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Anatomy of Lymphatic system

The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system and immune system. It is composed of a network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph fluid towards the heart. Lymph contains plasma constituents too large to pass through blood capillaries, such as macroparticles from damaged areas. Lymphatic vessels originate as blind-ended tubes and contain valves to prevent backflow. They join to form larger vessels and ducts that drain into veins. Lymph nodes filter lymph and activate immune cells. Key lymphatic organs include the spleen, bone marrow, thymus gland and tonsils, which help generate and select lymphocytes.

Health & Medicine◦
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM BY:DIPALI HARKHANI
WHAT IS LYMPHATIC SYSTEM? • The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system and an important part of the immune system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph (from Latin, lympha meaning "water”)directionally towards the heart.
COMPOSITION OF LYMPH • The composition of lymph is similar to that of plasma but the constituents have some additional substances that are too large to pass through blood capillary walls • Ex.macroparticles from damaged area • Dameged cells by disease and bacteria.
LYMPH VESSELS • These originate as blind end tubes in the interstitial spaces. • Structurely,they are same as blood capillaries. • Their walls are more permeable to all interstitial fluid including proteins and cell debris. • The capillaries joint to form larger lypmph vessels. • Lymph vessels have numerous cup shaped valves that prevent back flow of movements of lymph in vessels. • Lymph vessels join together to form two larger ducts • (i) The Thoracic duct • (ii) The right Lymphatic duct
LYMPH VESSELS
(i) THE THORACIC DUCT • What is duct? A duct is a circumscribed channel leading from an organ. Length-40cm Ascends through the diaphragm and passes upwards in the thoracic cavity. it drains Lymph from Both legs The pelvicabdominal cavities Left half of the The Thorax Head & Neck The Left upper Limbs.
(ii) THE RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT • IT LIES IN THE ROOT OF THE NECK AND OPEN INTO RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN. • IT DRAINS LYMPH FROM RIGHT HALF OF THE THORAX NECK RIGHT UPPER LIMB
LYMPH NODES • All the small and medium size lymph vessels open into lymph nodes. • The size of a node arise from pin head to the largest is about the size of an almond • Structure • Has a fibrous capsule,dips down into the node forming trabecula that divide the node into compartments. • Below the capsule is sub capsular substance. • The outer portion is called cortex. • The inner portion is called medulla.
LYMPH NODES • It has tightly packed. lymphocytes,macrophages and plasma cells. • Functions • Phagocytic action. • Production of antibodies. • Enlargement of lymph nodes,when the area of drainage is infected. • Activate T and B lymphocytes. • Filtration of lymph.
LYMPHATIC TISSUE OR LYMPHATIC ORGANS • The lymphatic organs are found in a number of situations n the body. • such as (i)Tonsils (ii)Spleen (iii)Bone Marrow (iv)Thymus Gland (i)Lonsils Lingual Tonsils are the paired and lie at the base of the tongue.
LINGUAL TONSILS
(ii)SPLEEN • The Spleen is formed partly by lymphatic system. • Location-left hypochondriac region • Length-12 cm • Width-7 cm • Thick-2.5 cm • Shape-oval • Relations- Posteriorly & Superiorly- Diaphragm Inferiorly-Left colic flexure of large intestine Anteriorly-Fundus of the stomach
STRUCTURE OF SPLEEN • Enclosed in peritoneum. • Covered by a capsule. • The trabaculae subdivides the structure into lobules. • The spleen don’t has no afferent lymphatic vessels. • So it does not filter lymph. • Spleen consists red and white pulp. • Blood supply • Splenic artery • Splenic vein • Lymphatic vessels • Nerves
FUNCTIONS OF SPLEEN • Phagocytosis of Bacteria • Break down of RBC. • Production of Antibodies.
(iii)BONE MARROW • The Red Bone Marrow is a key element of the lymphatic system, • Being one of the primary lymphoid organs that generate lymphocytes from immature hematopoietic progenitor cells. • The bone marrow and Thymus constitute the primary lymphoid tissues involved in the production and early selection of lymphocytes. • Furthermore, bone marrow performs a valve-like function to prevent the backflow of lymphatic fluid in the lymphatic system.
(iv) THYMUS GLAND • Weight-15 gms Relations- Anteriorly-Sternum. Posteriorly –Aortic arch. Superiorly- Root of neck. Inferiorly-Heart. Laterally-Lungs. Lobes- two Each lobule has aggregation of lymphocytes. The cortex is composed of aggregation of lymphocytes. Medulla contains less lymphocytes. The Thymus gland develops mature T lymphocytes.
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE THYMUS GLAND • Inferior thyroid artery. • Internal thoracic artery. • Nerves derived from vagus nerve. • Functions • Activation of T-lymphocytes • Production of antibodies. • Production of Thymosin hormone. [Thymosins are small proteins present in many animal tissues. they are named thymosins because they were originally isolated from the thymus]