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Lymphatic
System
Chapter 23
Introduction
– Components
• Lymph is the fluid
• Vessels – lymphatics
• Structures & organs
– Functions
• Return tissue fluid to the bloodstream
• Transport fats from the digestive tract to the
bloodstream
• Surveillance & defense
The Lymphatic System
Lymphatics
– Originate as lymph capillaries
– Capillaries unite to form larger vessels
• Resemble veins in structure
• Connect to lymph nodes at various intervals
– Lymphatics ultimately deliver lymph into 2 main
channels
• Right lymphatic duct
– Drains right side of head & neck, right arm, right thorax
– Empties into the right subclavian vein
• Thoracic duct
– Drains the rest of the body
– Empties into the left subclavian vein
Lymph Capillaries
Lymphatic Vessels
Main Channels of
Lymphatics
Major Lymphatic Vessels
of the Trunk
Lymph Tissue
– 3 types
• Diffuse lymphatic tissue
– No capsule present
– Found in connective tissue of almost all organs
• Lymphatic nodules
– No capsule present
– Oval-shaped masses
– Found singly or in clusters
• Lymphatic organs
– Capsule present
– Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland
Lymph Nodules
Lymph Nodes
– Oval structures located along lymphatics
– Enclosed by a fibrous capsule
– Cortex = outer portion
• Germinal centers produce lymphocytes
– Medulla = inner portion
• Medullary cords
– Lymph enters nodes through afferent
lymphatics, flows through sinuses, exits
through efferent lymhpatic
Lymph Node
Tonsils
– Multiple groups of large lymphatic nodules
– Location – mucous membrane of the oral and
pharyngeal cavities
– Palatine tonsils
• Posterior-lateral walls of the oropharynx
– Pharyngeal tonsil
• Posterior wall of nasopharynx
– Lingual tonsils
• Base of tongue
Tonsils
Spleen
– Largest lymphatic organ
– Located between the stomach & diaphragm
– Structure is similar to a node
• Capsule present
• But no afferent vessels or sinuses
– Histology
• Red pulp contains all the components of circulating blood
• White pulp is similar to lymphatic nodules
– Functions
• Filters blood
• Stores blood
Spleen
Thymus Gland
– Location – behind the sternum in the
mediastinum
– The capsule divides it into 2 lobes
– Development
• Infant – conspicuous
• Puberty – maximum size
• Maturity – decreases in size
– Function
• Differentiation and maturation of T cells
Thymus Gland
Function of the Lymphatic
System
– Defense against harmful organisms and chemicals
– 2 types of defense
• Nonspecific
• Specific
– Specific defense = immunity
• Humoral immunity involves B cells that become plasma cells
which produce antibodies that bind with specific antigens.
• Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells that directly destroy
foreign cells
Derivation and Distribution
of Lymphocytes

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lymphatic system

  • 2. Introduction – Components • Lymph is the fluid • Vessels – lymphatics • Structures & organs – Functions • Return tissue fluid to the bloodstream • Transport fats from the digestive tract to the bloodstream • Surveillance & defense
  • 4. Lymphatics – Originate as lymph capillaries – Capillaries unite to form larger vessels • Resemble veins in structure • Connect to lymph nodes at various intervals – Lymphatics ultimately deliver lymph into 2 main channels • Right lymphatic duct – Drains right side of head & neck, right arm, right thorax – Empties into the right subclavian vein • Thoracic duct – Drains the rest of the body – Empties into the left subclavian vein
  • 9. Lymph Tissue – 3 types • Diffuse lymphatic tissue – No capsule present – Found in connective tissue of almost all organs • Lymphatic nodules – No capsule present – Oval-shaped masses – Found singly or in clusters • Lymphatic organs – Capsule present – Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland
  • 11. Lymph Nodes – Oval structures located along lymphatics – Enclosed by a fibrous capsule – Cortex = outer portion • Germinal centers produce lymphocytes – Medulla = inner portion • Medullary cords – Lymph enters nodes through afferent lymphatics, flows through sinuses, exits through efferent lymhpatic
  • 13. Tonsils – Multiple groups of large lymphatic nodules – Location – mucous membrane of the oral and pharyngeal cavities – Palatine tonsils • Posterior-lateral walls of the oropharynx – Pharyngeal tonsil • Posterior wall of nasopharynx – Lingual tonsils • Base of tongue
  • 15. Spleen – Largest lymphatic organ – Located between the stomach & diaphragm – Structure is similar to a node • Capsule present • But no afferent vessels or sinuses – Histology • Red pulp contains all the components of circulating blood • White pulp is similar to lymphatic nodules – Functions • Filters blood • Stores blood
  • 17. Thymus Gland – Location – behind the sternum in the mediastinum – The capsule divides it into 2 lobes – Development • Infant – conspicuous • Puberty – maximum size • Maturity – decreases in size – Function • Differentiation and maturation of T cells
  • 19. Function of the Lymphatic System – Defense against harmful organisms and chemicals – 2 types of defense • Nonspecific • Specific – Specific defense = immunity • Humoral immunity involves B cells that become plasma cells which produce antibodies that bind with specific antigens. • Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells that directly destroy foreign cells

Editor's Notes

  1. FG23_01.JPG Title: Lymphatic System Notes: An overview of the arrangement of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs. Keywords: lymphatic system, components, lymph nodes, cervical, axillary, pelvic, inguinal, lumbar, right lymphatic duct, thoracic lymphatic duct, mammary gland, spleen, gut-associated, cisterna chyli, thymus, lymphatics of lower limb
  2. FG23_04.JPG Title: Lymphatic Ducts and Lymphatic Drainage Notes: The thoracic duct collects lymph from tissues inferior to the diaphragm and from the left side of the upper body. The right lymphatic duct drains the right half of the body superior to the diaphragm. Keywords: lymphatic ducts, circulatory system, jugular trunk, thoracic lymphatic duct, subclavian trunk, thoracic lymph nodes, intestinal trunk, cisterna chyli, azygos vein, right lymphatic duct
  3. FG23_05.JPG Title: Major Lymphatic Vessels of the Trunk Notes: Anterior view of a dissection of the thoracic duct and adjacent blood vessels. The thoracic and abdominopelvic organs have been removed. Keywords: lymphatic vessels, trunk, thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, pleura, diaphragm, renal artery, cisterna chyli, abdominal aorta
  4. FG23_17B.JPG Title: The Spleen Notes: (a) The shape of the spleen roughly conforms to the shapes of adjacent organs; transverse section. (b)Visceral surface of intact spleen; major anatomical landmarks. (c)Histological appearance of the spleen. Keywords: spleen, transverse, abdominopelvic cavity, kidneys, pancreas, hilus, diaphragm, gastrosplenic ligament, stomach, liver, rib, white pulp, visceral surface, gastric area, splenic vein, splenic artery, renal area, histology, trabecular arteries, capsule, red pulp
  5. FG23_16A.JPG Title: The Thymus Notes: (a)Location of thymus on gross dissection. (b)Anatomical landmarks on thymus. (c)Low-power light micrograph of thymus. (d)Higher magnification showing structure of Hassall's corpuscles. Keywords: thymus, gross dissection, thyroid, trachea, lobe, septae, lobule, cortex, medulla, blood vessels, Hassall's corpuscles, epithelial cells, lymphocytes
  6. FG23_07.JPG Title: Derivation and Distribution of Lymphocytes Notes: Hemocytoblast divisions produce lymphocytic stem cells with two different fates. One group remains in the bone marrow, producing B cells and NK cells. The second group migrates to the thymus, producing T cells. All three types circulate in the bloodstream Keywords: lymphocytes, derivation, distribution, hemocytoblast, lymphoid stem cells, B cells, NK cells, migratory lymphoid stem, thymus, T cells, red bone marrow, peripheral tissue