Aerodynamic theories
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This document discusses various aerodynamic theories and concepts including definitions of force and aerodynamic force. It describes fundamental sources of aerodynamic force such as pressure distribution and shear stress. It also covers types of flows, Bernoulli's theorem, flat plate effect, and steady, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional flows. The document examines different types of forces including contact, frictional, tensional, gravitational, electrical, and magnetic forces. It discusses balanced and unbalanced forces as well as vector representation of forces.
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The document provides an overview of mechanics and engineering mechanics. It discusses key topics including types of mechanics, units of measurement, fundamental concepts like forces and moments. It also summarizes various types of force systems and the laws and methods for analyzing coplanar forces, including the parallelogram law, Varignon's theorem, and analytical and graphical methods for determining the resultant of coplanar concurrent forces.
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The document discusses the principle of transmissibility of forces. It states that the effect of a force acting on a rigid body does not change if the force is moved along its line of action. However, when analyzing internal stresses, the exact point of application matters. The principle can only be used for rigid bodies and not deformable bodies. It also discusses other principles like superposition and the assumptions made in engineering mechanics.
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Mechanics is the physical science concerned with the behavior of bodies acted upon by forces. It has two main branches: statics, which deals with bodies at rest or in equilibrium, and dynamics, which deals with bodies in motion. Dynamics is divided into kinematics, which considers motion without forces, and kinetics, which considers motion with forces. Mechanics studies rigid and deformable bodies, as well as fluids. Forces can be analyzed using concepts such as components, resultants, and force systems.
Applied mechanics
This document discusses the resolution of coplanar forces. It begins by introducing mechanics, its branches, and fundamental concepts like forces and moments. It then covers the classification of force systems, laws of mechanics including the parallelogram law, and the concept of a couple. Finally, it describes analytical and graphical methods for determining the resultant of a coplanar force system, including the parallelogram law, component method, and Bow's notation for graphical analysis. The key topics are the resolution of coplanar forces using various laws and methods.
Concurrent Forces
This document discusses concurrent force systems and concepts related to analyzing systems of forces acting at a point, including: defining concurrent forces as those with lines of action meeting at a point; the internal/external effects of forces; equilibrium; types of forces (tensile, compressive, distributed, concentrated); the principle of transmissibility; determining resultants of two or more forces using vector methods like the parallelogram law; and resolving forces into components. Examples are provided for determining tensions in cables/wires supporting objects and forces in systems involving inclined planes. Homework problems are assigned.
Concurrent Forces
This document discusses concurrent force systems and concepts related to analyzing systems of forces acting at a point, including: defining concurrent forces as those whose lines of action meet at a point; describing the internal and external effects of forces; explaining equilibrium, reduction, and resolution of forces; defining characteristics of forces like magnitude and direction; discussing types of forces including concentrated and distributed loads; introducing concepts like resultants, parallelogram law, and resolving forces into components; and providing example problems demonstrating techniques for analyzing concurrent force systems.
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1) The document discusses the derivation of the continuity equation and Euler's equation from principles of conservation of mass and momentum using a control volume approach.
2) It also discusses the derivation of Bernoulli's equation from the conservation of mechanical energy principle for a steady, inviscid flow along a streamline.
3) The key assumptions required for applying Bernoulli's equation are that the flow must be steady, incompressible, frictionless, and occur along a streamline with no shaft work or heat transfer occurring.
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For comments please contact me at solo.hermelin@gmail.com.
For more presentations on different subjects visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
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Forces in fluids are explained through concepts like pressure, which increases with depth underwater or elevation above sea level. Devices like hydraulic systems use confined fluids to multiply forces by changing piston sizes based on Pascal's principle. Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object submerged in a fluid equals the weight of the fluid displaced, determining whether it sinks or floats based on relative densities.
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The document discusses various methods for modeling and analyzing 3D incompressible flows, including:
1. Lifting surface theory which extends lifting line theory to model low aspect ratio wings by placing multiple lifting lines on the wing.
2. The vortex lattice method for numerically solving lifting surface theory using a discrete number of horseshoe vortices on the wing.
3. Modeling a 3D source/sink and doublet and using them to represent flow over a sphere.
4. General panel methods which cover a 3D body with source/vortex panels and apply flow tangency to solve for the unknown flow distributions. Challenges include properly distributing panels over complex geometries.
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The document discusses various methods for modeling and analyzing 3D incompressible flows, including:
1. Lifting surface theory which extends lifting line theory to model low aspect ratio wings by placing multiple lifting lines on the wing.
2. The vortex lattice method for numerically solving lifting surface theory using a discrete number of horseshoe vortices on the wing.
3. Modeling a 3D source/sink and doublet and using them to represent flow over a sphere.
4. General panel methods which cover a 3D body with source/vortex panels and apply flow tangency to solve for the unknown flow distributions. Challenges include properly distributing panels over complex geometries.
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The document discusses fluid statics and pressure measurement techniques. It covers topics like Pascal's law, pressure at points in static fluids, different types of manometers used to measure pressure like U-tube, differential, and inclined tube manometers. It also discusses forces on surfaces immersed in liquids, concepts like buoyancy, stability of submerged and floating bodies, and Euler's equation of motion for fluids.
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The document summarizes the aerodynamics of helicopters. It describes how helicopters generate lift through rotating wings and discusses key concepts like torque. It also analyzes airfoil shapes, pressure distributions, and how different airfoil designs impact lift and drag properties. Additionally, the summary defines important rotor system components and terminology used in helicopter aerodynamics.
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strictly as per AKTU syllabus for BTech first yr 2021
subject- fundamentals of mechanical and mechatronics
subject code - KME 101T
Term 3 Pressure and Moments Learning Objectives and Outcomes
The document outlines a unit plan on pressure and moments for Year 9 students over 5 weeks, including learning objectives and outcomes for topics such as pressure, pneumatics and hydraulics, levers, balance, and moments; it also includes an assessment at the end to evaluate students' understanding of the key ideas covered during the unit.
13.1. Mechanical Oscillations
1. The document discusses mechanical oscillations and how they involve the continual exchange of potential and kinetic energy as an oscillating system moves back and forth.
2. It provides examples of oscillating systems like springs and masses, and explains how they transfer energy between elastic potential energy stored in the spring and kinetic energy of the moving mass.
3. Oscillations are damped over time as the system loses energy to its surroundings through friction or air resistance, causing the amplitude of the oscillations to decrease.
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Aerodynamic theories
- 8. F16 pushes the ground by 28000 lbs and the ground pushes the a/c by 28000 lbs Aerodynamic Theories
Editor's Notes
- Foundational building blocks Relate some to applied flying
- When two solid objects interact in a mechanical process, forces are transmitted, or applied, at the point of contact. Force is a quantity which is measured using the standard metric unit known as the Newton . One Newton is the amount of force required to give a 1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s/s. The concept of force was originally defined by Sir Isaac Newton in his three laws of motion . Force is a vector . The SI unit for force is the Newton (N). One Newton =1 kg * m/s 2 .
- C ontact force is defined as the force exerted when two physical objects come in direct contact with each other. Other forces, such as gravitation and electromagnetic forces, can exert themselves even across the empty vacuum of space. Other forces, such as gravitation, electric and electromagnetic forces, can exert themselves even across the empty vacuum of space.
- C ontact force is defined as the force exerted when two physical objects come in direct contact with each other. Other forces, such as gravitation and electromagnetic forces, can exert themselves even across the empty vacuum of space.
- C ontact force is defined as the force exerted when two physical objects come in direct contact with each other. Other forces, such as gravitation and electromagnetic forces, can exert themselves even across the empty vacuum of space.
- Other forces, such as gravitation, electric and electromagnetic forces, can exert themselves even across the empty vacuum of space.
- GM! This is what the presentation is all about… and the definition is a flashed. As delineated aerodynamics deals with airflow over and around the aerofoil.
- A fighter is exposed to greater aerodynamic forces/ loads due hi-G maneuvers and hi-speed flight Between a body and a gaseous fluid caused by their relative motion. Also known as aerodynamic load. The force generated by the rush of air over a body Aerodynamics involves the motion of air and other gases and the forces acting on objects in motion through the air The person who practices this science - an aerodynamicist.
- The pressure and shear-stress distributions are the two hands of nature that reach out and grab the body , exerting a force on the body—the aerodynamic force .
- The pressure exerted by the air at a point on the surface Acts perpendicular to the surface at that point Length of each arrow denotes the pressure at each point on the surface Net unbalance of varying pressure distributions over the surface creates an aerodynamic force
- The point on the chord line through which the total reaction is considered to act
- The pressure exerted by the air at a point on the surface Acts perpendicular to the surface at that point Length of each arrow denotes the pressure at each point on the surface Net unbalance of varying pressure distributions over the surface creates an aerodynamic force
- Pressure: F orce per unit area exerted on a surface due to the time rate of change of momentum of the gas molecules impacting on that surface. Common units of pressure are N/m2, Dynes/cm2, Lb/ft2, Atmosphere Density of a substance (including a gas): M ass of that substance per unit volume. Common units of density: kg/m3, slug/ft3, g/cm3, lb/ft3 Temperature: Measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in the gas. Common units of temperature: degree kelvin (K), degree Celsius (°C), degree Rankine (°R), degree Fahrenheit (°F)
- Unsteady Where flow parameters vary with time Flow cannot be represented by streamlines