This document summarizes information about Mumps and Rubella.
Mumps is caused by the mumps virus, an RNA paramyxovirus. It causes swelling of the parotid glands. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Complications can include orchitis. Vaccination with the MMR vaccine provides protection.
Rubella, also known as German measles, is caused by the rubella virus, an RNA togavirus. It causes a rash and lymphadenopathy. Congenital rubella syndrome can occur if a pregnant woman is infected, causing birth defects. The rubella vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine that provides lifelong immunity in 95% of cases.
Global vaccination strategies
Epidemiology and nursing management for mumps- CHN.pptxAngel480700
Mumps is an acute viral infection caused by the mumps virus. It is typically characterized by swollen and tender salivary glands. The virus spreads through saliva or mucus from the mouth, nose, or throat. While most cases are mild, complications can include orchitis in men, oophoritis in women, and meningitis. Prevention through the live attenuated mumps vaccine has significantly reduced cases. Nursing care focuses on relieving symptoms, encouraging rest, and educating patients about vaccination to prevent future outbreaks.
Measles, mumps, and rubella are viral infections that are prevented through the MMR vaccine. Measles causes an infectious rash and can lead to pneumonia or encephalitis. Mumps causes swelling of the parotid glands and can cause meningitis. Rubella during pregnancy can lead to congenital defects known as congenital rubella syndrome. The live, attenuated MMR vaccine provides protection against all three viruses and is recommended in two doses for children.
Measles, mumps, and chickenpox are vaccine-preventable viral diseases. Measles causes respiratory and neurological complications and over 1 million deaths annually worldwide. Chickenpox results in a rash and can lead to pneumonia or encephalitis. Mumps causes parotid gland swelling and can result in meningitis or orchitis. Vaccines exist for all three diseases and have greatly reduced global cases, though outbreaks still occur in unvaccinated populations. Routine childhood immunization is the primary prevention strategy.
This document discusses several paramyxoviruses including parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), mumps virus, measles virus, and rubella virus. It describes their pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. Parainfluenza and RSV are important causes of respiratory infections in infants and children. Mumps causes swelling of the parotid glands while measles causes a rash. Rubella infection during pregnancy can cause birth defects. Vaccines exist for mumps, measles and rubella to provide protection.
This document discusses measles, an acute viral infection characterized by a maculopapular rash. It covers the etiology (measles virus), epidemiology (endemic worldwide, peak incidence in children 5-10 years old), transmission (highly contagious via respiratory droplets), clinical features (incubation 10-12 days, prodrome of fever and cough, pathognomonic Koplik's spots, spreading rash), diagnosis (clinical features or measles IgM antibodies), and differential diagnosis (must be differentiated from other rashes). Measles is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries.
This document discusses measles, an acute viral infection characterized by a maculopapular rash. It covers the etiology (measles virus), epidemiology (endemic worldwide, high transmission rate), clinical features (incubation 10-12 days, prodrome of fever and cough, pathognomonic Koplik's spots, spreading rash), diagnosis (clinical features, IgM antibodies, virus isolation), and differentiation from other rash-causing illnesses. Measles is highly contagious and can cause severe illness or death, especially in malnourished or unvaccinated children.
- Measles, mumps, and rubella are caused by viruses. Measles is caused by a paramyxovirus, mumps by a myxovirus, and rubella by a rubivirus.
- They are spread through respiratory droplets. Measles and mumps have an incubation period of 7-18 days, while rubella is 14-21 days.
- Common symptoms include fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy. Complications can include pneumonia, encephalitis and congenital rubella syndrome.
- Vaccines provide effective protection. MMR vaccine contains live attenuated viruses and is recommended in 2 doses for children.
This document provides information on measles, including its pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, immunization, and vaccination history. It discusses how the measles virus infects and spreads in the body, causes a characteristic rash, and can lead to serious complications. It outlines how measles was once very common but widespread vaccination starting in 1963 led to its elimination in the United States by 2000. The importance of a routine two-dose vaccination schedule is emphasized to provide broad protection against the highly contagious virus.
Epidemiology and nursing management for mumps- CHN.pptxAngel480700
Mumps is an acute viral infection caused by the mumps virus. It is typically characterized by swollen and tender salivary glands. The virus spreads through saliva or mucus from the mouth, nose, or throat. While most cases are mild, complications can include orchitis in men, oophoritis in women, and meningitis. Prevention through the live attenuated mumps vaccine has significantly reduced cases. Nursing care focuses on relieving symptoms, encouraging rest, and educating patients about vaccination to prevent future outbreaks.
Measles, mumps, and rubella are viral infections that are prevented through the MMR vaccine. Measles causes an infectious rash and can lead to pneumonia or encephalitis. Mumps causes swelling of the parotid glands and can cause meningitis. Rubella during pregnancy can lead to congenital defects known as congenital rubella syndrome. The live, attenuated MMR vaccine provides protection against all three viruses and is recommended in two doses for children.
Measles, mumps, and chickenpox are vaccine-preventable viral diseases. Measles causes respiratory and neurological complications and over 1 million deaths annually worldwide. Chickenpox results in a rash and can lead to pneumonia or encephalitis. Mumps causes parotid gland swelling and can result in meningitis or orchitis. Vaccines exist for all three diseases and have greatly reduced global cases, though outbreaks still occur in unvaccinated populations. Routine childhood immunization is the primary prevention strategy.
This document discusses several paramyxoviruses including parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), mumps virus, measles virus, and rubella virus. It describes their pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. Parainfluenza and RSV are important causes of respiratory infections in infants and children. Mumps causes swelling of the parotid glands while measles causes a rash. Rubella infection during pregnancy can cause birth defects. Vaccines exist for mumps, measles and rubella to provide protection.
This document discusses measles, an acute viral infection characterized by a maculopapular rash. It covers the etiology (measles virus), epidemiology (endemic worldwide, peak incidence in children 5-10 years old), transmission (highly contagious via respiratory droplets), clinical features (incubation 10-12 days, prodrome of fever and cough, pathognomonic Koplik's spots, spreading rash), diagnosis (clinical features or measles IgM antibodies), and differential diagnosis (must be differentiated from other rashes). Measles is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries.
This document discusses measles, an acute viral infection characterized by a maculopapular rash. It covers the etiology (measles virus), epidemiology (endemic worldwide, high transmission rate), clinical features (incubation 10-12 days, prodrome of fever and cough, pathognomonic Koplik's spots, spreading rash), diagnosis (clinical features, IgM antibodies, virus isolation), and differentiation from other rash-causing illnesses. Measles is highly contagious and can cause severe illness or death, especially in malnourished or unvaccinated children.
- Measles, mumps, and rubella are caused by viruses. Measles is caused by a paramyxovirus, mumps by a myxovirus, and rubella by a rubivirus.
- They are spread through respiratory droplets. Measles and mumps have an incubation period of 7-18 days, while rubella is 14-21 days.
- Common symptoms include fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy. Complications can include pneumonia, encephalitis and congenital rubella syndrome.
- Vaccines provide effective protection. MMR vaccine contains live attenuated viruses and is recommended in 2 doses for children.
This document provides information on measles, including its pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, immunization, and vaccination history. It discusses how the measles virus infects and spreads in the body, causes a characteristic rash, and can lead to serious complications. It outlines how measles was once very common but widespread vaccination starting in 1963 led to its elimination in the United States by 2000. The importance of a routine two-dose vaccination schedule is emphasized to provide broad protection against the highly contagious virus.
1. Paramyxoviruses are a family of enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that include several important human pathogens such as measles, mumps, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and parainfluenza viruses.
2. They cause a variety of respiratory diseases in humans and animals and are transmitted through respiratory secretions.
3. Diagnosis involves virus isolation in cell culture, antigen detection, molecular methods like RT-PCR, and serology. Treatment is generally supportive though antivirals and immunoprophylaxis are used in some cases.
This document provides an overview of several common viral infections, including measles, rubella, roseola infantum, mumps, pertussis, chickenpox, and hepatitis. For each infection, it discusses the causative agent, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key details are provided about the transmission, symptoms and public health importance of controlling these infectious diseases.
Rubella ( german measles or three days measlsesJoseph164
Rubella, also known as German measles, is usually a mild disease that often presents with a rash. Congenital rubella syndrome can occur if a pregnant woman is infected and can cause fetal death or abnormalities. Vaccination has nearly eliminated rubella in many countries through routine childhood immunization programs. Management of an outbreak involves confirmation of cases, investigating contacts, immunizing at-risk groups, and communication to increase public awareness.
This document provides an overview of common communicable diseases that affect children, including definitions, causative agents, modes of transmission, symptoms, and treatments. Some of the diseases discussed are chickenpox, diphtheria, measles, mumps, pertussis, polio, rubella, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, and scabies. The summary focuses on defining the key aspects of each disease such as transmission method, incubation period, symptoms, and complications. Nursing management strategies are also briefly outlined for some of the conditions.
This document provides information on measles and rubella. For measles, it describes the causative virus, signs and symptoms including the pathognomonic Koplik spots, complications such as pneumonia and encephalitis, and treatment including vitamin A supplementation. It also compares measles and chickenpox rashes. For rubella, it discusses the virus, transmission, clinical features including rash and lymphadenopathy, complications in adults and congenital rubella syndrome in infants, and prevention through vaccination of children.
This document summarizes information about rubella (German measles), including:
- It is a mild viral disease that can cause fetal damage if a pregnant woman is infected, leading to congenital rubella syndrome.
- The rubella virus is an RNA virus that infects humans through respiratory transmission.
- Infection in early pregnancy poses the greatest risk for fetal defects, especially in the first 8 weeks of gestation.
- Clinical features include a prodrome of fever and lymphadenopathy, followed by a characteristic rash that lasts 3 days.
- Rubella, also known as German measles, is a mild viral infection spread through respiratory droplets that causes a rash. While usually benign, maternal infection can cause miscarriage or birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome.
- The rubella virus is an enveloped RNA virus. Vaccination programs aim to eliminate rubella and prevent congenital rubella syndrome. The live, attenuated MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine is administered in a 2-dose series to provide protection. Rare side effects include fever and rash.
1. The document discusses several systemic viral infections that can present with or without an exanthem. These include measles, rubella, parvovirus B19, human herpesvirus 6 and 7, chickenpox, shingles, mumps, influenza, infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and viral hemorrhagic fevers.
2. The infections are described in terms of their causative virus, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, and management including treatment and prevention through vaccination or antiviral therapy.
3. Prevention is focused on vaccination programs and hygiene measures to limit transmission through respiratory droplets or other bodily fluids.
This document provides information about measles. It defines measles as a highly contagious viral infection characterized by fever and rash. Measles virus is the cause and is transmitted through the air. It affects mostly unvaccinated children. Symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose and red eyes followed by a red rash. Complications can include pneumonia. Diagnosis is usually clinical but lab tests can also detect the virus. There is no specific treatment, only supportive care. Prevention is through measles vaccination, with two doses recommended.
This document provides information on common infectious diseases including malaria, dengue fever, measles, mumps, and tuberculosis. It discusses the causative agents, signs and symptoms, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of these diseases. Malaria remains a major public health issue in developing countries, causing over 1 million deaths annually. Measles is highly contagious and a leading cause of death in children under 5 despite available vaccines. Mumps is transmitted through saliva and commonly causes swelling of the salivary glands.
This document provides information on several viral diseases including mumps, measles, rubella, flaviviruses, yellow fever, Kyasanur forest disease, and dengue fever. It describes the causative viruses, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and prophylaxis of each disease. The key points are:
- Mumps, measles, and rubella are viral diseases typically affecting children. They are transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact. Common symptoms include fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy. Diagnosis involves virus isolation or serological tests. Prophylaxis is through MMR vaccination.
- Flaviviruses cause mosquito-borne encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers
Measles virus is an enveloped virus that causes the highly contagious disease measles. It enters the body through respiratory secretions and multiplies locally before spreading systemically. This causes a characteristic rash and other symptoms. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting viral antigens, isolating the virus, or detecting antibodies. Vaccination with live attenuated vaccines provides effective long-term protection against measles.
epidemiology of common infectious diseases-resp,git,arthropod.pptxsanakhader3
This document summarizes several common respiratory infectious diseases including smallpox, monkeypox, chickenpox, measles, rubella, mumps, influenza, diphtheria, pertussis, and COVID-19. It describes the causative agents, transmission routes, incubation periods, clinical features, and prevention methods for each disease. Public health control and eradication efforts are also discussed.
This document provides information on Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR). It describes the causative agents, signs and symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention methods for each disease. Measles is highly infectious and a major cause of childhood mortality. Mumps typically causes swelling of the salivary glands. Rubella infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus. The MMR vaccine provides protection against all three diseases and is an important tool for their control and elimination through vaccination programs.
This document provides information on Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR). It describes the causative agents, signs and symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention methods for each disease. Measles is highly infectious and a major cause of childhood mortality. Mumps typically causes swelling of the salivary glands. Rubella infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus. The MMR vaccine provides protection against all three diseases and is an important tool for their control and elimination through vaccination programs outlined in the World Health Organization's Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan.
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a contagious viral infection caused by the rubella virus. It presents with flu-like symptoms including a rash and swollen lymph nodes. While usually mild, rubella infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus, resulting in deafness, eye abnormalities, and heart defects. The rubella virus is transmitted through the air via coughs or sneezes and can be prevented through vaccination with the MMR vaccine.
Mumps is an acute viral infection that typically causes swelling of the parotid salivary glands. It is spread through direct contact with respiratory droplets from an infected person. Common symptoms include painful swelling of the parotid glands, fever, and fatigue. While usually mild, complications can sometimes occur such as meningitis, orchitis, or deafness. Vaccination has significantly reduced cases, though outbreaks can still occur in undervaccinated communities.
human papilloma Virus ,measles,HIV and hepatitis virusesIkram Ullah
Human Papillomavirus, Measles, HIV and Hepatitis Viruses
The document summarizes several viruses including HPV, measles, HIV, and hepatitis viruses. It describes the structure, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prevention of each virus. HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection that can cause genital warts and cancers. Measles is a highly contagious airborne virus prevented by vaccination. HIV weakens the immune system over time if untreated. The hepatitis viruses are transmitted through blood or fecal-oral routes and can cause acute or chronic liver disease.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of medicine. It describes how medicine originated from primitive practices involving supernatural beliefs. It then discusses the development of early systems of medicine in places like India, China, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. Key figures that advanced medical knowledge are highlighted from each era, such as Susruta, Hippocrates, Galen, Ibn Sina, and Pasteur. Major milestones like the germ theory of disease and advances in preventive medicine through vaccination are also summarized. The document concludes by describing the modern fields of curative, preventive, and social medicine.
This document discusses various types of communication including one-way communication, two-way communication, verbal communication, non-verbal communication, formal and informal communication, and visual communication. It also addresses telecommunication, barriers to communication, functions of health communication, approaches to health education, principles of health education, and methods used in health communication including individual, group, and mass approaches.
1. Paramyxoviruses are a family of enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that include several important human pathogens such as measles, mumps, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and parainfluenza viruses.
2. They cause a variety of respiratory diseases in humans and animals and are transmitted through respiratory secretions.
3. Diagnosis involves virus isolation in cell culture, antigen detection, molecular methods like RT-PCR, and serology. Treatment is generally supportive though antivirals and immunoprophylaxis are used in some cases.
This document provides an overview of several common viral infections, including measles, rubella, roseola infantum, mumps, pertussis, chickenpox, and hepatitis. For each infection, it discusses the causative agent, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key details are provided about the transmission, symptoms and public health importance of controlling these infectious diseases.
Rubella ( german measles or three days measlsesJoseph164
Rubella, also known as German measles, is usually a mild disease that often presents with a rash. Congenital rubella syndrome can occur if a pregnant woman is infected and can cause fetal death or abnormalities. Vaccination has nearly eliminated rubella in many countries through routine childhood immunization programs. Management of an outbreak involves confirmation of cases, investigating contacts, immunizing at-risk groups, and communication to increase public awareness.
This document provides an overview of common communicable diseases that affect children, including definitions, causative agents, modes of transmission, symptoms, and treatments. Some of the diseases discussed are chickenpox, diphtheria, measles, mumps, pertussis, polio, rubella, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, and scabies. The summary focuses on defining the key aspects of each disease such as transmission method, incubation period, symptoms, and complications. Nursing management strategies are also briefly outlined for some of the conditions.
This document provides information on measles and rubella. For measles, it describes the causative virus, signs and symptoms including the pathognomonic Koplik spots, complications such as pneumonia and encephalitis, and treatment including vitamin A supplementation. It also compares measles and chickenpox rashes. For rubella, it discusses the virus, transmission, clinical features including rash and lymphadenopathy, complications in adults and congenital rubella syndrome in infants, and prevention through vaccination of children.
This document summarizes information about rubella (German measles), including:
- It is a mild viral disease that can cause fetal damage if a pregnant woman is infected, leading to congenital rubella syndrome.
- The rubella virus is an RNA virus that infects humans through respiratory transmission.
- Infection in early pregnancy poses the greatest risk for fetal defects, especially in the first 8 weeks of gestation.
- Clinical features include a prodrome of fever and lymphadenopathy, followed by a characteristic rash that lasts 3 days.
- Rubella, also known as German measles, is a mild viral infection spread through respiratory droplets that causes a rash. While usually benign, maternal infection can cause miscarriage or birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome.
- The rubella virus is an enveloped RNA virus. Vaccination programs aim to eliminate rubella and prevent congenital rubella syndrome. The live, attenuated MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine is administered in a 2-dose series to provide protection. Rare side effects include fever and rash.
1. The document discusses several systemic viral infections that can present with or without an exanthem. These include measles, rubella, parvovirus B19, human herpesvirus 6 and 7, chickenpox, shingles, mumps, influenza, infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and viral hemorrhagic fevers.
2. The infections are described in terms of their causative virus, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, and management including treatment and prevention through vaccination or antiviral therapy.
3. Prevention is focused on vaccination programs and hygiene measures to limit transmission through respiratory droplets or other bodily fluids.
This document provides information about measles. It defines measles as a highly contagious viral infection characterized by fever and rash. Measles virus is the cause and is transmitted through the air. It affects mostly unvaccinated children. Symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose and red eyes followed by a red rash. Complications can include pneumonia. Diagnosis is usually clinical but lab tests can also detect the virus. There is no specific treatment, only supportive care. Prevention is through measles vaccination, with two doses recommended.
This document provides information on common infectious diseases including malaria, dengue fever, measles, mumps, and tuberculosis. It discusses the causative agents, signs and symptoms, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of these diseases. Malaria remains a major public health issue in developing countries, causing over 1 million deaths annually. Measles is highly contagious and a leading cause of death in children under 5 despite available vaccines. Mumps is transmitted through saliva and commonly causes swelling of the salivary glands.
This document provides information on several viral diseases including mumps, measles, rubella, flaviviruses, yellow fever, Kyasanur forest disease, and dengue fever. It describes the causative viruses, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and prophylaxis of each disease. The key points are:
- Mumps, measles, and rubella are viral diseases typically affecting children. They are transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact. Common symptoms include fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy. Diagnosis involves virus isolation or serological tests. Prophylaxis is through MMR vaccination.
- Flaviviruses cause mosquito-borne encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers
Measles virus is an enveloped virus that causes the highly contagious disease measles. It enters the body through respiratory secretions and multiplies locally before spreading systemically. This causes a characteristic rash and other symptoms. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting viral antigens, isolating the virus, or detecting antibodies. Vaccination with live attenuated vaccines provides effective long-term protection against measles.
epidemiology of common infectious diseases-resp,git,arthropod.pptxsanakhader3
This document summarizes several common respiratory infectious diseases including smallpox, monkeypox, chickenpox, measles, rubella, mumps, influenza, diphtheria, pertussis, and COVID-19. It describes the causative agents, transmission routes, incubation periods, clinical features, and prevention methods for each disease. Public health control and eradication efforts are also discussed.
This document provides information on Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR). It describes the causative agents, signs and symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention methods for each disease. Measles is highly infectious and a major cause of childhood mortality. Mumps typically causes swelling of the salivary glands. Rubella infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus. The MMR vaccine provides protection against all three diseases and is an important tool for their control and elimination through vaccination programs.
This document provides information on Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR). It describes the causative agents, signs and symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention methods for each disease. Measles is highly infectious and a major cause of childhood mortality. Mumps typically causes swelling of the salivary glands. Rubella infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus. The MMR vaccine provides protection against all three diseases and is an important tool for their control and elimination through vaccination programs outlined in the World Health Organization's Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan.
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a contagious viral infection caused by the rubella virus. It presents with flu-like symptoms including a rash and swollen lymph nodes. While usually mild, rubella infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus, resulting in deafness, eye abnormalities, and heart defects. The rubella virus is transmitted through the air via coughs or sneezes and can be prevented through vaccination with the MMR vaccine.
Mumps is an acute viral infection that typically causes swelling of the parotid salivary glands. It is spread through direct contact with respiratory droplets from an infected person. Common symptoms include painful swelling of the parotid glands, fever, and fatigue. While usually mild, complications can sometimes occur such as meningitis, orchitis, or deafness. Vaccination has significantly reduced cases, though outbreaks can still occur in undervaccinated communities.
human papilloma Virus ,measles,HIV and hepatitis virusesIkram Ullah
Human Papillomavirus, Measles, HIV and Hepatitis Viruses
The document summarizes several viruses including HPV, measles, HIV, and hepatitis viruses. It describes the structure, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prevention of each virus. HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection that can cause genital warts and cancers. Measles is a highly contagious airborne virus prevented by vaccination. HIV weakens the immune system over time if untreated. The hepatitis viruses are transmitted through blood or fecal-oral routes and can cause acute or chronic liver disease.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of medicine. It describes how medicine originated from primitive practices involving supernatural beliefs. It then discusses the development of early systems of medicine in places like India, China, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. Key figures that advanced medical knowledge are highlighted from each era, such as Susruta, Hippocrates, Galen, Ibn Sina, and Pasteur. Major milestones like the germ theory of disease and advances in preventive medicine through vaccination are also summarized. The document concludes by describing the modern fields of curative, preventive, and social medicine.
This document discusses various types of communication including one-way communication, two-way communication, verbal communication, non-verbal communication, formal and informal communication, and visual communication. It also addresses telecommunication, barriers to communication, functions of health communication, approaches to health education, principles of health education, and methods used in health communication including individual, group, and mass approaches.
This document summarizes key epidemiological factors related to smallpox, chickenpox, and measles. For smallpox, it notes factors that enabled its eradication like lack of animal reservoirs, effective vaccination, and distinctive rash allowing easy detection. For chickenpox, it outlines agent, host, environmental transmission factors and clinical features. For measles, it provides global burden, India statistics, epidemiological determinants like transmission via droplets, and prevention through vaccination or immunoglobulin administration.
This document discusses the importance of communication skills in medical practice. It outlines seven competencies for effective doctor-patient communication: building a relationship, opening the discussion, gathering information, understanding the patient's perspective, sharing information, reaching agreement, and providing closure. For each competency, it provides tips and guidelines on how to demonstrate care, show respect, ask open-ended questions, actively listen, explain diagnoses and plans, and ensure mutual understanding. The overall message is that strong interpersonal communication is integral to quality patient care.
- Influenza is caused by influenza viruses types A, B, and C. Type A causes pandemics every 10-15 years due to antigenic variation. The most recent pandemics were the Spanish Flu in 1918, Asian Flu in 1957, and Hong Kong Flu in 1968.
- Bird flu is caused by the H5N1 virus and can infect humans. It is usually fatal in birds and sometimes infects humans through contact with infected birds. Human to human transmission is rare but possible if the virus mutates.
- SARS is a viral respiratory disease caused by a coronavirus. It emerged in 2002-2003 with symptoms including fever, cough, and difficulty breathing which can progress to pneumonia. It was
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted through contaminated food or water and causes a rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes through profuse diarrhea. Treatment involves oral or intravenous rehydration to replace lost fluids, along with antibiotics to shorten the duration of illness. Prevention relies on access to clean water, proper sanitation, and hygiene education to reduce transmission.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It remains a global threat, with an estimated 2.9 million cases and 95,000 deaths worldwide annually. The disease spreads through contaminated food and water and can kill within hours if left untreated. Cholera outbreaks typically occur in areas with poor sanitation and lack of clean drinking water. Prevention relies on vaccination, water treatment, hygiene and proper sanitation.
Through lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, yoga, meditation and stress management, the risk of developing diabetes can be reduced. A healthy diet low in refined carbs and sugar but high in fiber is recommended. Regular exercise of at least 40 minutes per day helps control blood sugar levels. Yoga and meditation lower stress levels and insulin resistance. Proper sleep, social support and avoiding pollution further help in diabetes prevention. Timely screening and lifestyle changes can prevent or delay the onset of diabetes and its complications.
This document provides an overview of descriptive epidemiology. It defines descriptive studies as those that describe the frequency and distribution of an outcome without a comparison group. The main objectives are to describe disease incidence/prevalence, natural history, and distribution according to person, place and time variables. Descriptive studies make hypotheses about causes but do not confirm them. Key aspects include describing disease occurrence by time, place and person; measuring disease burden; and formulating etiological hypotheses.
An outbreak of endophthalmitis has occurred in patients who underwent surgery at a district hospital. The document discusses how to investigate this outbreak using different study designs. It recommends using a case-control study design to evaluate the association between surgery at the hospital and developing endophthalmitis. It provides details on how to conduct a case-control study, including selecting cases and controls, collecting exposure data, and calculating odds ratios to assess strength of association.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It causes a rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes from the intestines that can lead to dehydration, shock, and even death if untreated. The classic symptoms include painless watery diarrhea and vomiting. Treatment involves oral or intravenous rehydration to replace lost fluids, along with antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Patients are discharged once they can tolerate oral intake and their diarrhea and urinary output returns to normal levels. Cholera remains a global threat, especially in areas with poor sanitation and lack of clean water.
This document discusses the Dengue Syndrome and summarizes key information about Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. It notes that over 2.5 billion people worldwide live in areas where dengue viruses can be transmitted. The document describes the symptoms, diagnosis, and grading of severity for Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. It also provides information on treatment, control measures, and discusses another similar disease, Chikungunya Fever.
Cholera is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae and is transmitted through contaminated food or water. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration that can be fatal if untreated. The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy. Prevention focuses on access to clean water, sanitation, vaccination in high risk areas, and public health education on hygiene practices.
Influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses types A, B, and C. Type A strains have caused all known pandemics. The virus is highly contagious and spreads rapidly through droplets. It commonly causes epidemics every 2-3 years for influenza A and 4-7 years for influenza B. While most cases are mild, influenza can lead to complications like pneumonia. Vaccination and antiviral drugs can help prevent and treat the disease. Good hygiene and avoiding crowded areas during outbreaks are also recommended.
Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth that can invade tissues and spread to distant organs, potentially causing death. The three main types are carcinoma, sarcoma, and leukemia/lymphoma. Worldwide, cancer causes over 6 million deaths annually. In India, the most common cancers are oral, esophageal, stomach and lung cancers in men, and breast, cervical, oral and esophageal cancers in women. Environmental factors like tobacco, alcohol, diet, occupation and infection can increase cancer risk, as can genetic factors. Prevention focuses on reducing risk factors, screening and early detection, and treatment. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Cervical cancer is also very common in India, where screening programs
Bird flu, or avian influenza, is a viral infection that commonly infects birds like chickens, ducks, and turkeys. The H5N1 strain is particularly deadly and can be transmitted from birds to humans. Symptoms in humans include fever, cough, and possible complications like hypoxemia and organ dysfunction. While human-to-human transmission is rare, there is a risk of mutation allowing easier spread between humans. Treatment involves antiviral drugs, isolation, and supportive care. Prevention focuses on proper handling of infected birds and their products as well as hygiene practices.
This document discusses cancer in general and provides details on certain types of cancers. It covers the characteristics, causes, risk factors, patterns, and control of cancer. Specific cancers discussed in more detail include oral cancer, breast cancer, and cancer of the cervix. Prevention strategies like screening, lifestyle changes, and treatment options are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of cancer biology. It discusses how cancer is caused by the accumulation of genetic mutations over time that disrupt normal cell growth regulation. Key points covered include: the genetic and molecular basis of cancer; common properties of cancer cells like uncontrolled growth; the role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes; how mutations in growth factors, receptors, and cell cycle regulators can cause cancer; and the multi-hit model of carcinogenesis. The document also examines specific cancer-causing mutations and molecular mechanisms.
This document discusses respiratory infections like smallpox and chickenpox. Smallpox was eradicated in the 20th century through international cooperation and vaccination efforts. Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus and presents as a rash that spreads from the trunk to the extremities. It most commonly affects children under 10 years old. Complications can occur in immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis is usually clinical and treatment is supportive.
The document discusses key concepts in epidemiology including descriptive studies, analytical studies, and interventional studies. Descriptive studies involve systematically collecting and presenting data to describe a health situation, such as the occurrence of a disease over time, place, and person. Analytical studies attempt to establish causes or risk factors by comparing groups with and without a problem. Common analytical study designs include case-control and cohort studies. Interventional studies involve manipulating a situation and measuring the effects, with experimental studies using randomization and control groups.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
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2. • Mumbling Speech - Mumps :
• Name "mumps" comes from
"lump" or "mumble."
3. Mumps
• Acute viral illness
• Parotitis and orchitis described by Hippocrates
in 5th century BC
• Viral etiology described by Johnson and
Goodpasture in 1934
• Frequent cause of outbreaks among military
personnel in pre vaccine era
4. MUMPS
• Acute infectious disease due to “myxovirus
parotiditis” ; RNA paramyxovirus
(Genus Rubulavirus) affecting mainly
glands and nervous system
• Clinically the disease is recognized by
enlargement of one or both parotid glands
with tenderness.
• Worldwide distribution.
• Morbidity is high. Mortality is less.
5. Mumps Epidemiology
• Reservoir Human
Asymptomatic infections
may transmit
• Transmission Respiratory drop nuclei
• Temporal pattern Peak in late winter and spring
• Communicability Three days before to four
days after onset of active
disease
6. MUMPS
• AGENT FACTORS:
• A)Agent: Myxovirus parotiditis is a RNA
virus of the myxovirus family. The virus
can be grown in chick embryo or tissue
culture. There is only one serotype.
7. Mumps Virus
• Paramyxovirus
• RNA virus
• One antigenic type
• Rapidly inactivated by chemical agents, heat,
and ultraviolet light
8. MUMPS
• The virus can be
• A)Isolated from the saliva or from swabs taken
from the surface of STENSON’S DUCT.
• Virus has also been found in the blood, urine,
human milk, and in the CSF.
• A) PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY:
• Usually 4-6 days before the onset of symptoms
and a week thereafter.
The period of maximum infectivity is just
before and at the onset of parotitis.
9. • SOURCE OF INFECTION: Both clinical and
sub clinical cases.
• Sub clinical cases accounts for 30-40% of all
cases.
11. HOST FACTORS
• a)AGE AND SEX: Mumps is the most
frequent cause of parotitis in children in the
age group of 5-15 years.
The average age of incidence of mumps is
higher than with measles, chicken pox or
whooping cough.
12. MUMPS
• MODE OF TRANSMISSION:The disease
is spread mainly by droplet infection and
after direct contact with an infected person.
• INCUBATION PERIOD; Varies from 2-3
weeks usually 18 days.
• CLINICAL FEATURES:30-40% of cases
are sub clinical characterized by pain and
swelling in either one or both parotid glands
and involves the sublingual submandibular
glands.
13. Mumps Pathogenesis
• Respiratory transmission of virus
• Replication in nasopharynx and regional
lymph nodes
• Viremia 12-25 days after exposure with spread
to tissues
• Multiple tissues infected during viremia
14. Mumps Clinical Features
• Incubation period 14-
18 days
• Nonspecific prodromal
phase of myalgia,
malaise, headache,
low-grade fever
• Parotitis in 30%-40%
• Up to 20% of
infections
asymptomatic
15. Mumps Clinical Case Definition
• Acute onset of unilateral or
bilateral tender, self-limiting
swelling of the parotid or other
salivary gland lasting more than
2 days without other apparent
cause
16. MUMPS
The disease tends to be more severe in adults
than in children.
IMMUNITY: One attack clinical or sub clinical
will induce life long immunity.
ost infants < 6 months of age are immune
because of maternal antibodies.
• ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS:
• Mumps is largely an endemic disease. Cases occur
throughout the year – but peak incidence in
wintertime of the year – but peak incidence in
winter and spring. Over crowding linked to
epidemics
17. 17
Complications of Mumps
Frequent but not serious:
• Orchitis (25-40%): 7-10 days after parotitis,with high fever
(Unilateral in 75% orchitis cases, Most common extra-salivary gland
manifestation in adults)
• Epididymitis
• Pancreatitis (4%)
• Mild form of meningitis
• Thyroiditis, Neuritis, Hepatitis,Ovaritis,
• Oophoritis (5% adult women)
• Spontaneous abortion(25% in pregnancy)
Rare:
Hearing loss, Polyarthritis, Encephalitis, Cerebellar ataxia
18. • Mumps infection in post-pubertal males
can result in swelling of the testicles in
22-30% of affected individuals.
• Such swelling may then lead to marked
atrophy (shrinkage) of the testicle with
poor sperm production as the result.
19. Mumps Laboratory Diagnosis
• Isolation of mumps virus
• Detection of mumps antigen by PCR
• Serologic testing
– positive IgM antibody
– significant increase in IgG antibody between
acute and convalescent specimens
20. MUMPS
• PREVENTION: VACCINE:
• Recommended for children over one year of
age.
• Its use may be considered in susceptible
adults, especially males.
• Mumps vaccine should not be administered
to pregnant women, who are severely ill or
who are on Immuno suppressive therapy
21. Mumps Vaccine
• Composition Live virus (Jeryl Lynn strain)
• Efficacy 80% (1 dose)
• Duration of
Immunity Lifelong
• Schedule At least 1 Dose should be administered
with measles and rubella as MMR or with measles,
rubella and Varicella as MMRV
22. Mumps (MMR) Vaccine
Indications
• One dose (as MMR) for preschool-age children
12 months of age and older and persons born
during or after 1957 not at high risk of mumps
exposure
• Second dose (as MMR) for school-age children
and adults at high risk of mumps exposure (i.e.,
healthcare personnel, international travelers and
students at post-high school educational
institutions
24. MMR Vaccine
Contraindications and Precautions
• Severe allergic reaction to vaccine
component or following a prior dose
• Pregnancy
• Immunosuppression
• Moderate or severe acute illness
• Recent blood product
25. Vaccine Storage and Handling
MMR Vaccine
• Store 35o
- 46o
F (2o
- 8o
C) (may be
stored in the freezer)
• Store diluent at room temperature or
refrigerate
• Protect vaccine from light
• Discard if not used within 8 hours
reconstitution
26. MIG
• a) IMMUNO GLOBULIN:
• A specific Immuno globulin (MIG) is available.
• CONTROL: The control of mumps is difficult
because the disease is infectious before a
diagnosis can be made. Due to long I.P, sub
clinical cases, - it is difficult to control mumps.
• Isolation of cases.
• Disinfection of the articles.
• Contacts kept under surveillance
27. RUBELLA (GERMAN
MEASELS
• RUBELLA or German Measles
is an acute child hood infection
usually mild of short duration (3
days) and accompanied by low-
grade fever, lymphadenopathy
and a maculopapular rash.
Infection in early pregnancy
may result in serious congenital
defects like PDA, cataract and
deafness. Rubella in pregnancy
can also cause spontaneous
abortion and stillbirth.
28. RUBELLA HISTORY
• HISTORY:
• 1941 – Norman Gregg – reported rubella
infection in pregnancy WHICH IN TURN
linked to congenital anomalies including
congenital cataracts.
• 1962 – The virus was isolated.
• 1967 – Live attenuated vaccine was
developed.
29. Epidemiological Determinants
AGENT:
• It is a RNA virus of the Toga virus
family.
• Virus can be recovered from the cases
of Rubella, from naso- pharynx, throat,
blood, CSF and urine.
• It can be propagated in cell culture.
30. SOURCE OF INFECTION
• Clinical or sub clinical cases of
rubella. Most of the infections are
sub clinical. Infants born with
infection may shed the virus, for
many months. Vaccine virus is not
communicable.
31. AGENT&HOST FACTORS:
• Period of Communicability
• Less communicable than
measles.
• Probably one week prior to
symptoms to a week after
appears.
32. HOST FACTORS
• a) AGE: Mainly a disease of child hood in age
group of 3 – 10 yrs.
• - Persons aged > 15. Yrs now account for over
70% of cases in developed countries. This is
changing epidemiological pattern with wide
coverage of immunization.
• IMMUNITY: One attack results life long
immunity. 40% women of childbearing age may
remain susceptible to rubella
33. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• ENVIRONMENTALFACTORS: Seasonal
variation is present, temperate zones every
4-9 yrs.
• TRANSIMISSION: Droplets from nose and
throat and droplet nuclei transmit the virus
directly from person to person during
communicability period.
• -The portal of entry is via respiratory route.
• - Vertical transmission is also present.
34. CLINICALF EATURES
• CLINICAL FEATURES: 50-65% of infections
are asymptomatic.
• a)PRODROMAL: Symptoms like coryza, sore
throat, and low-grade fever – herald the onset of
viraemia.
• b)LYMPHADENOPATHY:Posterior auricular
lymph nodes, and posterior cervical group will be
enlarged 7 days before rash appearance and it
continues 10-14 days after the rash. Some times
no lymphadenopathy.
35. CLINICALFEATURES
• a) RASH: Appears first on face. Rash is
like minute, discrete, pinkish, macular rash
and not confluent. Rash spreads to trunk and
extremities. Rash disappears by 3 rd day.
• b) COMPLICATIONS:
• - Arthralgia
• - Encephalitis (rare)
• - Thrombocytopenia purpura
• Congenital anomalies of newborn baby
36. DIAGNOSIS OF RUBELLA
• By virus isolation and serology.
1. - Throat swabs should be cultured for virus
isolation. Most widely used test is
haemagglutination inhibition test (HAI).
• - 4-fold rise in HI antibody titer in paired sera
or presence of – IgM in a single serum sample
after 2 weeks of rash is diagnostic of rubella.
• - More sensitive serological tests include
Elisa test and radio immune assay.
37. Congenital Rubella Syndrome
• Refers to infants born with defects secondary to
intrauterine infection or with defects some time after birth.
Congenital infection is diagnosed by
- Rubella infection inhibits cell division. – reason for
congenital malformation and low birth weight.
38. CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME
• - Common congenital defects are
deafness, cardiac malformations,
cataracts, glaucoma, retinopathy,
microcephalus, cerebral palsy,
IUGR, hepato – splenomegaly and
mental and motor retardation.
• The first trimester of pregnancy
infection affects the fetus and
newborn baby with congenital
defects, > abortion, stillbirth,
PDA, cataract and deafness
39. PREVENTION
• Active immunization with live attenuated vaccine.
• RUBELLA VACCINE: 1979 – RA 27/3 vaccine (human
diploid fibroblast) – produces higher antibody titer with
good immune response.
• Administration in a single dose 0.5 ml S.C
• Sero conversion occurs in more than 95% vaccinees.
Immunity persists for 14-16 yrs.
• Infant should not be vaccinated.
• Pregnancy – is contra indication for immunization.
• Recipients of the vaccine should be advised not to
become pregnant for next 3 months
40. Vaccination strategy
• Combined vaccine MMR.
VACCINATION STRATEGY:
• - First to protect women of child bearing age
(15-34/39)
• Then interrupt transmission of rubella by
vaccinating all children 1-14 yrs.
• Subsequently all children at one-year age.
41. 41
Prevention of Rubella
Immunization
• Rubella vaccine: RA 27/3 strain,0.5 ml,
SC,Life long immunity in 95%
• C/I for immunization: Pregnancy
• Recipients of vaccine should be advised not to
become pregnant in 3 months after getting
vaccine
• MMR vaccine
42. 42
Vaccination strategy for Rubella
• First protect women in 15-39 yr age
• Second interrupt transmission by vaccinating
children aged 1-14 years
• Third, all children at age 1
43.
44.
45. 45
Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan 2012-2020
In 2012, the M&R Initiative launched a new Global Measles
and Rubella Strategic Plan which covers the period 2012-2020.
• By the end of 2015 the plan aims:
to reduce global measles deaths by at least 95%
compared with 2000 levels;
• To achieve regional measles and rubella/congenital
rubella syndrome (CRS) elimination goals.
• By the end of 2020 the plan aims:
to achieve measles and rubella elimination in at least 5
WHO regions.
46. 46
The strategy focuses on the implementation of 5 core components:
• Achieve and maintain high vaccination coverage with 2 doses of
measles- and rubella-containing vaccines;
• Monitor the disease using effective surveillance, and evaluate
programmatic efforts to ensure progress and the positive impact of
vaccination activities;
• Develop and maintain outbreak preparedness, rapid response to
outbreaks and the effective treatment of cases;
• Communicate and engage to build public confidence and demand
for immunization; and
• Perform the research and development needed to support cost-
effective action and improve vaccination and diagnostic tools.