Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed. The root word means "for life" and they promote gut health by regulating microflora balance. Common probiotic bacteria include Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces. Food sources include yogurt, kefir, kimchi and they are also available as supplements. Research shows probiotics may help treat conditions like diarrhea, IBS, eczema and H. pylori infections by competing with pathogens and strengthening gut immunity. More studies are still needed to better understand probiotic strains, efficacy and applications in new products.

1. Dr. Sumona chowdhury keya
Medical officer
Department of Pediatrics
SWMCH, Sylhet.

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3. “PROBIOTICS”
The root of the word ‘ probiotic’ comes
from the Greek word pro, meaning
“promoting” and biotic, meaning “life”.
The Food and Agriculture Organisation
of the United Nation (FAO) defines
probiotics as“ live micro-organisms,
which, when administered in adequate
amount produce beneficial effect to the
host when taken orally”.

4. Nobel Prize recipient Russian
scientist Mr. Eli Metchnikoff,
who in 1907 suggested that
"the dependence of the
intestinal microbes on the food
makes it possible to adopt
measures to modify the flora in
our bodies and to replace the
harmful microbes by useful
microbes“.
Mr. Eli Metchnikoff

5. List of probiotic candidate:-
Microorganisms Genus Species
Bacteria Lactobacillus L.acidophilus, L.brevis, L.reuteri, L.casei,
L.rhamnosum, L.bulgaricus, L.cellobiosus,
L.delbrueckii, L. fermentum.
Bifidobacterium B.thermophilus, B.infantis, B .longum,
B.bifidum, B.animalis.
Streptococcus S.lactis, S.thermophilus, S.cremonis,
S.alivarius.
Bacillus B.Coagulans
Pediococcus P.acidilactici
Leuconostoc L.mesenteroides
Enterobacter E.faecium, E.faecalis.
Fungi Aspergillus A.niger, A.oryzae.
Yeast Saccharomyces S.boulardii, S.cerevisiae, S.carlsbergensis.

6. Lactabacillus
Bifidobacteria
Saccharomyces Streptococcus Enterococcus
Leuconostoc

7. Home of the probiotic bacteria.
The gastro-intestinal
tract (GIT) is the best
home where the
probiotic bacteria
lived.
Small amount is
found in stomach
and small intestine,
but the majority is
found in the colon.

8. Intestinal Microflora: Location &
Prevalence
 Rare in the esophagus
 Uncommon in the stomach
-primarily gram (+)
-102 – 103 /ml
 105 /ml in the duodenum & jejunum –
primarily aerobes
 105 -107 /ml in the Ileum
 109 – 1012 /ml in the colon
-primarily anerobes
-1000x more anerobes than aerobes

10. Probiotics are part of the
intestinal tract
• Probiotics are bacteria that help maintain the
natural balance of organisms (microflora) in
the intestines camera. The normal human
digestive tract contains about 400 types of
probiotic bacteria that reduce the growth of
harmful bacteria and promote a healthy
digestive system.

11. Cont…
• The largest group of probiotic bacteria in the
intestine is lactic acid bacteria, of which
Lactobacillus acidophilus, found in yogurt
with live cultures. Yeast is also a probiotic
substance. Probiotics are also available as
dietary supplements.

12. Sources of probiotics:-
Yogurt that contains live bacteria culture.
Soft Cheese .
Fermented milk.
Kefir.
Miso soup.
Tempeh. (very firm veggie burger. )
Soy beverages food.
Pickle.
Sourdough Bread

13. Sourcesof probiotics:-
Kefir Tempeh
Yogurt Miso

14. Factor affecting probiotic
bacteria:-
Intrinsic as well as extrinsic factors may
influence the survival of probiotics in food.
Importance of factor affecting viability of
probiotics are:-
Physical condition(temperature and humidity).
Chemical condition (content of oxygen
nitrogen or pH).

15. Characteristics of Effective
Probiotics
Probiotic microorganisms are:
 Able to survive the passage through the digestive
system.
 Able to attach to the intestinal epithelia and
colonize.
 Able to Maintain good viability.
 Able to utilize the nutrients and substrates in a
normal diet.
 Non-pathogenic and non-toxic.
 Capable of exerting a beneficial effect on the host.

16. Friendly bacteria are vital to
proper development of the
immune system, to protection
against microorganisms that
could cause disease, and to
the digestion and absorption
of food and nutrients.
“Unfriendly”
microorganisms such
as disease-causing
bacteria, yeasts,
fungi, and parasites
can also upset the
balance.
Uses for Health Purposes

17. Mechanisms of probiotic
activity

19. Effects :-

20. Primary Pediatric Uses of
Probiotics
• Manage lactose intolerance (L acidophilus).
• Antibiotic-associated diarrhea and infectious diarrhea.
• Decrease constipation.
• Decrease risk of NEC and all cause mortality in
premature infants.
• Decrease dental caries.
• Treatment of H pylorii infections, UTI.
• Decrease colic.
• Decrease risk of developing eczema.
• Decrease upper respiratory tract infections.

21. Beneficial effects of
probiotics in human:-

22. . Antibiotic associated diarrhea(AAD)-
Results from an imbalance in the colonic
microbiota.Probiotic treatment can reduce
the incidence and severity of AAD.Efficacy of
prevention is dependent on the probiotic
strain and dose.

23. • Antibiotic associated diarrhea(AAD)-
Disease Antibiotic treatment
Diarrhoa Disturbance of
intestinal microbiota
Clostridium overgrowth
produces toxin

24. cont…
Disease Antibiotic treatment
Probiotics
Disturbance of
intestinal microbiota
Microbiota Clostridium overgrowth
balance produces toxin

25. Cont…
• Necrotising Enterocolitis:-
Treating with B.infantis and L.acidophilus to new
born result in reduction of NEC. Probiotic
bacteria may promote a healthy intestinal
microbial balance and enhance intestinal
immune function, which would provide an
element of protection against NEC in the
neonate.

26. cont….
The mechanisms by
• Optimizing microbial balance.
• Competitive exclusion of pathogens.
• Promotion of mucus secretion.
• Production of bacteriocins.
• Enhancement of barrier integrity, and
maturation of intestinal immunity.

27. cont..
• Oral Probiotics Reduce the Incidence and
Severity of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in
Very Low Birth Weight Infants.

28. Cont…
• Helicobacter pylori Infections
Probiotic had an inhibitory effect to reduce
gastric inflammation. Bifidobacteria may
inhibit the growth or attachment of H. pylori.
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome(IBS):- It can
be prevented by the Lactobacillus plantarum
299V.

29. cont…
Urogential infection:-It can be prevented by
taking Lactobacillus fermentum and
Lactobacillus rhamnosus.
Colon cancer:-Certain probiotics
(Lactobacillus bulcaricus) may help prevent
colon cancer by preventing the breakdown
of enzymes _
(β-glucuronidase)that contribute to the
growth of cancer causing agents.

30. Cont…
Blood pressure:-Consumption of milk
fermented with various strains may result in
modest reductions in blood pressure, due to
the ACE inhibition-like peptides produced
during fermentation.
Cholestrol:- able to break down bile in the gut,
thus inhibiting its reabsorption (which
enter the blood as cholesterol)

31. Cont…
• Immune Effects of Probiotics
 Probiotics as vehicles to deliver anti-inflammatory
molecules to the Intestine.
 Enhance signaling in host cells to reduce
inflammatory response.
 Switch in immune response to reduce allergy.
 Reduce the production of inflammatory
substances.

32. Cont…
• Inflammation
Some strains of probiotics may modulate
inflammatory and hypersensitivity responses
by the regulation of cytokine function. How
probiotics may influence the immune system
remains unclear, but a potential mechanism
under research concerns the response of
T-lymphocytes to pro-inflammatory stimuli.

33. cont…
• Vitamin production
Some bacteria found in the gut produce
vitamins. For example, they produce
vitamin K, folic acid and vitamin B12.

34. Who needs probiotics-
 People who suffer from any kind of yeast
infections , including athlete's foot, vaginal yeast
infections and nail fungus.
People with weak immune systems,frequent
respiratory infections and congestion.
People with food or respiratory allergies.
 People suffering from inflammatory bowel
disorders, constipation or intestinal infections.

35. Contd…
People who travel can avoid infections from
foreign food and water by taking probiotics
with meals.
Probiotics can also be given to children and
infants to reduce the risk of infection.

36. Dosage Forms….
– Capsules.
– Sticks.
– Powder blends.
– Chewable tablets.

37. Side effects of probiotics:-
• Use of probiotics in critically ill person may be harmful.
• Consumption of a mixture of six probiotic bacteria
increased the death rate of patients with predicted
severe acute pancreatitis.
• Probiotic are viable organisms, they may induce
infection in the hosts.
• Probiotics taken orally can be destroyed by the acidic
conditions of the stomach.

38. cont…
• Others,
>Diarrhea,bloating,gas.
>Rashes,acne.
>They could also cause unhealthy metabolic
activities, too much stimulation of the
immune system, or gene transfer (insertion
of genetic material into a cell).

39. Probiotic Products

40. Probiotic supplement:-

41. Probiotic fermentor

42. Amul Pro life Ice-cream
Sugarfree probiotic dessertAmul
Danone India introduces probiotic
drink in Mumbai (08 Sep 2009)
•Groupe Danone of France (Danone
India Pvt. Ltd) has signed a joint
venture with Yakult Honsha, Japan,
to launch Yakult drink in Mumbai, a
global probiotic health drink.

43. Journal about probiotics:
• European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2011) 65, 434–439;
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.278; published online 19 January 2011
• Gupta V, Garg R. Probiotics. Indian J Med Microbiol [serial
online] 2009 [cited 2015 Feb 20];27:202-9. Available
from: http://www.ijmm.org/text.asp?2009/27/3/202/53201
• International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
JSPM, Institute of pharmacy, Hadapsar , Pune 411028,
Maharashtra, India. Email: pbshinde_2011@yahoo.co

44. How should people take
probiotis
Probiotic are that the microbe must be alive when
administered. It must be documented to have a
heath benefit and must be administered at levels
to confer a health benefit.The manufacturer and
consumer must pay close attention to the
conditions of storage at which the particular
microorganism will survive .

45. Probiotic Research
• Probiotics are under
considerable research, as the
concept holds promise for
human health and well-being,
and corresponding
commercial opportunities.

46. cont…
• Research into the potential health effects
of supplemental probiotics has included
cancer, and antibiotic-associated
diarrhea, travellers' diarrhea, pediatric
diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease and
irritable bowel syndrome.

47. Cont…
• Probiotics in Infant Formulas with the
added protective benefit of beneficial
probiotic cultures like those naturally
promoted by breast milk, which help support
baby’s healthy immune system. High levels
of Bifidobacteria in the digestive tract are
thought to be one of the reasons why
breastfed babies are generally so healthy.

48. New Probiotic Research
• Identification of new strains of
probiotic organisms.
• Development of techniques to
improve efficacy and viability
of probiotics.
• Development of probiotic
compounds- “Lactoceuticals”
• New Product Research to offer
consumers a choice of
probiotic products .

49. (still experimental)
• Current research is focusing on the
molecular biology and genomics of
Lactobacillus strains and
bifidobacteria in immune function.
The application of modern whole
genome approaches is providing
insights into bifidobacterial evolution.

50. Eat Probiotics foods, live healthy life
So…..
Eat the “good bugs” every day……….
Invite them in………..
You will find they make very friendly
houseguests.

51. References:
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotic
• http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/consumer-
health/expert-answers/probiotics/faq-20058065
• http://probiotics.mercola.com/probiotics.html
• http://www.medicinenet.com/probiotics/page2.htm
• http://probiotics.org/side-effects-of-probiotics/
• http://www.customprobiotics.com/dosage-usage.htm
• http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2012.00171/fu
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