This presentation is on basic virology on Enterovirus diseases. Viruses includes Coxsackie virus, entero virus 71, rota virus, polio virus. Slides are suitable for medical students and medical graduate.
This presentation is on basic virology on Enterovirus diseases. Viruses includes Coxsackie virus, entero virus 71, rota virus, polio virus. Slides are suitable for medical students and medical graduate.
Babesiosis, caused by infection with intra erythrocytic parasites of the genus Babesia, is one of the most common infections of free living animals worldwide and is gaining increasing interest as an emerging zoonosis in humans. this is a detailed study on this ......considering all the facts such as definition , management, parthenogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, prevention , etc
please comment
thank u
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
vetrinary parasitology
Introduction
Epidemiology: Distribution, Susceptible host/ Reservoirs Transmission
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis and different diagnosis: Clinical Signs and Pathology
Laboratory confirmation
Differential diagnosis
Control / Prevention: Vector Control
Vaccination
Chemoprophylaxis
Control of outbreak
Treatment
Babesiosis, caused by infection with intra erythrocytic parasites of the genus Babesia, is one of the most common infections of free living animals worldwide and is gaining increasing interest as an emerging zoonosis in humans. this is a detailed study on this ......considering all the facts such as definition , management, parthenogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, prevention , etc
please comment
thank u
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
vetrinary parasitology
Introduction
Epidemiology: Distribution, Susceptible host/ Reservoirs Transmission
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis and different diagnosis: Clinical Signs and Pathology
Laboratory confirmation
Differential diagnosis
Control / Prevention: Vector Control
Vaccination
Chemoprophylaxis
Control of outbreak
Treatment
Viral hepatitis is a systemic disease primarily involving the liver.
Hepatotropic viruses : liver is the target organ and the main site of virus replication
Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Hepatitis D virus (HDV, delta virus)
Hepatitis E virus (HEV).
Enterically:
virus is spread from person-to-person by putting something in the mouth that has been contaminated with the stool of a person with hepatitis E. This type of transmission is called "fecal-oral." For this reason, the virus is more easily spread in areas where there are poor sanitary conditions
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
2. Genome Replication
• HAV can not be propagated in the laboratory
as readily as other enteroviruses
• The virus interacts with receptors expressed
on liver cells
• Is not cytolytic and is released from liver cells
by exocytosis.
HAV : Properties of Virion
3. Resistance
HAV is resistant to
• Detergents
• Acids
• Temperature up to 60o
C
• Can survive for many months in
fresh and salt water
HAV : Properties of Virion
4. Routes of Transmission
Main Route : fecal-oral
• The virus is excreted into stool in high concentrations
• Spreads by:
° Contaminated water & food
° Dirty hands
Other Routes
• Transfusion of blood and blood products during viremia
• I.V drug abuse
HAV : Epidemiology
5. Transmission
• Most infected people are contagious before symptoms
• Outbreaks usually originate from a common source like:
° Water supply
° Restaurant
° Daycare units
• Higher incidence of HAV infection is directly related to:
° Poor hygienic conditions &
° Over-crowding.
HAV : Epidemiology
8. HAV : Clinical Features
Incubation period
• Between 3-5 weeks
Clinical features
• Many infections are asymptomatic
• Initial symptoms include fever, fatigue, nausea,
loss of appetite and abdominal pain
• Jaundice is common
• HAV is nearly always self limiting
• Complications such as fulminant hepatitis are rare
• Mortality : about 1/1000
9.
10. HAV : Diagnosis
• Clinical symptoms
• The identification of a known infected source
• Immune electron microscopy for HAV feces
• HAV IgM & IgG measured by ELISA or RIA
• Clinical symptoms
• The identification of a known infected source
• Immune electron microscopy for HAV feces
• HAV IgM & IgG measured by ELISA or RIA
11. HAV : Prevention and control
• Proper hygienic measures
IMMUNIZATION
A. Passive immunization
• Immunoglobulins : Given before or shortly after exposure
• Can prevent infection in the next 3-6 months
B. Active immunization with
Hepatitis A vaccine
• There is only one serotype of HAV
• A killed HAV vaccine is available
Routine hepatitis A vaccination for children aged 12 to 23
months and for adults who are at high risk for infection.
12. Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)
Taxonomy and structure
• Belongs to family Caliciviridae.
Epidemiology and control
• World-wide distribution
• Predominantly spreads by fecal-oral route
• Especially through contaminated water
13.
14.
15. HEV : Pathogenesis &
Clinical Syndromes
• Are similar to that of HAV
• Causes only acute disease
• Incubation period is longer
• HEV infection is specially serious in
pregnant women with a mortality rate of 20%
16. Hepatitis G Virus (HGV)
• Resembles HCV in many aspects
• Belongs to the family Flaviviridae
• Probably has a predilection for chronic disease
• So far, HGV infection can only be diagnosed
by detection of genome by PCR.
