1) Living microorganisms such as probiotics and prebiotics can beneficially impact human health by modifying gut flora and stimulating the immune system.
2) Probiotics are live microorganisms that can improve gut bacterial balance, while prebiotics are non-digestible fibers that promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.
3) There is evidence that probiotics and prebiotics can help prevent and treat various health conditions, though further research is still needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action, safety, and appropriate usage.
A review report on detailed study of research endeavours, undertaken on Human Microbiome, its composition, its implications, applications, disease and other role.
A review report on detailed study of research endeavours, undertaken on Human Microbiome, its composition, its implications, applications, disease and other role.
Drug discovery is a time-consuming, high-investment, and high-risk process in traditional drug development. Drug repositioning has become a popular strategy in recent years.
Ion channels, types and their importace in managment of diseasesFarazaJaved
This topic covers voltage gated type of ion channel, general structure and functioning of ion channels and involvement of different ion channel types in the pathogenesis as wella as a target for the development of various diseases.
With increase in potential for bioterrorism, there is a great demand to detect the bio agents in the atmosphere in a quick, reliable and accurate method. Biosensor is a analytical device which uses enzymes, immunosystems, tissues that converts biological response into electrical, thermal or optical signals. Biosensor is an efficient and cost effective device which is most widely used for various day to day applications. Biosensor consists of two components: first the “sensing element” and second is the “transducers”. Sensing element may be either enzymes, antibodies, DNA, tissues or whole cells which then transduces the biochemical reaction into electrical signals. Basic advantage of biosensor is the use of nanomaterials, micro fluidics and transducer on a single chip. Biosensors have found its application in fermentation, food industry, diagnosis, imaging, DNA sequencing and biodefense. Development of nanotechnology leads to the development of macro and micro sensors which is small and sensitive.
Biosensors have become more popular with biochemistry and analytical chemistry. Biosensors are used to detect pollutants, microbial load, control parameters and metabolites. Leland C Clark is the father of biosensor who invented the glucose biosensor to determine the glucose level in the sample. Clark entrapped glucose oxidase in a dialysis membrane and placed within a oxygen electrode. DNA sensor has been included in the family of biosensors which can be used for disease diagnosis. Biosensors are fabricated using nanotechnology, these devices helps use to analyze in a quick and accurately.
Bioassay (commonly used shorthand for biological assay), or biological standardization is a type of scientific experiment. A bioassay involves the use of a live animal (in vivo) or tissue (in vitro) to determine the biological activity of a substance, such as a hormone or drug. Bioassays are typically conducted to measure the effects of a substance on a living organism and are essential in the development of new drugs and in monitoring environmental pollutants. Both are procedures by which the potency or the nature of a substance is estimated by studying its effects on living matter. A bioassay can also be used to determine the concentration of a particular constitution of a mixture.
The first and initial well-known and popularized throughout Europe assumption of health promoting food containing living microorganisms was yogurt. Appointed in 1887 by Louis Pasteur, IlyaIlyich Metchnikov working in Paris developed a theory that aging is caused mainly by toxic bacteria in the gut and that lactic acid could prolong the life which resulted in popularization of yogurt consumption
Drug discovery is a time-consuming, high-investment, and high-risk process in traditional drug development. Drug repositioning has become a popular strategy in recent years.
Ion channels, types and their importace in managment of diseasesFarazaJaved
This topic covers voltage gated type of ion channel, general structure and functioning of ion channels and involvement of different ion channel types in the pathogenesis as wella as a target for the development of various diseases.
With increase in potential for bioterrorism, there is a great demand to detect the bio agents in the atmosphere in a quick, reliable and accurate method. Biosensor is a analytical device which uses enzymes, immunosystems, tissues that converts biological response into electrical, thermal or optical signals. Biosensor is an efficient and cost effective device which is most widely used for various day to day applications. Biosensor consists of two components: first the “sensing element” and second is the “transducers”. Sensing element may be either enzymes, antibodies, DNA, tissues or whole cells which then transduces the biochemical reaction into electrical signals. Basic advantage of biosensor is the use of nanomaterials, micro fluidics and transducer on a single chip. Biosensors have found its application in fermentation, food industry, diagnosis, imaging, DNA sequencing and biodefense. Development of nanotechnology leads to the development of macro and micro sensors which is small and sensitive.
Biosensors have become more popular with biochemistry and analytical chemistry. Biosensors are used to detect pollutants, microbial load, control parameters and metabolites. Leland C Clark is the father of biosensor who invented the glucose biosensor to determine the glucose level in the sample. Clark entrapped glucose oxidase in a dialysis membrane and placed within a oxygen electrode. DNA sensor has been included in the family of biosensors which can be used for disease diagnosis. Biosensors are fabricated using nanotechnology, these devices helps use to analyze in a quick and accurately.
Bioassay (commonly used shorthand for biological assay), or biological standardization is a type of scientific experiment. A bioassay involves the use of a live animal (in vivo) or tissue (in vitro) to determine the biological activity of a substance, such as a hormone or drug. Bioassays are typically conducted to measure the effects of a substance on a living organism and are essential in the development of new drugs and in monitoring environmental pollutants. Both are procedures by which the potency or the nature of a substance is estimated by studying its effects on living matter. A bioassay can also be used to determine the concentration of a particular constitution of a mixture.
The first and initial well-known and popularized throughout Europe assumption of health promoting food containing living microorganisms was yogurt. Appointed in 1887 by Louis Pasteur, IlyaIlyich Metchnikov working in Paris developed a theory that aging is caused mainly by toxic bacteria in the gut and that lactic acid could prolong the life which resulted in popularization of yogurt consumption
Folleto de los microorganismos beneficiosos creado por alumnos de 4to grado en el área de informática.
Creación de folletos con la utilización de software educativos.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
4. Intestinal colonization ..
– Begins with the process of
birth.
– Normal vaginal delivery
permits transfer of bacteria
from mother to infant.
– Breast Fed: >90% of
intestinal bacteria are
bifidobacteria.
– Top Fed: Enterobacteria
and gram –ve bacteria
predominate.
7. Probiotics
Mode
of
Action
• Producing antimicrobial substances,
bacteriocins, peptides & Small Chain Fatty
Acids
• Producing volatile acids and lactic acid
which reduce the intestinal pH,
• Stimulating mucus secretion,
• Strengthening gut barrier function,
• Competing for adhesion sites,
• Competing for nutrients,
• Stimulating specific and non-specific
immune responses, etc.
• Reduction of bacterial translocation
8. L
APC
IgA
Tumors
Th0
Th1
B
IL-2 ↑
IFN- γ ↑
Th2
Antibody
mediated
response
Cell
mediated
response
Viruses
TGF-β↓
IL-4 ↓
IL-10 ↓
+
IL-2 ↑
IFN-γ ↑
TNF-α ↑
IFN-α ↑
Natural killer cells ↑
Macrophages ↑
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes ↑
LL
L
Immune Response
M
Intestinal Epithelium
Microorganisms
B
IgG ↑
IgM ↑
IgE ↓
Non-adhesive Adhesive
M = M cells of intestinal epithelium
L = Lymphocytes
APC = Antigen presenting cells
Th = T-helper cells
IL = Interleukines
TGF = Tumour growth factor
IFN = Interferon
TNF = Tumour necrosis factor
Ig = Immunoglobulin
11. Restoration of Gut
Flora
Biotherapy :
The use of biological agents constitutes a purposeful attempt
to modify the relationship with our immediate microbial
environment, in ways that may benefit human health.
Using living microorganisms
12. • Fermentation – as ancient as
2500 BC – noticed in Sumerian
wall painting and Old
Testament (Genesis 18:8)
• Eli Metchinkoff credited long
life of certain races to
consumption of large amounts
of fermented milk products.
(1908)
• Lily & Stillwell coined the term
‘probiotics’. (1965)
• Professor Gibson & Dr Marcel
Roberfroid coined the term
"prebiotics" . (1995)
Historical Aspects
13. Probiotics
(Gk: for life)
“Live microbial feed supplement which
beneficially affects the host animal by
improving its intestinal microbial
balance”
- Fuller (1989)
14. Ideal Probiotic
• Contain viable microorgnisms which
naturally colonized in human gut.
• Should be safe with no pathogenic
effects.
• Able to survive in gastric transit and
can remain surviving in the intestine.
• Have beneficial effect and improve
health of the individual ingesting
them.
Gibson RG, Probiotics and prebiotics; gut microflora management for improved health,
Medicine Digest 2003;3:56-59
15. List of some Probiotics
1
Lactobacillus
reuteri
Lactobacillus GG
L casei
L bulgaricus
L plantarum
L rhamnosus
L salivarius
L acidophilus
L gasseri
L delbrueckii
L johnsonii
0
3
Streptococcus
thermophilus
S. faecalis
Saccharomyces
boulardii
S. cerevisiae
Enterococcus
faecium
Leuconostoc
mesenteroides
Propionibacterium
freudenreichii
2
Bifidobacterium
bifidus
B longuim
B infantis
B breve
B bifidum
B adolescentis
• (Gorbach, Goldin)
16. Food Sources
Yogurt
– L.acidophilus
– L.bulgaricus
– L.thermophilus
Bitter Milk
– L.lactus
– S.cremoris
Sour Cream
– S.cremoris
Yoghurt / Dahi consumption is folklore, many may not
know that 1 tsp of contains 6 billion organisms
sauerkraut
cheese
Miso soup
kimchi
17. Prebiotics
"Unlike probiotic bacteria, prebiotic carbohydrates are not destroyed when cooked."
Nondigestible food ingredients that
may beneficially affect the host by
selectively stimulating the growth
and/or
the activity of a limited number of
bacterial species already established
in the colon, and thus in effect
improve hosthealth’
(Gibson and Roberfroid, 1995)
19. Prebiotics
Mechanism of Action
• Escape digestion in the upper
gastrointestinal tract and be used
by the microorganisms comprising
the colonic microflora.
• They mainly stimulate the growth of
bifidobacteria, for which reason
they are referred to as bifidogenic
factors.
• Primarily affect the large intestine.
• Increases short-chain fatty acid production in the colon, and
subsequent increased mucin production in the GI tract
20. A mixture of pro and
prebiotics with an
ability to improve
survival and
regeneration of GI
flora which in turn
will enhance the host
health
Synbiotics
Certain probiotic-
produced, soluble
factors, which were
sufficient to elicit
the desired
response
Postbiotics
21. Colonic
Cancer
Urogenital
infections
IBD / IBS
Atopic
Disorders
H Pylori
infection
Lactose
intolerance
Prevention / Tt
Of Diarrheas
NEC
ConstipationGingivitis /
Caries
Hypertension Cholesterol i
Ischemic Heart
Syndromes
Infantile
ColicRegurgitation
NAFLD
Hepatic
Encephalopathy
22. EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE
• “The process of
systematically
finding, approving
and using
contemporaneous
research finding as
the basis for clinical
decisions.”
Archie Cochrane
23.
24. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE
Level
1 A
Evidence from high quality randomized controlled
trials with statistically significant results and few
limitations in their design OR conclusions from
systematic reviews of the trials.
Level
1 B
Single high quality clinical trials that have clearly
shown positive or negative results with narrow
intervals of confidence, so that it is unlikely that
the trend would change in future studies
Level
2
Controlled trials without randomization.
Cohort studies or case control studies preferably from
more than one center or group Multiple time series with
or without intervention
Opinions of authorities based on clinical
experience and case reports
Level
3
25. Grade A
recommendation
(level 1A evidence)
• Treatment of acute
infectious diarrhoea
in children.
• Prevention of
antibiotic associated
diarrhoea.
• Prevention of
nosocomial
diarrhoea in
children.
• Treatment of lactose
malabsorption.
Pro / Prebiotics in Therapeutics
26. Grade A
recommendation
(level 1B evidence)
• Prevention of pouchitis
and maintenance of
remission.
• Prevention of
postoperative
infections.
• Prevention and
management of
paediatric atopic
diseases.
Pro / Prebiotics in Therapeutics
27. • Prevention of
travellers’ diarrhoea.
• Prevention of sepsis
associated with
severe acute
pancreatitis.
• Maintenance of
remission of
ulcerative colitis.
• Lowering of blood
cholesterol.
Grade B
recommendation
(level 2 evidence)
Pro / Prebiotics in Therapeutics
29. Supplementation of Infant Formula With
Probiotics / Prebiotics
• PROBIOTICS:
– For healthy infants, the available scientific data
suggest that the administration of currently evaluated
probiotic - supplemented formula to healthy infants
does not raise safety concerns with regard to growth
and adverse effects.
– The administration of probiotic-supplemented infant
formula during early life (4 months of age) does not
result in any consistent clinical effects.
– In general, there is a lack of data on the long-term
effects of the administration of formula supplemented
with probiotics
– Considering the above, the Committee does not
recommend the routine use of probiotic-
supplemented formula in infants.
• A Systematic Review and Comment
by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition (JPGN 2011;52: 238–250)
30. Supplementation of Infant Formula With
Probiotics / Prebiotics
• PREBIOTICS:
– the administration of formula supplemented with some
prebiotics is associated with some clinical effects, such
as increased stool frequency and stool softening,
the clinical relevance of which remains questionable.
– Only 1 RCT with methodological limitations
demonstrating that the administration of extensively
hydrolysed formula supplemented with GOS/FOS is
associated with a reduced risk of some allergic
reactions and some types of infections.
– There is a lack of data on the long-term effects of the
administration of formula supplemented with prebiotics.
– Considering the above, the Committee does not
recommend the routine use of formula
supplemented with prebiotics in infants.
• A Systematic Review and Comment
by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition (JPGN 2011;52: 238–250)
31. How Safe are these
‘Living Drugs’ !
• Infection - Sepsis
• Deleterious
metabolic activities
• Immune déviation or
excessive immune
stimulation
• Microbial resistance
32. Proposed risk factors for probiotic sepsis
Major risk factors
1) Immune compromise, including a debilitated state or
malignancy
2) Premature infants
Minor risk factors
1) Central Venous Catheter
2) Impaired intestinal epithelial barrier
3) Administration of probiotic by jejunostomy
4) Concomitant administration of broad spectrum antibiotics
which probiotic is resistant
5) Probiotics with properties of high mucosal adhesion or
known pathogenicity
6) Cardiac valvular disease (Lactobacillus probiotics only)
The presence of a single major or more than one minor risk
factor merits caution in using probiotics.
Am J Clin Nutr June 2006 vol. 83 no. 6 1256-1264
33. Paucity of information regarding the
mechanisms through which probiotics
act, probiotic interactions, strain-specific
utility
Lack of appropriate administrative
regimens,
Dosage uncertainty,
Possible adverse effects in prematurely
or with immune deficiency
AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY IN THE USE OF
PROBIOTICS
Probiotic use in clinical practice: what are the risks?
Boyle RJ, Robins-Browne RM, Tang ML. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jun;83(6):1256-64;quiz1446-7
34. Conclusion
Avoiding an excessive optimism and
the thought that an efficacious panacea for all troubles
has been found,
there are sound reasons to believe that probiotics & prebiotics,
can influence human health, through the prevention and therapy of
many diseases,
although
Further studies are needed to explore mechanistic issues and probiotic
interactions. In view of the increasing use of probiotics as health supplements
and therapeutic agents, clinicians need to be aware of the risks and benefits
of these treatments.