ME 438 is a course taught by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui at DHA Suffa University. This set of lectures deals with review of vector calculus, fluid mechanics, circulation, source/sink method, introduction to computational aerodynamics with source panel method and calculation of lift.
ME 438 Aerodynamics is a course taught by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui at DHA Suffa University. This set of lectures start from the basic and all the way to aerodynamic coefficients and center of pressure variations with angle of attack.
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4. Differential relations for a fluid flowAddisu Dagne Zegeye
Introduction, Acceleration field, Conservation of mass equation, Linear momentum equation, Energy equation, Boundary condition, Stream function, Vorticity and Irrotationality
ME 438 Aerodynamics is a course taught by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui at DHA Suffa University. This set of lectures start from the basic and all the way to aerodynamic coefficients and center of pressure variations with angle of attack.
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4. Differential relations for a fluid flowAddisu Dagne Zegeye
Introduction, Acceleration field, Conservation of mass equation, Linear momentum equation, Energy equation, Boundary condition, Stream function, Vorticity and Irrotationality
Boundary layer concept
Characteristics of boundary layer along a thin flat plate,
Von Karman momentum integral equation,
Laminar and Turbulent Boundary layers
Separation of Boundary Layer,
Control of Boundary Layer,
flow around submerged objects-
Drag and Lift- Expression
Magnus effect.
ME438 Aerodynamics is offered by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui to senior mechanical engineeing undergraduates at DHA Suffa University. This lecture set is an introduction to vortex lattice method (VLM) through the Kutta condition and circulation.
Fluid Mechanics-Shear stress ,Shear stress distribution,Velocity profile,Flow Of Viscous Fluid Through The circular pipe ,Velocity profile for turbulent flow Boundary layer buildup in pipe,Velocity Distributions
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/nt9-q5SDaqk
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVPftVoKZoIxVH_gh09bMkw/
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ME438 Aerodynamics is offered by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui to senior mechanical engineeing undergraduates at DHA Suffa University. This lecture set deals with thin airfoil theory.
Boundary layer concept
Characteristics of boundary layer along a thin flat plate,
Von Karman momentum integral equation,
Laminar and Turbulent Boundary layers
Separation of Boundary Layer,
Control of Boundary Layer,
flow around submerged objects-
Drag and Lift- Expression
Magnus effect.
ME438 Aerodynamics is offered by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui to senior mechanical engineeing undergraduates at DHA Suffa University. This lecture set is an introduction to vortex lattice method (VLM) through the Kutta condition and circulation.
Fluid Mechanics-Shear stress ,Shear stress distribution,Velocity profile,Flow Of Viscous Fluid Through The circular pipe ,Velocity profile for turbulent flow Boundary layer buildup in pipe,Velocity Distributions
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/nt9-q5SDaqk
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVPftVoKZoIxVH_gh09bMkw/
Blog: https://e-gyaankosh.blogspot.com/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/egyaankosh/
ME438 Aerodynamics is offered by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui to senior mechanical engineeing undergraduates at DHA Suffa University. This lecture set deals with thin airfoil theory.
ME438 Aerodynamics is offered by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui to senior mechanical engineeing undergraduates at DHA Suffa University. This lecture set is an introduction to aircraft design using Raymer's methods.
ME438 Aerodynamics is offered by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui to senior mechanical engineering undergraduates at DHA Suffa University. This lecture set is about prediction of lift on thin cambered airfoils.
introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
Avionics 738 Adaptive Filtering at Air University PAC Campus by Dr. Bilal A. Siddiqui in Spring 2018. This lecture deals with introduction to Kalman Filtering. Based n Optimal State Estimation by Dan Simon.
Avionics 738 Adaptive Filtering at Air University PAC Campus by Dr. Bilal A. Siddiqui in Spring 2018. This lecture covers background material for the course.
ME-314 Introduction to Control Engineering is a course taught to Mechanical Engineering senior undergrads. The course is taught by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui at DHA Suffa University. This lecture is about basic rules of sketching root locus.
ME-314 Introduction to Control Engineering is a course taught to Mechanical Engineering senior undergrads. The course is taught by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui at DHA Suffa University. This lecture is about time response of systems derived by inspection of poles and zeros. Stability concepts and steady state errors are taught.
ME-314 Introduction to Control Engineering is a course taught to Mechanical Engineering senior undergrads. The course is taught by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui at DHA Suffa University. This lecture is about time response of systems derived by inspection of poles and zeros. First and second order systems are considered, along with higher order and nonminimum phase systems
ME-314 Introduction to Control Engineering is a course taught to Mechanical Engineering senior undergrads. The course is taught by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui at DHA Suffa University. This lecture is about block diagram reduction for finding closed loop transfer functions.
ME-314 Introduction to Control Engineering is a course taught to Mechanical Engineering senior undergrads. The course is taught by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui at DHA Suffa University. This lecture is about modeling electrical and mechanical systems (transnational and rotational) in frequency domain.
ME-314 Introduction to Control Engineering is a course taught to Mechanical Engineering senior undergrads. The course is taught by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui at DHA Suffa University. This lecture is about frequency domain solutions of differential equations and transfer functions.
ME-314 Introduction to Control Engineering is a course taught to Mechanical Engineering senior undergrads. The course is taught by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui at DHA Suffa University. This lecture is introduction to the field.
This is an extended version of a talk given originally at the 2nd International Conference on Entrepreneurial Engineering: Commercialization of Research and Projects at IOBM, Karachi. Later an extended talk was given on several campuses in the city.
Dr. Bilal Siddiqui of DHA Suffa University conducted a two day workshop on softwares used extensively in aerospace industry. The first session was organized by ASME's student chapter at DSU on Friday, the 2nd of December, 2016, which covered USAF Stability and Control DATCOM software used for aerodynamic prediction and aircraft design. Students and faculty from DSU as well as those from Pakistan Airforce Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology (PAF KIET) attended the session. The second session was held on Tuesday, 6th of December at PAF KIET's Korangi Creek campus and focused on interfacing DATCOM with Matlab and Simulink softwares for aircraft simulator design. Students were given hands on training on the softwares. It is worth noting that Dr. Bilal also delivered a lecture titled "It isn't exactly Rocket Science: The artsy science of rocket propulsion" at PAF KIET on the 6th October, as part of an effort to popularize rocket science among academia and changing the scientific culture in Pakistan.
A seminar by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui for lecturers and lab engineers at DHA Suffa University to market the graduate program to them. Why get another degree from the university you work at?
ME 312 Mechanical Machine Design is the flagship course of the mechanical engineering department at DHA Suffa University. This lecture is about mechanical fasteners and non-permanent joints. The course is offered every fall by Dr. Bilal A. Siddiqui.
ME 312 Mechanical Machine Design is the flagship course of the mechanical engineering department at DHA Suffa University. This is an introductory lecture. The course is offered every fall by Dr. Bilal A. Siddiqui.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
9. Review of Fluid Mechanics
Note: We have made no assumption
of inviscidity or compressibility
10. Review of Fluid Mechanics Note: We have assumed inviscid flow
11. Incompressible and Inviscid Flows
• Some very important flows can be solved by neglecting
compressibility (𝑀∞ ≤ 0.3) and viscosity (away from body)
• For incompressibility, the condition (derived from continuity
equation) is
• For inviscid flows (aka potential or irrigational flows), the condition is
12. Laplace Equation for Potential Flows
• The equation 𝛻2 𝜙 = 0 is called the Laplace equation.
• It is one of the most famous and extensively equations in math/physics
• It has well known solutions, therefore it is easier to solve potential
(incompressible inviscid) flows analytically
• Since stream functions and potential functions are cousins, we can show
for 2D flows that
13. Notes on the Laplace Equations
• Any irrotational, incompressible flow has a velocity potential and stream
function (for 2D flow) that both satisfy Laplace’s equation.
• Conversely, any solution of Laplace’s equation represents the velocity
potential or stream function (2D) for an irrotational, incompressible flow.
• Laplace’s equation is a second-order linear partial differential equation.
• The fact that it is linear is important, because the sum of any particular
solutions of a linear differential equation is also a solution of the equation!
• Since irrotational, incompressible flow is governed by Laplace’s equation
and Laplace’s equation is linear, we conclude that a complicated flow
pattern for an irrotational, incompressible flow can be synthesized by
adding together a number of elementary flows that are also irrotational
and incompressible.
14. How to solve the Laplace Equations
• Our strategy is to develop flow solutions for several different
elementary flows, which by themselves may not seem to be practical
flows in real life.
• However, we then proceed to add (i.e., superimpose) these
elementary flows in different ways such that the resulting flow fields
do pertain to practical problems.
• All of these flows have the same governing equation, i.e. 𝛻2 𝜙 = 0
• How, then, do we obtain different flows for the different bodies? The
answer is found in the boundary conditions.
15. Boundary Conditions in Aerodynamics
• There are two boundary conditions in all external flows
• Infinity boundary conditions
Far away from the body (toward infinity), in all directions, the
flow approaches the uniform freestream conditions.
• Wall boundary conditions
It is impossible for the flow to penetrate the body surface.
16. Elementary Potential Flow 1: Uniform Flow
• It is clear that
• Integrating these equations
• In polar coordinates
• The flow is obviously irrotational, therefore circulation Γ = 0
17. Elementary Potential Flow 2: Source/Sink Flow
The source strength is defines as
The potentials, streams and velocities can be
calculated as
Source/Sink flow obeys mass
conservation 𝛻. 𝑉 = 0
everywhere except at origin
since 𝑉𝑟 → ∞. But we accept
it as a ‘singularity’
20. Elementary Potential Flow 3: Doublet
• When source and sink of equal strength are placed at the same point
• 𝜅 is called the doublet strength
• The streamlines are families of circles with diameter
Where C is some constant
22. A bit more on the flow over Cylinder
• We know that pressure coefficient is
• On the surface of the cylinder, we can
show that
• Therefore,
• Cp varies from 1.0 at the stagnation
points to −3.0 at the top/bottom.
23. Elementary Flow 4: Vortex Flow
• All the streamlines are concentric circles about a given point.
• Velocity along any given circular streamline is constant, but vary from
one streamline to another inversely with distance from the center.
• Vortex flow is incompressible 𝛻. 𝑉 = 0 everywhere.
• Vortex flow is irrotational everywhere 𝛻 × 𝑉 = 0 except at origin, but
we except it as a singularity (exception).
• To evaluate the constant, take the circulation around a given circular
streamline of radius r
Therefore, for vortex flow, the
circulation taken about all
streamlines is the same value,
namely, Γ= −2πC.
25. Lifting Flow over Cylinder
• If the cylinder is spinning, it will produce finite (measurable) lift.
• We model this as the superimposition of uniform flow+doublet+vortex
26.
27.
28. Lift due to Spinning of Cylinder
• At the surface of the cylinder (r=R), 𝑉𝑟 = 0 and 𝑉𝜃 = −2𝑉∞ sin 𝜃 −
Γ
2𝜋𝑅
• Since, 𝐶 𝑝 = 1 −
𝑉
𝑉∞
2
= 1 − 4 sin2
𝜃 +
2Γ sin 𝜃
𝜋𝑅𝑉∞
+
Γ
2𝜋𝑅𝑉∞
2
• The drag coefficient is given by
• The lift force can be found by
29. The Kutta-Joukowski Theorem
• Lift per unit span is directly proportional to circulation.
• This is a powerful relation in theoretical aerodynamics called the
Kutta-Joukowski theorem, obtained in ~ 1905.
• Rapidly spinning cylinder can produce a much higher lift than an
airplane wing of same planform area
• However, the drag on the cylinder is also much higher than a well-
designed wing. Hence, no rotating cylinders on aircrafts.
• Although 𝐿′ = 𝜌∞ 𝑉∞Γ was derived for a circular cylinder, it applies in
general to bodies of arbitrary cross section.
30. K-J Theorem and the Generation of Lift
• Let curve A be any curve in the flow enclosing the airfoil.
• If airfoil is producing lift, the velocity field around the airfoil will be such
that the line integral of velocity around A will be finite
• The integral of velocity around any curve not including the body is zero
• Hence, the lift produced by the airfoil is given by 𝑳′ = 𝝆∞ 𝑽∞ 𝚪
• The Kutta-Joukowski theorem states that lift per unit span on a two-
dimensional body is directly proportional to the circulation around the
body.
• Just like we synthesized flow over a spinning cylinder by adding a vortex to
the non-lifting flow, we can synthesize flow over an airfoil by distributing
vortices all over and inside the airfoil.
Note: Lift
produces
circulation, not
the other way
round. Think why?
31. Numerical Source Panel Method: Our first
flavor of CFD
• We added elementary flows in certain ways and discovered that resulting
streamlines turned out to fit certain body shapes.
• But it is not practical to randomly add elementary flows and try to match
the body shape we seek to find the flow around!
• We want to specify the shape of an arbitrary body and solve for the
distribution of singularities which, in combination with a uniform stream,
produce the flow over the given body.
• For the moment, we will concentrate on non-lifting flows….for a reason.
• This technique is called the source-panel method, a standard tool in
aerodynamic industry since the 1960s.
• Numerical solution of potential flows by both source and vortex panel
techniques has revolutionized the analysis of low-speed flows. We will
consider vortex methods later for lifting flows.
32. Recall: Source/Sink Flow
The source strength is defines as
The potentials, streams and velocities can be
calculated as
Now, instead of having a
single source, we want to
have a number of sources
placed side by side along a
contour: “Source Sheet”
33. The Source Sheet
• Define λ = λ(s) to be source strength per unit length
along s. For infinitesimal sources, ds acts like a
regular line source of strength λds and depth l
• Recall that the strength Λ of a single line source
was defined as the volume flow rate per unit depth
in the z direction.
• Typical units for Λ are square meters per second,
but for λ are meters per second.
λ may be negative, so it is
really a combination of
sources and sinks
34. SPM- Derivation
• Consider a point P at distance r from portion ds of the source sheet
• This portion of strength 𝜆𝑑𝑠 produces an infinitesimally potential 𝑑𝜙
𝑑𝜙 =
𝜆𝑑𝑠
2𝜋
ln 𝑟
• Complete velocity potential at point P, induced by the entire source
sheet from a to can be found as 𝜙 = 𝑎
𝑏 𝜆 ln 𝑟
2𝜋
𝑑𝑠
• We can now wrap the entire body with this source sheet and
superimpose uniform flow.
35. SPM-Discretizing the Continuous Equations
• Approximate the source sheet by n straight panels j=1,2,…,n
• Let source strength per panel 𝜆𝑗 be constant.
• The panel strengths 𝜆1, 𝜆2, … , 𝜆𝑗, … , 𝜆 𝑛 are unknown
• We want to iterate till the body surface becomes a streamline of the
flow i.e. 𝑉𝑟 = 0 at the surface.
• ↑THIS is the boundary condition we apply at each control point (i.e.
the middle point of each panel).
• Let us now put this in numbers.
37. The Numerical Recipe (1)
• Since point P is just an arbitrary point, but we are more interested in
what is happening at the surface, let’s move P to the body surface.
• Then the effect of each source panel on a given panel is
• Slope of ith panel is
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑖
, but its angle with the flow is 𝛽𝑖
• The normal component of free stream flow to each panel is
𝑉𝑖 𝑛∞
= 𝑉∞ cos 𝛽𝑖
38. The Numerical Recipe (2)
• The normal component of velocity induced at (xi , yi ) by the source
panels is
𝑉𝑖 𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠
=
𝜕
𝜕𝑛𝑖
𝜙(𝑥𝑖, 𝑦𝑖) =
1
2𝜋
𝑗=1
𝑛
𝜆𝑗
𝑗
𝜕 ln 𝑟𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑛𝑖
𝑑𝑠𝑗
• We can show that this can be simply expanded as
𝑉𝑖 𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠
=
𝜆𝑖
2
+
1
2𝜋
𝑗=1
𝑗≠𝑖
𝑛
𝜆𝑗
𝑗
𝜕 ln 𝑟𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑛𝑖
𝑑𝑠𝑗
39. The Numerical Recipe (3)
• The velocity normal to the ith panel at (xi , yi ) is
𝑉𝑖 𝑛
= 𝑉∞ cos 𝛽𝑖 +
𝜆𝑖
2
+
1
2𝜋
𝑗=1
𝑗≠𝑖
𝑛
𝜆𝑗
𝑗
𝜕 ln 𝑟𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑛𝑖
𝑑𝑠𝑗
• Therefore, we seek to impose the distribution of sources which gives
us zero normal velocity at each node (i.e. body becomes a streamline)
𝑉∞ cos 𝛽𝑖 +
𝜆𝑖
2
+
1
2𝜋
𝑗=1
𝑗≠𝑖
𝑛
𝜆𝑗
𝑗
𝜕 ln 𝑟𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑛𝑖
𝑑𝑠𝑗 = 0, ∀𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑛
These are n linear equations with n unknowns (𝝀 𝟏, 𝝀 𝟐, … , 𝝀 𝒏)
40. The Numerical Recipe (3)
• Finally, once we find the source distribution (𝜆𝑖, 𝜆2, … , 𝜆 𝑛), we can find the
actual velocity tangent to the surface
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉∞ sin 𝛽𝑖 +
1
2𝜋
𝑗=1
𝑗≠𝑖
𝑛
𝜆𝑗
𝑗
𝜕 ln 𝑟𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑠𝑖
𝑑𝑠𝑗 = 0, ∀𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑛
• We can then find the pressure coefficient at each node
𝐶 𝑝,𝑖 = 1 −
𝑉𝑖
𝑉∞
2
• The pressure forces can then be easily resolved in lift drag and moment!
41. Source Panel Method Applied to a Cylinder
• Let us begin by dividing the
cylinder into 8 panels.
• Coordinates of the ith panel’s
control point are (xi,yi), and the
edge points of the panel are
(Xi,Yi) and (Xi+1,Yi+1).
• Let 𝑉∞ be in the x-direction.
• Let us first evaluate the integrals
𝐼𝑖𝑗 =
𝑗
𝜕 ln 𝑟𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑛𝑖
𝑑𝑠𝑗
42. SPM applied to the cylinder (2)
• It is easier to
deal with flow
angles with
tangent to the
surface rather
than normal
to it
44. The SPM applied to the cylinder (4)
• To obtain the actual velocity over the cylinder
• The velocity due to upstream flow is 𝑉∞ 𝑠,𝑖
= 𝑉∞ sin 𝛽𝑖
• Velocity induced by sources
• Therefore the total velocity is
• And coefficient of pressure is
45. SPM applied to Cylinder (5)
See Matlab code developed in class