About the same time as
sweat producing Glands appearance underarm hair

19. • Secondary
Girls Boys
Breasts Pubic Hair
Pubic Hair Axillary (underarm )hair
Axillary (underarm ) hair Muscular development
Change in voice Facial Hair
Change in skin Change in voice
Increased width and depth of Change in skin
pelvis
Muscular development Broadening of shoulders

20. Consequences of the Timing of Puberty
Girls Boys
Unpopular, withdrawn, • Popular
low confidence • Confident,
Early More deviant behavior independent
Negative body image • Positive body image
Maturing
More long-term
problems
Popular • Unpopular
Sociable, lively, school • Anxious, talkative,
Late leaders • attention-
Maturing Positive body image
seeking
• Negative body image

21. Brain of an Adolescents
Brain undergoes physical changes which may be linked to adolescents’ behavior
* Brain development influences behavior, emotion, judgment, self-
control, and experiences influence brain development.

22. Physical and Mental Health
Physical
Development
Nutrition and
Physical Activity Sleep Needs
Eating Disorders

23. Physical Activities
Exercise affect both physical and mental health. It
improves strength and endurance, help build healthy bones and
muscles, help control weight, reduces anxiety and stress and
increase self confidence and well being.
The physical activities for boys is more than girls
Sleep Needs
Many Adolescents do not get enough sleep. Average
nighttime sleep declines from more than ten hours at age 9 to
slightly less than eight hours at age 16.
A pattern of late bedtimes and oversleeping in the
morning can contributes to insomnia, a problem that often
begins in late childhood or adolescence.

24. Nutrition and Eating Disorders
• Calorie needs increase
• Poor food choices common:
• Less fruits, vegetables, milk, breakfast
• More soda, sweets, fast food
• Iron, vitamin deficiencies
• Eating with family can help

25. EATING DISORDERS
• Obesity
• ~15.5% of American adolescents are seriously overweight
• Many adolescents are concerned about their weight
• Most attempt to control it in ineffective ways
• Obesity in adolescence is related to a variety of serious health risks in later
life
• Physical attractiveness – body image
• Girls: most want to be smaller, thinner
• Boys: most want to be bigger
• Anorexia nervosa
• Eat very little out of fear of getting fat
• Poses serious health hazards
• Bulimia nervosa
• May retain normal weight
• Binge eat (large quantity of food in short period of time)
• Purge by vomiting, using laxatives, or exercising excessively

26. Mental
Development
Use and Abuse Death in
Depression
of Drugs Adolescence

27. Depression
In normal surroundings, the prevalence of depression increase
during adolescence.
Gender
factors
Anxiety
Fear from social contact
Stressful life
Chronic illnesses
Parent-child conflict
Abuse or neglect
And having parents with a history of depression

28. Use and Abuse of Drugs
• Have tried, by grade 10:
• Cigarettes – 40%
• Alcohol – 63%
• Illegal drugs – 38%
• By end of high school:
• 14% smoke regularly
• 28% recent heavy drinking
• 50%+ tried illegal drugs

29. Difficult Temperament
factors
Poor impulse control and a tendency to seek out sensation
Family influences
Early and persistent behavior problems
Academic failure and lack of commitment to education
Peer rejection
Associating with drugs users
Alienation and rebelliousness
Favorable attitudes toward drugs use
Early initiation into drug use

30. Use and Abuse of Drugs
Death
from
Vehicle accidents
and firearms Suicide