2. Outline
Prenatal Development
Germinal, embryonic, fetal stages
Babies and Children Development
Reflexes, motor and muscle development
Sensory, perception and learning development
Adolescence Development
Puberty and Brain development
Health in adolescence
3. Learning Objectives
Describe the prenatal development.
Explain the infancy development.
Describe stages of infancy development.
Describe the adolescent development.
Explain the feeling and impacts during
adolescence stage.
Reflect the insights of physical/ biological
development in the education settings.
4. Concept of Physical Development (PD)
Physical development is the process that starts in
human infancy and continues into late adolescent
concentrating on gross and fine motor skills as well
as puberty.
Physical development involves developing control
over the body, particularly muscles and physical
coordination.
The peak of physical development happens in
childhood and is therefore a crucial time for
neurological brain development and body
coordination to encourage specific activities.
5. PD in prenatal stage
Germinal stage
The 2-week stage when the zygote travels to the uterus
and attaches itself to the uterine wall; this is also when
rapid cell division occurs
Embryonic stage
When the embryo develops all of the systems, organs,
and structures of the body
Lasts from the beginning of week 3 through week 8
Fetal stage
Lasts from the end of week 8, when bone cells form, until
birth
Several studies of newborns have shown that they
remember sounds to which they were exposed in utero
6. PD in Babies and Children
Reflexes and motor
Neonates’ movements are dominated by reflexes.
Inborn, unlearned, automatic responses to certain
environmental stimuli.
Most motor milestones result from maturation
Development proceeds from the body outward.
Motor Skills : include gross motor skills (coordination of
large muscles and skills like walking, sitting and running)
and fine motor skills ( skills like holding, picking up and
scribbling...)
7. PD in Babies and Children
Vision : is the ability to see near and far, and to
interpret what’s seen.
Newborns focus best on objects about 9 inches away, and
they can follow a slowly moving object
By 2 to 3 months of age, most infants prefer human faces
to other visual images
Hearing : is the ability to hear, listen to and interpret
sounds, whereas speech is the ability to produce
sounds that form words.
At birth, the newborn’s hearing is much better developed
than her vision
Newborns also prefer their own mother’s voice to that of
an unfamiliar female.
8. PD in Babies and Children
Emotional and social behavior : is ability to learn
and interact with others, including skills for play
and communicating with other people.
Depth perception : After children beginning
crawling, become aware of depth
Memory : 3-day-old newborns could retain in
memory for 24 hours a speech sound that had
been presented repeatedly the day before.
9. Milestones of physical
development
Physical development by six months : Baby will show
basic distinctions in vision, hearing, smelling, tasting,
touching, temperature and perceiving pain. He will also
lift his head when on his stomach and possibly show
squeals of delight as well as grasp objects and roll over.
Physical development by 12 months : Baby can control
his hands, sit without support, crawl and has growing
control of legs and feet. He may stand or creep across
the floor.
Physical development by 18 months : Baby can crawl
up stairs, possibly walk, draw lines on paper with crayon
and will show growing physical independence.
10. Milestones of physical
development Physical development by age two : He can go up and down
steps, run, sit self on chair, use a spoon and fork, turn single
pages in a book, kick a ball, attempt to dress himself, build a
tower of six blocks, kick a ball and has bowel and bladder
control.
Physical development by age three : He can run well,
march, stand on one foot briefly, ride a tricycle, feed himself
(with a bit of mess), put on his own shoes and socks (though
not tie laces!), unbutton and button.
Physical development by age four : He can skip on one
foot, cut with scissors, wash and dry his own face, dress
himself, throw a ball overhand and other skills to show
growing independence.
11. Milestones of physical
development
Physical development by age five : He can hop and skip,
dress without help, has good balance and smoother
muscle action, skate or ride a scooter, print and write
simple letters, establish whether he is left or right
handed. Girls' fine motor skill development is likely to be
about one year ahead of boys.
Physical development by age seven : He can stand on
one foot with eyes closed for three seconds, walk on a
line in heel-toe fashion, skip on both feet, possibly ride a
bicycle without training wheels, jump rope, catch and
bounce a tennis ball and tie shoelaces.
12. Milestones of physical
development
Physical development by age nine : He has the
capability to roll, bat, kick and throw a ball, which makes
him able to play organised sports such as soccer, cricket
and basketball. His strength and coordination will
continue to develop with practice.
Physical development by age 12 : Puberty can start to
appear at this age, which is why you’ll see kids
developing at different rates between the ages of eight
and 18.With growth spurts come clumsiness and a lack
of coordination. If your child is not athletic, help him find
a sport or physical activity he enjoys. At this age, kids
who don’t excel athletically are tempted to avoid all
physical activity.
15. Adolescent Development
Three Phases of Adolescence
Early adolescence (11 or 12 – 14 years)
Middle adolescence (14 – 16 years)
Late adolescence (16 – 20 years)
Emerging Adulthood
Later age for adolescence
16. Adolescence Development
Puberty is a biological concept
Attaining sexual maturity and ability to reproduce
Puberty is controlled by feedback loop
Hypothalamus – Pituitary gland – Gonads –
Hormones
Sex hormones trigger development of
Primary sex characteristics
Secondary sex characteristics
17. Adolescence Development
Girls begin their growth spurt earlier than boys
Reach peak growth in height about 2 years after spurt began
Continue to grow at a slower rate for another 2 years
Weight spurt begins about 18 months after height spurt
Boys catch up to girls and eventually are taller and
heavier
Body shapes differ by sex
Boys have broader shoulders
Girls gain almost twice as much fatty tissue
19. Pubertal Changes in Boys
Average age of 11½ – first visible sign of puberty
Growth of testes accelerates testosterone production
Body hair growth
Voice deepens – growth of larynx
Acne
Increase in penile erections : Nocturnal emissions
Gynecomastia – enlargement of breasts
About age 20 to 21 – puberty ends
Epiphyseal closure
20. Pubertal Changes in Girls
Increased estrogen production
Stimulates breast buds
Promotes fatty tissue in hips and buttocks
Production of androgen
Simulates pubic and underarm hair growth
Estrogen causes labia, vagina, and uterus to
develop
Androgens cause clitoris to develop
21. Pubertal Changes in Girls
Menarche
May begin as early as 9 or as late as 16
Body weight may trigger menarche
Hormonal Regulation of Menstrual Cycle
Ovulate 12 to 18 months after menarche
Average menstrual cycle is 28 days
May be irregular during first 2 years
Psychological Impact of Menarche
Rite of passage
Educated and prepared – more positive
22. Brain Development
Increase in gray matter
Gains in thickness of cerebral cortex based on
learning – sensory and motor activities
Synaptic pruning
“Use it or lose it”
Genes and environment play role in shaping
the brain
23. What Happens to the Brain When an Adolescent
Practices Piano Several Hours a Day?
24. Health in Adolescence
Sleeping Need of Adolescents
Need 8.5 to 9.25 hours of sleep per night
Sleep deprivation
6 or fewer hours per night
Reasons for insufficient sleep
Hectic schedules and commitments
Brain developments – phase delay
25. Health in Adolescence
Nutritional Needs for Adolescents
Rapid growth
Average girl – 1,800 to 2,400 calories
Average boy – 2,200 to 3,200 calories
Need for calcium – bone growth
Females need to build up bone density and prevent
osteoporosis
Nutritional deficits
Irregular eating habits
Fast food or junk food
26. Importance of Physical
Activities
Build strong bones and muscles
Improve balance and develop skills
Maintain and develop flexibility
Achieve and maintain a healthy weight
Improve cardiovascular fitness
Help relaxation
Provide opportunities to make friends and
improve social and emotional development
Improve self-esteem
27. Review
Prenatal Development Stages : Germinal,
embryonic, fetal growth.
Infancy Development Stages: motor, reflexes,
sensory, perception and learning.
Adolescent Development stages : puberty,
body, brain and health.
What are benefits of physical activities?