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Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system transports lymph fluid and immune cells throughout the body. It is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, tonsils, adenoids, and bone marrow. Lymph fluid is collected from tissues by lymphatic capillaries and transported to lymph nodes where immune cells filter out pathogens and debris. The lymph then drains into the subclavian veins or thoracic duct to return to systemic circulation. Key functions of the lymphatic system include fluid homeostasis, absorption of fats from the intestine, and immune defense.
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Lymphatic system
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- 2. HISTORY •Ancient greeks Hippocratesand Aristotle described lymph as white fluid. •Gasparo aselli an italian anatomist discovered lymphatic vessels in 1622. •Van hook in 1652 demonstrated the presence of cisterna chyli and thoracic duct in humans.
- 3. William hunter inthe late 18th century was the first to describe the functions of lymphatic system. Olof Rudbeck of swedish university described that lymphatic system constitute a circulatory system separate from blood circulation.
- 4. Lymphatic System •Lymphatic Vessels– transport only in the direction toward the heart . ick up the “extra” tissue fluid that capillaries leave ymph – the interstitial fluid carried by lymphatics •Lymphatic Organs – “filtration” devices staged at various important junction points in the body
- 6. Lymph Vessels •Lymphatic capillaries– diffuse, highly permeable due to presence of: Minivalves loosely overlapping endothelial cells Collagen fiber attachment to surrounding structures prevents collapse of capillary •Lymphatic collecting vessels like veins but thinner walled with more valves and anastomoses •Lymphatic trunks – lumbar, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, jugular and intestinal •Lymphatic ducts – Right Lymphatic Duct & Thoracic Duct
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- 8. Lymphatic Capillaries •During inflammation,lymph capillaries can absorb: Cell debris Pathogens Cancer cells •Cells in the lymph nodes cleanse and “examine” this debris •Lacteals – specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa Absorb digested fat and deliver chyle to the blood
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- 10. Lymphatic Collecting Vessels •Have thesame three tunics as veins •Have thinner walls, with more internal valves •Anastomose more frequently •Collecting vessels in the skin travel with superficial veins •Deep vessels travel with arteries •Nutrients are supplied from branching vasa vasorum
- 11. Lymphatic Trunks •Lymphatic trunksare formed by the union of the largest collecting ducts •Major trunks include: Paired lumbar, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular trunks A single intestinal trunk
- 12. Lymphatic Trunks •Lymph isdelivered into one of two large trunks Right lymphatic duct – drains the right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax. Thoracic duct – arises from the cisterna chyli and drains the rest of the body. OTE- Lymph from these ducts enters the blood stream via the left subclavian vein and the right subclavian vein
- 14. Lymph Transport •The lymphaticsystem lacks a pumping organ •Vessels are low-pressure conduits •Uses the same methods as veins to propel lymph: Pulsations of nearby arteries Contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatics
- 16. COMPOSITION OF LYMPH •PROTEINS: 2 to 6 % of solids. •Depending upon the part of body from which it is collected Albumin, globulin, clotting factors (fibrinogen, prothrombin) , all antibodies and enzymes. •LIPIDS : 5-15 % - mainly chylomicrons and lipoproteins. •CARBOHYDRATES : Sugar - 132 mg per 100 ml (Mainly glucose). •Non protein nitrogenous substances : Urea, A.A & Creatinine. •ELECTROLYTES : sodium, calcium, potassium, Chloride & bicarbonate. •CELLULAR CONTENT : mainly lymphocytes 1000-2000 per cu mm 96% water 4% solids96% water 4% solids
- 17. RATE OF LYMPHFLOW otal estimated lymph flow is 120 ml / hr bout 100 ml flows through Thoracic duct in resting, per hour pprox 20 ml flow into circulation through other channels – 4 liters / day
- 18. Lymphoid Cells •Lymphocytes arethe main cells involved in the immune response •Two main varieties: cells cells •T cells and B cells protect the body against antigens NOTE= Antigen – anything the body perceives as foreign -Bacteria and their toxins; viruses -Mismatched RBCs or cancer cells •T cells Manage the immune response
- 19. Other Lymphoid Cells Macrophages– phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells Dendritic cells – spiny-looking cells with functions similar to macrophages Reticular cells – fibroblast–like cells that produce a stroma, or network, that supports other cell types in lymphoid organs
- 20. Lymphoid Tissue •Diffuse lymphatictissue – scattered reticular tissue elements in every body organ. • Larger collections appear in the lamina propria of mucous membranes and lymphoid organs. •Lymphatic follicles (nodules) – solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed reticular elements and cells. • Germinal center composed of dendritic and B cells • Found in isolation and as part of larger lymphoid organs
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- 22. rimary or Central ymphocytesare produced and undergo development and are supplied to secondary organs. Thymus Bone marrow econdary or peripheral organs : ymphocytes are activated to participate in specific immune response. Lymph nodes Spleen LYMPHOID ORGANSLYMPHOID ORGANS
- 23. THYMUSTHYMUS Primary organ ofLymphatic System. Unpaired organ. Consists of 2 pyramidal lobes.. Delicate & finely lobulated surface. Located in mediastinum. Extending :- -Upwards - into neck as far as lower edge of thyroid gland -Downwards - as far as fourth costal cartilage Largest at puberty and weighs 35 to 40 gms - Pinkish grey. Gradually atrophies in old age- yellowish in colour ( fat).
- 24. •Size of thethymus varies with age: In infants, it is found in the inferior neck and extends into the mediastinum where it partially overlies the heart It increases in size and is most active during childhood It stops growing during adolescence and then gradually atrophies
- 26. FUNCTIONS OF THYMUSFUNCTIONSOF THYMUS - Thymus contains lobes divided into lobules. - Each lobule – cortex ( immature T lymphocytes, Macrophages) – medulla ( T lymphocytes, thymic corpuscels) 1) Processing the “T’’ Lymphocytes 2) Endocrine functions Of Thymus They Secretes Hormones namely A) Thymosin B) Thymin C) Thymic Humoral Factor D) Thymulin
- 27. Figure 20.4a Lymph Nodes -Principallymphoid organs of the body -Embedded in connective tissue and clustered along lymphatic vessels -Aggregations of these nodes occur near the body surface in inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions of the body
- 28. •Two basic functions: Filtration– macrophages destroy microorganisms and debris Immune system activation – monitor for antigens and mount an attack against them
- 29. Structure of aLymph Node -Nodes are bean shaped and surrounded by a fibrous capsule -Trabeculae extended inward from the capsule and divide the node into compartments -Nodes have two histologically distinct regions: a cortex and a medulla
- 30. Structure of aLymph Node -Cortex contains follicles with germinal centers, heavy with dividing B cells -Dendritic cells nearly encapsulate the follicles -Deep cortex houses T cells in transit -T cells circulate continuously among the blood, lymph nodes, and lymphatic stream
- 31. Structure of aLymph Node -Medullary cords extend from the cortex and contain B cells, T cells, and plasma cells -Throughout the node are lymph sinuses crisscrossed by reticular fibers -Macrophages reside on these fibers and phagocytize foreign matter
- 32. Structure of aLymph Node Figure 20.4a, b
- 33. Circulation in theLymph Nodes-Lymph enters via afferent lymphatic vessels -It then enters a large subcapsular sinus and travels into smaller sinuses -It moves through these sinuses and exits the node at the hilus via efferent vessels -Because there are fewer efferent vessels, lymph stagnates somewhat in the node -This allows lymphocytes and macrophages time to carry out protective functions
- 34. FUNCTIONS OF LYMPHNODESFUNCTIONS OF LYMPH NODES DEFENSE s lymph passes through lymph Node reticuloendothelial cells remove microorganisms & other injurious particles HEMATOPOIESIS Site for final stage of maturation of lymphocytes & monocytes that have migrated from bone marrow
- 35. CLASSIFICATION OF LYMPHNODESCLASSIFICATION OF LYMPH NODES HORIZONTAL CHAIN - Outer circle - Inner circle VERTICAL CHAIN level 1 consist of sub mental, submandibular nodes level 2 consist of upper jugular nodes level 3 consist of middle jugular group level 4 lower jugular group level 5 posterior triangle group level 6 anterior compartment group level 7 superior mediastinal group level 8 supraclavicular nodes level 9 retropharyngeal nodes
- 36. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OFFACELYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF FACE pper part Parotid Lymph nodes iddle part Submandibular lymph nodes ower part Submental lymph nodes
- 37. Gingiva Submandibular lymphnodes Hard palate Superficial deep cervical and retropharyngeal Soft palate Retropharyngeal Floor of the mouth Submandibular and Submental Teeth Submandibular and deep cervical submental Tonsil Jugulodigastric nodes LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF MOUTH,LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF MOUTH, TEETH, TONSILTEETH, TONSIL
- 38. ip Submental nterior 2/3rdsSubmandibular & deep cervical LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF TONGUE
- 39. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OFPARANASAL AIR SINUSES FRONTAL SINUS SUBMANDIBULAR NODES MAXILLARY SINUS SUBMANDIBULAR NODES ETHMOIDAL SINUSES SUBMANDIBULAR NODES SPHENOIDAL NODES RETROPHARYNGEAL NODES
- 40. Other Lymphoid Organs -The spleen,thymus gland, and tonsils -Peyer’s patches and bits of lymphatic tissue scattered in connective tissue -All are composed of reticular connective tissue -All help protect the body -Only lymph nodes filter lymph
- 41. Spleen -Largest lymphoid organ,located on the left side of the abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm -It is served by the splenic artery and vein, which enter and exit at the hilus -Functions: ite of lymphocyte proliferation mmune surveillance and response leanses the blood
- 42. Additional Spleen Functions •Storesbreakdown products of RBCs for later reuse. • Spleen macrophages salvage and store iron for later use by bone marrow. •Site of fetal erythrocyte production (normally ceases after birth). •Stores blood platelets.
- 43. Structure of theSpleen •Surrounded by a fibrous capsule, it has trabeculae that extend inward and contains lymphocytes, macrophages, and huge numbers of erythrocytes •Two distinct areas: White pulp – containing mostly lymphocytes suspended on reticular fibers and involved in immune functions Red pulp – remaining splenic tissue concerned with disposing of worn- out RBCs and bloodborne pathogens
- 45. Tonsils •Simplest lymphoid organs;form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx •Location: Palatine tonsils – either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity Lingual tonsils – lie at the base of the tongue Pharyngeal tonsil – posterior wall of the nasopharynx Tubal tonsils – surround the openings of the auditory tubes into
- 46. •Lymphoid tissue oftonsils contains follicles with germinal centers •Tonsil masses are not fully encapsulated Epithelial tissue overlying tonsil masses invaginates, forming blind-ended crypts •Crypts trap and destroy bacteria and particulate matter
- 48. Aggregates of Lymphoid Follicles Peyer’spatches – isolated clusters of lymphoid tissue, similar to tonsils ound in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine imilar structures are found in the appendix Peyer’s patches and the appendix: estroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching the intestinal wall enerate “memory” lymphocytes for long-term immunity
- 49. MALT MALT – mucosa-associatedlymphatic tissue: eyer’s patches, tonsils, and the appendix (digestive tract) ymphoid nodules in the walls of the bronchi (respiratory tract) MALT protects the digestive and respiratory systems from foreign matter
- 50. Lymphography -valuable tool fordetection of lymphaticfistulas and lymphatic leakage -Ethidiol Lymphangioscintigraphy -Tc-99m albumin –intradermally, and after 1 minute and again after 10–30 minutes, -High-resolution scintiscan camera •Ultrasonography •Computed Tomography •PET •MRI (MR lymphography) •Fluorescein Microlymphangiography (isothiocynate) •BIOPSY INVESTIGATIONS
- 51. Normal appearance oflymph nodes. (a) Lymphogram obtained during the filling phase shows a homogeneous appearance of the lymph nodes. (b) Lymphogram obtained during the nodal phase shows a smooth peripheral indentation (arrowheads), which corresponds to the hilar area. . (A) (B)
- 52. Normal appearance ofthe cisterna chyli. Lymphogram shows the cisterna chyli and the abdominal segment of the thoracic duct.
- 53. Normal appearance ofthe thoracic duct. Lymphogram shows the termination of the thoracic duct at the left subclavian-jugular venous anastomosis at the base of the neck. At the termination, several powerful valves are seen.
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