The lymphatic system helps destroy microorganisms, absorbs tissue fluid and transports it back to the bloodstream, and helps fight illnesses and infections. It is composed of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymphocytes like B and T cells, the spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and bone marrow. Together these parts work to filter lymph, produce white blood cells, and defend the body against pathogens.
The lymphatic system is part of the immune system. It also maintains fluid balance and plays a role in absorbing fats and fat-soluble nutrients.
The lymphatic or lymph system involves an extensive network of vessels that passes through almost all our tissues to allow for the movement of a fluid called lymph. Lymph circulates through the body in a similar way to blood.
There are about 600 lymph nodes in the body. These nodes swell in response to infection, due to a build-up of lymph fluid, bacteria, or other organisms and immune system cells.
A person with a throat infection, for example, may feel that their "glands" are swollen. Swollen glands can be felt especially under the jaw, in the armpits, or in the groin area. These are, in fact, not glands but lymph nodes.
The lymphatic system is a part of the circulatory system, comprising a network of conduits called lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph unidirectionally toward the heart.
The lymphatic system is part of the immune system. It also maintains fluid balance and plays a role in absorbing fats and fat-soluble nutrients.
The lymphatic or lymph system involves an extensive network of vessels that passes through almost all our tissues to allow for the movement of a fluid called lymph. Lymph circulates through the body in a similar way to blood.
There are about 600 lymph nodes in the body. These nodes swell in response to infection, due to a build-up of lymph fluid, bacteria, or other organisms and immune system cells.
A person with a throat infection, for example, may feel that their "glands" are swollen. Swollen glands can be felt especially under the jaw, in the armpits, or in the groin area. These are, in fact, not glands but lymph nodes.
The lymphatic system is a part of the circulatory system, comprising a network of conduits called lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph unidirectionally toward the heart.
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory. The spinal cord is connected to the brain at the brain stem and is covered by the vertebrae of the spine.
The urinary system, components, the urine formation process, The gross structure of the kidney, Microscope structure of the kidney, Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System
What is lymph ?Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) that enters the lymphatic vessels
Reabsorbs excess interstitial fluid:returns it to the venous circulationmaintain blood volume levelsprevent interstitial fluid levels from rising out of control.Transport dietary lipids:transported through lactealsdrain into larger lymphatic vesselseventually into the bloodstream.lymphocyte development, and the immune response.
Unit-III, chapter-2- Lymphatic System,
Functions of Lymphatic System,
Major Parts of Lymphatic System,
Composition of Lymph,
Lymph and Lymphatic Capillaries,
Structure of lymph node,
Mechanisms of Lymph Flow,
Functions of Lymph Node,
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT),
As per PCI syllabus,
B. Pharm. First Year,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I.
Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
This is about the general physiology of sense organs for medical and paramedical professional beginners who choose pharmacy, nursing and physiotherapy to study.
Both the liver and the pancreas are considered digestive helpers.
Other than their roles in digestion, they also have other functions.
Accessory digestive organ: An organ that helps with digestion but is not part of the digestive tract. The accessory digestive organs are the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
Tissues, types and functions(Anatomy)- Easy explanationSwatilekha Das
Easy explanation on Tissues , types of tissues and functions of tissues with pictures.......
Easy anatomy topic for 1 st yera GNM and B.Sc nursing students.....
special sense organs (anatomy and physiology) - a brief discussion Pallab Nath
brief discussion on special senses, Basic level class for technicians. topics discussed include eyes and vision, nose and sense of smell, tongue and sense of taste and ears and hearing
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory. The spinal cord is connected to the brain at the brain stem and is covered by the vertebrae of the spine.
The urinary system, components, the urine formation process, The gross structure of the kidney, Microscope structure of the kidney, Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System
What is lymph ?Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) that enters the lymphatic vessels
Reabsorbs excess interstitial fluid:returns it to the venous circulationmaintain blood volume levelsprevent interstitial fluid levels from rising out of control.Transport dietary lipids:transported through lactealsdrain into larger lymphatic vesselseventually into the bloodstream.lymphocyte development, and the immune response.
Unit-III, chapter-2- Lymphatic System,
Functions of Lymphatic System,
Major Parts of Lymphatic System,
Composition of Lymph,
Lymph and Lymphatic Capillaries,
Structure of lymph node,
Mechanisms of Lymph Flow,
Functions of Lymph Node,
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT),
As per PCI syllabus,
B. Pharm. First Year,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I.
Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
This is about the general physiology of sense organs for medical and paramedical professional beginners who choose pharmacy, nursing and physiotherapy to study.
Both the liver and the pancreas are considered digestive helpers.
Other than their roles in digestion, they also have other functions.
Accessory digestive organ: An organ that helps with digestion but is not part of the digestive tract. The accessory digestive organs are the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
Tissues, types and functions(Anatomy)- Easy explanationSwatilekha Das
Easy explanation on Tissues , types of tissues and functions of tissues with pictures.......
Easy anatomy topic for 1 st yera GNM and B.Sc nursing students.....
special sense organs (anatomy and physiology) - a brief discussion Pallab Nath
brief discussion on special senses, Basic level class for technicians. topics discussed include eyes and vision, nose and sense of smell, tongue and sense of taste and ears and hearing
• Gross anatomy:
– Components of the lymphatic system: lymphatic plexuses, lymphatics, lymphoid tissue
– Plan of the lymphatic system: Superficial lymphatic vessels, deep lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph trunks, cysterna chyli, lymph ducts: right lymph duct and thoracic duct.
– Lymphatic drainage of the lower limb
• Superficial inguinal lymph nodes: arrangement and drainage area.
• Deep inguinal lymph nodes: arrangement and drainage area. The popliteal lymph nodes
– Lymphatic drainage of the upper limb
• Superficial and deep lymphatics. Supratrochlear and infraclavicular lymph nodes.
• Axillary lymph nodes: arrangement and drainage area.
– Plan of the lymphatic drainage of the head and neck: deep cervical lymph nodes, inner and outer circle of lymph nodes.
• Deep cervical lymph nodes: location of the upper and lower groups, jugulodigastric node, jugulo-omohyoid, supraclavicular lymph nodes. Drainage area and efferent vessels.
• The outer circle of lymph nodes: submental, submandibular, buccal, mandibular, parotid, mastoid, occipital: location, drainage area and efferent vessels.
• The inner circle of lymph nodes: pretracheal, paratracheal and retropharyndeal.
• The tonsils and Waldeyer’s ring.
– Lymphatic drainage of the thorax:
• Lymph nodes of the chest wall: Parasternal, intercostal, and phrenic
• Lymph nodes of the mediastinum: Nodes around the division of the trachea and the main bronchi, anterior and posterior mediastinal nodes.
– Plan of lymphatic drainage of the abdomen: lumbar and intestinal lymph trunks.
• Pre-aortic lymph nodes: mesenteric, celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric lymph nodes.
• Para-aortic lymph nodes.
• MALT & Peyer’s patches.
– Lymphatic drainage in the pelvis: External and internal iliac lymph nodes, lymph nodes in fascial sheaths, sacral and common iliac lymph nodes.
• Applied anatomy
• Functional and clinical importance of the lymphatic system; Virchow’s lymph nodes; Retropharyngeal abscess; Clinical applications of enlarged thoracic lymph nodes: involvement of left recurrent laryngeal nerve and phrenic nerve. Pressure on the esophagus. Carinal lymph nodes and bronchoscopy; Communications of lymphatics between thorax and abdomen.
• Radiographic anatomy:
– Lymphangiogrms.
• Surface anatomy of palpable lymph node groups: superficial inguinal, axillary, infraclavicular, outer circle of crevical lymph nodes, deep cervical lymph nodes.
How to Make Awesome SlideShares: Tips & TricksSlideShare
Turbocharge your online presence with SlideShare. We provide the best tips and tricks for succeeding on SlideShare. Get ideas for what to upload, tips for designing your deck and more.
What is Artificial Intelligence | Artificial Intelligence Tutorial For Beginn...Edureka!
** Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program: https://www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training **
This tutorial on Artificial Intelligence gives you a brief introduction to AI discussing how it can be a threat as well as useful. This tutorial covers the following topics:
1. AI as a threat
2. What is AI?
3. History of AI
4. Machine Learning & Deep Learning examples
5. Dependency on AI
6.Applications of AI
7. AI Course at Edureka - https://goo.gl/VWNeAu
For more information, please write back to us at sales@edureka.co
Call us at IN: 9606058406 / US: 18338555775
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
By: M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 5:
Structure and function of lymph vessels
Lymph nodes and lymph circulation
lymphatic tissue - spleen and thymus
Lymphatic system:
The lymphatic system, or lymphoid system, is part of the circulatory system and the immune system.
It is made up of a large network of lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic organs, and lymphoid tissues.
It also maintains fluid balance and plays a role in absorbing fats and fat-soluble nutrients.
Functions:
Return tissue fluid to the bloodstream.
It absorbs and transports fat and fat soluble vitamins from the intestine.
Kill the micro-organism.
LYMPH VESSELS:
A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white blood cells through the lymphatic system. Also called lymphatic vessel.
Similar to blood vessels
The lymphatic vessels transport lymph fluid around the body.
There are two main systems of lymph vessels:
Superficial vessels: found superficially and accompany venous flow. They supply into deep vessels.
Deep vessels: collect from the deeper structures of the body, such as the internal organs. They tend to accompany deep arteries.
Structure of lymph vessels:
The endothelium the inner layer, middle is smooth muscles and adventitia is the outermost layer
One of the main structure of lymph vessels is their valves, which are semilunar structures, valves is to prevent backflow of fluid
Function:
Carry the lymph fluid in one direction toward the heart.
Providing sites for certain immune system
Facilitating plasma circulation in the CVS
Lymph node:
It is a part of the body’s immune system.
Lymph nodes filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (WBC) that help the body fight infection and disease.
There are hundreds of lymph nodes found throughout the body.
They are connected to lymph vessels.
Lymph nodes are found in the neck, axilla, chest, abdomen, and groin.
Structure:
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped glands
Lymph nodes are classified as "secondary" lymphoid organs, with the primary lymph organs being the thymus gland, tonsils, spleen, and bone marrow.
The lymphatic vessels are the highways the immune police cells travel to survey the body, and the lymph nodes are like police stations
Lymph nodes are divided into lobules, each of which contains an outer cortex, para cortex, inner medulla.
B lymphocytes (b cells) are found in the cortex, with T lymphocytes (t cells) and para cortex. Plasma cells and macrophages are present in the medulla.
The entire lymph node is enclosed by a tough fibrous capsule.
Lymph circulation:
Lymph.
After blood travels through capillary and is moved to the venous system, some of fluid is left behind in the tissues it called lymph.
Lymph is a clear, colorless liquid, it contains oxygen, proteins, glucose and WBC.
Fluid that is forced out of the bloodstream during normal circulation is filtered through lymph nodes to remove bacteria, abnormal cells and other matter.
This fluid is then t
A system of tiny tubes called lymph vessels and lymph nodes in the human body which transports the liquid called lymph from the body tissues to the blood circulatory system is called lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials. The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.
The lymphatic system helps in fighting the infection, removing waste, maintaining fluid balance, absorbing fats. The spleen stores blood, filters blood by removing cellular waste, makes white blood cells and antibodies.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT LYMPHATIC SYSTEM)SohriaAping1
Learn some interesting facts about lymphatic system. Why is it important to our body and system. Knowing something interesting facts makes us happy knowing we knew something that adds to our knowledge and satisfy our curiosity. Know some basic facts about lymphatic system.
2022 Tallat Naz Lymph and Lymphatic system.pptxTallat Naz
Physiology by Guyton
MBBS lecture on Lymph and Lymphatic system
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
Reticuloendothelial System
YT Channel's name is "Guyton Academy"
By Tallat Naz
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. Lymphatic System
• The lymphatic system is part of the
immune system and helps destroy
microorganisms that enter the
body.
• Your lymphatic system works
closely with your circulatory system.
Both systems move liquids through
the body, and both contain white
blood cells.
4. FUNCTIONS of the Lymphatic System
• It absorbs some of the tissue fluid that collects around
cells.
5. • It absorbs fats from the digestive system and transports
them to the circulatory system.
FUNCTIONS of the Lymphatic System
6. • It filters dead cells, viruses, bacteria, and other unneeded
particles from tissue fluid.
• After filtering, it returns the tissue fluid to the circulatory
system.
FUNCTIONS of the Lymphatic System
7. • It helps fight off illnesses and infections.
• The lymphatic system includes structures where your
body’s white blood cells develop.
FUNCTIONS of the Lymphatic System
8. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
• The lymphatic system is a
network of vessels and organs
that runs throughout your
body.
9. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
• Water, white blood cells,
and dissolved materials
such as salts and glucose
leak out of capillary walls.
• They move into the space
that surrounds tissue
cells. This fluid is called
tissue fluid.
Lymph
10. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
• The cells absorb the
materials they need from
tissue fluid and release
wastes into it.
Lymph
11. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
• About 90 % of the tissue
fluid is reabsorbed by the
capillaries.
• About 10 % of the tissue
fluid is absorbed by the
lymph vessels and is
called lymph.
Lymph
12. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
• The network of lymph
vessels looks like the
network of blood vessels
in the circulatory system.
• Lymph vessels absorb and
transport lymph.
Lymph Vessels
13. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
• The network of lymph
vessels looks like the
network of blood vessels
in the circulatory system.
• Lymph vessels absorb and
transport lymph.
Lymph Vessels
14. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
• Lymph is pushed through
the lymph vessels by
contractions of the
muscles in your body.
• The heart does not pump
lymph through the body.
Lymph Vessels
15. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
• Lymph vessels include
clusters of small, spongy
structures called lymph
nodes that filter particles
from lymph.
Lymph Nodes
17. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
• A lymph node traps and
removes bacteria, viruses, fungi,
and pieces of dead cells from
the lymph as it flows through a
lymph node.
Lymph Nodes
18. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
• Lymph nodes also store white
blood cells.
• These white blood cells attack
and destroy the trapped
particles.
Lymph Nodes
19. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
• When you have an infection, your body produces more
white blood cells that fight the infection.
• Many of these white blood cells gather in your lymph
nodes.
• This causes the lymph nodes to swell.
• The swelling goes away when the infection is gone.
Lymph Nodes
23. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
• Some white blood cells are
lymphocytes.
• Lymphocytes destroy pathogens,
which are microorganisms such
as viruses and bacteria that
cause infection.
Lymphocytes
24. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
Lymphocytes
• Lymphocytes
include B cells
and T cells.
• B cells mature in
bone marrow.
• T cells mature in
thymus gland.
25. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
Lymphocytes
• The thymus is the organ of the lymphatic system in which T
cells complete their development.
• Immature T cells move from the bone marrow to the thymus.
26. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
Lymphocytes
• T cells in the thymus develop the ability to recognize and
destroy body cells that have been infected by
microorganisms.
• Mature B cells and T cells move into the lymph and blood
where they help fight infection.
27. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
• The spleen is an organ of the lymphatic system that
recycles worn-out red blood cells and produces and stores
lymphocytes.
Spleen
28. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
• The spleen also stores blood and platelets.
• If a person is injured and loses a lot of blood, the spleen
can release stored blood and platelets into the circulatory
system.
Spleen
29. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
• Tonsils are clusters of lymph
tissue on the sides of your throat.
• They help protect your body from
infection.
Tonsils
30. PARTS of the Lymphatic System
• Tonsils are clusters of lymph
tissue on the sides of your throat.
• They help protect your body from
infection, trapping & destroying
bacteria and other pathogens
that enter your nose and mouth.
• However, your body can function
without tonsils.
Tonsils
32. Lymph Diseases and Disorders
• Damage to the lymphatic system from injury or surgery
can keep tissue fluid from draining into lymph vessels.
• Tissue fluid can build up around cells and cause swelling.
• Lack of activity can also cause
swelling.
• When the muscles do not push
lymph through the lymph
vessels, lymph can build up.
33. Lymph Diseases and Disorders
• If the cells of your tonsils become infected, your tonsils
will swell. This condition is tonsillitis.
35. Lymph Diseases and Disorders
• The uncontrolled production of white blood cells is a
type of cancer called lymphoma.
• Cancer of the lymph nodes is a related disease called
Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
36. Lymphatic System and Homeostasis
• The lymphatic system helps your body maintain
homeostasis by keeping tissue fluids from building up
around cells.
• It supports your circulatory system by cleaning fluids
and replacing them in the bloodstream.
• It also helps you stay healthy by fighting infection.
