Measles, mumps, and rubella are viral infections that are prevented through the MMR vaccine. Measles causes an infectious rash and can lead to pneumonia or encephalitis. Mumps causes swelling of the parotid glands and can cause meningitis. Rubella during pregnancy can lead to congenital defects known as congenital rubella syndrome. The live, attenuated MMR vaccine provides protection against all three viruses and is recommended in two doses for children.
Haemophilus is the name of a group of bacteria. There are several types of Haemophilus. They can cause different types of illnesses involving breathing, bones and joints, and the nervous system. One common type, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), causes serious disease. It usually strikes children under 5 years old
Haemophilus is the name of a group of bacteria. There are several types of Haemophilus. They can cause different types of illnesses involving breathing, bones and joints, and the nervous system. One common type, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), causes serious disease. It usually strikes children under 5 years old
The Paramyxoviridae is a family of single-stranded RNA viruses known to cause different types of infections in vertebrates. Examples of these infections in humans include the measles virus, mumps virus, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
What is Klebsiella? Klebsiella is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, which belongs to a family of bacteria called the Enterobacteriaceae.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Klebsiella
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
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#Klebsiella pneumoniae
The rhinovirus (from the Greek ῥίς rhis "nose", gen ῥινός rhinos "of the nose", and the Latin vīrus) is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. Rhinovirus infection proliferates in temperatures of 33–35 °C (91–95 °F), the temperatures found in the nose. Rhinoviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.
The three species of rhinovirus (A, B, and C) include around 160 recognized types of human rhinovirus that differ according to their surface proteins (serotypes).[1] They are lytic in nature and are among the smallest viruses, with diameters of about 30 nanometers. By comparison, other viruses, such as smallpox and vaccinia, are around ten times larger at about 300 nanometers; while flu viruses are around 80–120 nm.
The Paramyxoviridae is a family of single-stranded RNA viruses known to cause different types of infections in vertebrates. Examples of these infections in humans include the measles virus, mumps virus, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
What is Klebsiella? Klebsiella is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, which belongs to a family of bacteria called the Enterobacteriaceae.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Klebsiella
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Klebsiella pneumoniae
The rhinovirus (from the Greek ῥίς rhis "nose", gen ῥινός rhinos "of the nose", and the Latin vīrus) is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. Rhinovirus infection proliferates in temperatures of 33–35 °C (91–95 °F), the temperatures found in the nose. Rhinoviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.
The three species of rhinovirus (A, B, and C) include around 160 recognized types of human rhinovirus that differ according to their surface proteins (serotypes).[1] They are lytic in nature and are among the smallest viruses, with diameters of about 30 nanometers. By comparison, other viruses, such as smallpox and vaccinia, are around ten times larger at about 300 nanometers; while flu viruses are around 80–120 nm.
Rubella (German measles) is a disease caused by the rubella virus. Rubella is usually a mild illness. Most people who have had rubella or the vaccine are protected against the virus for the rest of their life. Because of routine vaccination against rubella since 1970 , rubella is now rarely reported.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. • Infections with measles, mumps and rubella
viruses are confined to man and occur worldwide.
• Spread primarily via the aerosol route.
• Each of these viruses exists as a single serotype
• MMR vaccine contains all three of these viruses
• .Measles & Mumps belong to family
Paramyxovirus
• RNA enveloped viruses
Measles & Mumps
3. MEASLES (RUBEOLA)
PATHOGENESIS AND DISEASE
• The word measles is derived from German word for
blister
• Respiratory droplet infection.
• Virus replicates in the upper/lower respiratory tract and
lymphoid tissues leading to viremia and then growth in
a variety of epithelial sites.
• The virus is very contagious: maximum contagiousness
is 2 to 3 days before onset of the rash.
• The disease develops 1 - 2 weeks after infection.
4.
5. Clinical Features
• Measles is still a major killer in
underdeveloped countries
• Fever of 101o
F (38.3o
C) or above
• Running nose (coryza) and cough
• Conjunctivitis
• Koplik's spots on mucosal
membranes - small (1 - 3mm),
irregular, bright red spots, with
bluish-white speck at center.
6. • Maculopapular rash which extends
from face to the extremities.
• The infection is prostrating but
recovery is usually rapid
Clinical Features
7. Complications of Measles
• Secondary bacterial infections: otitis
media and bacterial pneumonia.
• Pneumonia accounts for 60% of deaths from
measles
• Encephalitis (1 in 1000 cases) a few days
after the rash disappears.
8. Subacute Sclerosing Pan encephalitis
• Very rare (7 in 1,000,000 cases)
• Develops 1 to 10 years after the initial infection.
• Behavioral changes.
• Impaired speech, vision and swallowing
• A progressive, usually fatal disease
• SSPE is associated with defective forms of the
virus in the brain
Complications of Measles
9. • Measles can cause temporary defects in
the immune response; e.g. tuberculin-
positive individuals may temporarily
give a negative response.
Complications of Measles
10. LAB DIAGNOSIS
• The clinical picture
• Serodiagnosis
o IgM & IgG levels
• Virus isolation in cell culture
o The large syncytia, or multinucleated
giant cells, result from fusion of cell
membranes
o Inclusion bodies, eosinophilic areas
of altered staining in the cytoplasm
11. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Almost all infected individuals show signs
of disease.
• Only one serotype of measles and a single
natural infection gives life-long protection.
12. MMR Vaccine
• Is a live, attenuated combined vaccine to
prevent measles, mumps and rubella.
• Two doses are given to pre-school
children:
o The first dose at 12-15 months
o The second booster dose at 3-5 years
PREVENTION
13. PREVENTION & TREATMENT
• Immune serum globulin: for at risk
patients during an outbreak i.e. those <1 year
with impaired cellular immunity
o No antiviral therapy available for primary
disease. Complications should be treated
appropriately
14. MUMPS
• The name comes from the British
word "to mump", that is grimace
• Clinically, mumps is an acute
unilateral or bilateral parotid
gland swelling that lasts for more
than two days with no other
apparent cause.
Other agents can also cause
parotitis
16. Mumps Epidemiology
Reservoir Human
Transmission Respiratory droplet infection
Communicability 7 days before to 9 days after
onset of active disease
• Worldwide distribution
•Many (30%) infections are sub-clinical
•No 'carrier state'.
18. Mumps Complications
CNS involvement 15% of clinical cases
Orchitis 20-50% in
post-pubertal males
Pancreatitis 2-5%
Deafness 1/20,000
Death 1-3/10,000
19. MMR Vaccine
• Is a live, attenuated combined vaccine to
prevent measles, mumps and rubella.
• Two doses are given to pre-school
children:
o The first dose at 12-15 months
o The second booster dose at 3-5 years
PREVENTION & TREATMENT
20. Rubella (German Measles(
History
1881Rubella accepted as a distinct disease
1941Associated with congenital disease
Rubella virus first isolated 1961
1967Serological tests available
1969Rubella vaccines available
21. Rubella Virus
RNA enveloped virus
Member of the togavirus family
Spreads by respiratory droplets
In the pre-vaccination era, 80% of women
were already infected by childbearing age
24. Risks of Rubella Infection
During Pregnancy
Preconception :Minimal risk
0-12weeks: 100% risk of fetus being congenitally
infected
resulting in major congenital abnormalities.
Spontaneous abortion occurs in 20% of cases.
13-16weeks: Deafness and retinopathy 15%
After 16 weeks: Normal development, slight risk
of deafness and retinopathy
27. Outcome
1/3rd will lead normal independent lives
1/3rd will live with parents
1/3rd will be institutionalised
The only effective way to prevent CRS is to
terminate the pregnancy
29. Typical Serological Events following
acute rubella infection
Note that in reinfection, IgM is usually absent or only present transiently at a low level
30. Prevention
Antenatal screening
Screening of all pregnant women attending antenatal
clinics for immune status against rubella.
Non-immune women are vaccinated in the immediate
post partum period.
31. Prevention
Since 1968, a highly effective live attenuated
vaccine has been available with 95% efficacy
Universal vaccination is now offered to all
infants as part of the MMR regimen in the
USA, UK and a number of other countries.
Vaccination of schoolgirls before they reach
childbearing age.
