Clostridium are anerobic gram positive rod shaped spore forming organisms responsible to cause various life threatening diseases in humans like Gas gangrene, Tetanus, Botulism, etc
Pseudomonas is a type of bacteria that can cause infections. Pseudomonas is a common genus of bacteria, which can create infections in the body under certain circumstances. There are many different types of Pseudomonas bacteria
Clostridium are anerobic gram positive rod shaped spore forming organisms responsible to cause various life threatening diseases in humans like Gas gangrene, Tetanus, Botulism, etc
Pseudomonas is a type of bacteria that can cause infections. Pseudomonas is a common genus of bacteria, which can create infections in the body under certain circumstances. There are many different types of Pseudomonas bacteria
Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. The major treponeme species of human pathogens is Treponema pallidum, whose subspecies are responsible for diseases such as syphilis, bejel, and yaws.
The Paramyxoviridae is a family of single-stranded RNA viruses known to cause different types of infections in vertebrates. Examples of these infections in humans include the measles virus, mumps virus, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. The major treponeme species of human pathogens is Treponema pallidum, whose subspecies are responsible for diseases such as syphilis, bejel, and yaws.
The Paramyxoviridae is a family of single-stranded RNA viruses known to cause different types of infections in vertebrates. Examples of these infections in humans include the measles virus, mumps virus, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
The presentation provide in depth knowledge about two of the most affecting bacteria to human health. They are Neisseria ( causing gonorrhea and Meningitis) and Shigella ( Diarrhea)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the obligate human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted disease (STD) gonorrhea. This Gram-negative diplococci/gonococci does not infect other animals or experimental animals and does not survive freely in the environment. The gonococcal infection occurs in the upper or lower tract, pharynx, ophthalmic area, rectum, and bloodstream. During the 1980’s gonorrhea was also referred to as “the clap” when public awareness was quite minimal. This was one of the venereal diseases prostitutes hoped to contract since it resulted in infertility by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). As documentation, diagnostic testing, and public awareness improved, there has been a decline in incidence reports, however, it is still considered a very common infectious disease.
Dr. Diwan Mahmood Khan, Assistant Professor of Microbiology,
MCDRC, Durg, Chattisgarh, India.
Topic: Opportunistic Mycoses- Candidiasis or Candidosis
For Medical Student: MBBS and BDS
paracoccidiodiomycosis- its a acute subacute chronic ,systemic fungal infection
mainly effect respiratory system from there disseminated to various body parts.
Neisseria is a large genus of bacteria that colonize the mucosal surfaces of many animals. Of the 11 species that colonize humans, only two are pathogens, N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae.
Nematodes” are Round worms
Most nematodes are free living in fresh water, sea water and soil.
Are elongated bilaterally symmetrical, Non-segmented cylindrical worms, tapering at both the ends.
Sexes are separate (diecious), male is smaller than female & its posterior end is curved ventrally.
Females are either Viviparous (produces larvae/ embryo), Oviparous (lay egg) or ovo-viviparous (lays eggs which hatches immediately)
Lives in intestinal tract or tissues.
The name is derived from Greek word,
Trypano means (borer)
Soma means (body)
They are unicellular flagellate protozoa.
Have corkscrew like motion.
Oftenly transmitted by a vector.
Pneumococci are normal commensals of the upper respiratory tract
Important pathogen of pneumonia & otitis media
Reclassified as Streptococcus pneumoniae
Differ from Streptococci in morphology, bile solubility, optochin sensitivity & capsule
Oldest disease known to mankind
First described in ancient Indian
texts as “Kustha roga” attributed ]
to curse from God
Leper : Greek “scaly”
Hansen’s Disease – 1873 Norwegian Armauer Hansen discovered that leprosy is caused by bacterium - Mycobacterium leprae
Albert Neisser (1879) – stained the organism with fuchsin & gentian violet ( AFB )
Largest viruses that infect vertebrates
Can be seen under light microscope
Poxvirus diseases are characterized by skin lesions – localized or generalized
Important diseases caused by poxviruses are-
Smallpox
Monkeypox
Cowpox
Tanapox
Molluscum contagiosum
bacterial Growth curve and nutrition of bacteria.pptNCRIMS, Meerut
The bacterial cell contains water (80% of total weight), proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, mucopeptides and low molecular weight compounds. For growth and nutrition of bacteria, the minimum nutritional requirements are water, a source of carbon, a source of nitrogen and some inorganic salts.
A type of virus that causes herpes infections and has DNA as its genetic material. There are two types of human herpesviruses. Infections with type 1 viruses cause cold sores on the lips or nostrils. Infections with type 2 viruses cause sores on the genitals (external and internal sex organs and glands).
HPV can cause cervical and other cancers, including cancer of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. It can also cause cancer in the back of the throat (called oropharyngeal cancer). This can include the base of the tongue and tonsils. Cancer often takes years, even decades, to develop after a person gets HPV.
polio virus lecture for MBBS
The picornaviruses are small (22 to 30 nm) nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses with cubic symmetry. The virus capsid is composed of 60 protein subunits, each consisting of four poly-peptides VP1–VP4. Because they contain no essential lipids, they are ether resistant. They replicate in the cytoplasm.
Prokaryote cells grow by increasing in cell number (as opposed to increasing in size).
Replication is by BINARY FISSION, the splitting of one cell into two
Therefore, bacterial populations increase by a factor of two (double) every generation time
The time required to for a population to double (doubling time) in number.
Ex. Escherichia coli (E. coli) double every 20 minutes
Ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis double every 12 to 24 hours
In 1900, Jules Bordet along with Octave Gengou observed a small ovoid bacterium in the sputum of a 5 month old child suffering from pertussis, or whooping cough.
The bacterium was similar to Haemophilus influenza but showed distinct morphological characterstic which led Bordet and Gengou to consider it as a separate species.
The organism was unable to be isolated and cultivated on ordinary blood agar plates.
Six years later, Bordet and Gengou suceed in making a selective media called Bordet and Gengou (BG) medium, which helped in isolating this fastidous bacteria.
this ppt well describes the principle, procedure, modification, usage and limitations of gram's staining.
it is a differential staining method used in bacteriology laboratory
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
A virus is an obligate intracellular parasite containing genetic material surrounded by protein
Virus particles can only be observed by an electron microscope
Most viruses range in sizes from 20 – 250 nanometers
Protozoa of this group possess one or more whip like flagella as their organs of locomotion
Classification
According to their habitat
Lumen dwelling flagellates
Alimentary canal – Intestinal flagellates
Urogenital tract – Genital flagellattes
2.Hemoflagellates - flagellates found in blood and tissues
Pathogenic:
Intestinal flagellates - Giardia lamblia Duodenum, Jejunum -Diarrhoea.
Genital flagellates - Trichomonas vaginalis Vagina, Urethra -Vaginitis , Urethritis
Non pathogenic:
Trichomonas tenax ( Mouth)
Trichomonas hominis ( Caecum).
Enteromonas hominis ( Colon)
Dientamoeba fragilis( Colon)
Viruses that infect and parsitized bacteria is known as bacteriophage.
It was discovered by Frederick.W.Twort in Great Britian (1915) and Felix d’ Herelle in France(1917).
D’ Herelle coined the term bacteriophage meaning ‘bacterial eater’ to describe the agent’s bacteriocidal activity. He observed lysis of a broth culture of a dysentry bacillus.
DNA molecule is composed of 2 strands of complementary nucleotides bound together by a double Helix.
Bacterial nucleus contains circular chromosome of a double strand DNA molecule of 1000um (1mm) long when straightened.
Each strand have a backbone of deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups
There are 4 nitrogenous bases
Two purines- adenine(A) and guanine(G)
Two Pyrimidines- thymine(T) and cytosine(C)
One of these four nitrogenous bases is attached to each deoxyribose (sugar)
The two stands are held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases on the opposite strands
during this ppt of microscopes we will be able to know
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
VARIABLES USED IN MICROSCOPY
VARIOUS TYPES OF MICROSCOPES
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE - Structure and Function
USE OF MICROSCOPE
CARE OF MICROSCOPE
defintion
A microscope (Greek: micron = small and scopos = aim)
MICROSCOPE - An instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye
MICROSCOPY - The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
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2. GRAM NEGATIVE COCCI
Genus-Neisseria
• (a) N. gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus)
• (b) N. meningitidis (Meningococcus)
Genus–Moraxella
• M. catarrhalis-Gm-ve diplococci, infections of
respiratory system, middle ear, eye, CNS and joints;
disease usually of immunocompromised hosts
Genus-Acinetobacter
Non motile coccobacilli, encapsulated and oxidase
negative; widely distributed in nature & part of
normal flora hence isolation does not alone signify
etiology. Can infect any organ, tissue.
3. Neisseria
• The genus Neisseria consists of Gram negative, aerobic,
catalase & oxidase positive, non-motile diplococci (arranged
in pairs).
• Pathogenic
• Non-Pathogenic (commensals).
Pathogenic species:
-N. meningitidis (pyogenic menigitis)
-N. gonorrhoeae (gonorrhoea)
Non-pathogenic species:
-N. flavescens
-N. sicca
N. subflava
4. Neisseria Meningitidis ( meningococcus)
First isolated by Weichselbaum in 1887, from
the spinal fluid of a patient.
Morphology:
• They are gram negative, spherical or oval
cocci,
• 0.6-0.8 μm in size,
• arranged in pairs with the adjacent sides
flattened.
• Non-motile.
• Generally intracellular when isolated from
lesions.
.
5. Culture media:
• They are fastidious organism.Do not grow on ordinary
media.
• Growth occurs on media enriched with blood or serum.
These substances promote growth by providing additional
nutrients. Blood agar, Chocolate agar and Mueller-Hinton
agar are commonly used media.
• Selective media: Thayer Martin medium with antibiotics
(Vancomycin, Colistin, Nystatin & Trimethoprim), Martin-
Lewis (ML) medium & New-York City(NYC) medium
6. Thayer-Martin agar (or Thayer-Martin medium)
• Mueller-Hinton agar with 5% chocolate sheep blood and antibiotics.
It is used for culturing and primarily isolating pathogenic Neisseria
bacteria, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae It usually contains the
following combination of antibiotics called VCN inhibitor:
• Vancomycin, which is able to kill most Gram-positive organisms,
although some Gram-positive organisms such as Lactobacillus and
Pediococcus are intrinsically resistant;
• Colistin, which is added to kill most Gram-negative organisms except
Neisseria, although some other Gram-negative organisms such as
Legionella are also resistant;
• Nystatin, which can kill most fungi.
• Trimithoprim, which inhibits Gram-negative organisms, especially
swarming proteus
7. Culture media (cont.)
Thayer Martin medium & Martin-Lewis (ML) medium are
Chocolate based media, while New-York City(NYC)
medium is a clear peptone-cornstarch agar based
medium.
All the three media contain antibiotics to inhibit bacteria,
yeasts & molds. These media can be used to grow
*N. gonorrhoeae.
They are strict aerobes & can’t grow anaerobically. The
optimum temperature & pH for growth are 35°C-36°C &
7.4-7.6 respectively. A moist environment with 5-10% CO2
is must for the growth to occur.
On solid media, the colonies are small (1mm in diameter),
round, convex, grey, translucent with entire edges. The
colonies are butyrous in consistency & easily emulsifiable.
In liquid media, it produces granular turbidity.
8. Biochemical Reactions
• N. meningitidis is catalase & oxidase positive.
• The prompt oxidase reaction helps to identify neisseria (both
meningococci & gonococci in mixed cultures).
• Glucose & maltose are fermented with acid production but
no gas (gonococci ferment glucose but not maltose). They do
not ferment lactose or sucrose. Indole & H2S are not produced
& nitrates are not reduced.
9. Oxidase Test
When freshly prepared oxidase
reagent (1% tetramethyl paraphenylene diamine
hydrochloride) is poured on the culture
plate, neisseria colonies become
deep purple.(Oxidase-positive bacteria possess cytochrome
oxidase or indophenol oxidase (an iron-containing hemoprotein).
The test may also be performed by
rubbing bacterial growth with a loop
on a filter paper strip moistened with
the oxidase reagent. A deep purple
colour is a positive reaction.
10. Resistance
• These are very delicate organisms, being
highly susceptible to heat, dessication &
to disinfectants.
• They are susceptible to Penicillin,
Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Macrolides
& Ciprofloxacin.
• Strains resistant to Penicillin have been
reported in several countries.
11. Pathogenesis
• Cerebrospinal meningitis & meningococcal
septicemia are two main types of meningococcal
disease.
• Meningococci are strict human parasites inhabiting
the nasopharynx.
• Infection is usually asymptomatic.
• In some, local inflammation leads to rhinitis &
pharyngitis.
• Dissemination occurs only in a small proportion.
• The cocci spread from the nasopharynx to the
meninges may be directly along the olfactory nerve,
through the cribriform plate to the subarachnoid
space, or more probably, through the bloodstream.
• In certain cases the site of entry of the
meningococcus may be conjunctiva.
13. Laboratory identification
• Under light microscope (Centrifuged) CSF smear
show gram negative diplococci in association with
polymorphs.
• Carriers can be detected by culturing swabs from
nasopharyngeal region. Can be cultured easily
from CSF or blood on plain chocolate agar (as they
are normally sterile). Thayer Martin medium is
required for samples obtained from a skin lesion
or a nasophryngeal swab to eliminate
contaminating organisms.
• Meningococcus is oxidase positive and ferments
both glucose & maltose.
• CSF cytology & biochemistry gives clue.
14. TREATMENT & PREVENTION
• Penicillin/Chloramphenicol/ Cephalosporins
• Prophylaxis: Rifampicin or Ciprofloxacin
• Vaccines: Monovalent or Polyvalent(A,C,W135 and Y)
15.
16.
17. Characteristics of Neisseria gonnohorea
• Gram-negative diplococci with adjacent
sides concave (pear or bean shaped).
• Infects mucus-secreting epithelial cells
• Frequently appear as intracellular gram-
negative diplococci within
polymorphonuclear neutrophils; some
cell may contain as many as hundred
cocci.
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae fastidious
showing optimal growth on enriched
chocolate agar.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Urethral Exudates
18. Characteristics of Neisseria gonnohorea
• Gonococci posses pilli on their surface.
• Pilli facilitates adhesion of the cocci to mucosal surface &
promotes virulence by inhibiting phagocytosis.
• Infects mucus-secreting epithelial cells.
• They agglutinate human RBCs.
19. Cultural Characteristics
• Gonococci are non motile. More difficult to grow.
• Are aerobic and facultative anaerobic.
• pH 7.2-7.6 at optimum temperature 35-36℃.
• Grow well on chocolate agar, Muller Hinton agar.
• Selective medium (Thayer Martin medium)
21. 22
Transmission
•Efficiently transmitted by:
–Male to female via semen
–Female to male urethra
–Rectal intercourse
–Perinatal transmission (mother to infant)
•Gonorrhoea is associated with increased
transmission of and susceptibility to HIV
infection
22. 23
Complications in Men
• Primary site: Urethera
• Leads to Urethritis
• Swollen or tender testicles (epididymitis)
• Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI)
Gonorrhea
23. IN MEN:
Most infections among men are acute and symptomatic
with purulent discharge & dysuria (painful urination) after 2-
5 day incubation period
Male host seeks treatment early preventing serious
sequelae, but not soon enough to prevent transmission to
other sex partners
The two bacterial agents primarily responsible for urethritis
among men are N. gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia
trachomatis
24. 25
Gonorrhea Symptoms in Women
• Primary site: Vagina
• Usually asymptomatic often untreated until PID complications develop
• Inflammation of the endocervix
• Purulent vaginal discharge
• Painful urination
• Abnormal vaginal bleeding
• Pain and bleeding during sexual intercourse
25. 26
Complications in Women
•Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• May also be asymptomatic, but difficult diagnosis accounts for many false
negatives
• Can cause scarring of fallopian tubes leading to infertility or ectopic pregnancy
•Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI)
• Result of gonococcal bacteremia
• Often skin lesions
• Petechiae (small, purplish, hemorrhagic spots)
• Pustules on extremities
• Arthralgias (pain in joints)
• Septic arthritis
• Occasional complications: Hepatitis, Rarely endocarditis or meningitis
The acidic pH of vaginal secretions in female, due to the fermentation of glycogen by lactobacillus (normal
flora), renders vagina free of many pathogens.
26. 27
Gonorrhea in Infants
• A mother can pass gonorrhea to
her baby during childbirth
• Ophthalmia neonatorum
Gonorrhea
27. Laboratory Diagnosis
• Specimen:
• Discharge or Uretheral swab,
Endocervical swab
• Specimens should be processed
immediately using prewarmed culture
plate or transported in Stuart’s transport
medium.
Stuart’s transport media
28. Gram’s staining: Small, gram-negative diplococci in presence of
polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN’s) seen microscopically in
purulent urethral discharge
Susceptible to drying and cooling, so immediate culture of
specimen onto pre-warmed selective (e.g., modified Thayer-Martin,
Martin-Lewis agars) and non-selective media (chocolate blood agar)
with moist atmosphere containing 5% carbon dioxide
Laboratory Diagnosis
29. Lab Examination
• Ferment Glucose with acid only.
• Do not ferment maltose
• Oxidase positive
• Serology:
• ELISA
30. Penicillin no longer drug of choice due to:
•Continuing rise in the MIC
Uncomplicated infections: ceftriaxone, cefixime or
fluoroquinolone
Combined with doxycycline or azithromycin for dual
infections with Chlamydia
Treatment of newborns with opthalmia neonatorum with
ceftriaxone
Treatment
31.
32. Measures to limit epidemic include
Education/ Counselling
aggressive detection
follow-up screening of sexual partners
inappropriate self medication leads to
widespread of antimicrobial resistance
Prevention/ Control of Gonorrhea