Tetanus
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Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria which form spores that can contaminate wounds. The bacteria release toxins that prevent inhibitory neurotransmitters, causing painful muscle spasms. There are several forms including generalized tetanus with whole body spasms and lockjaw, local tetanus near the wound, and neonatal tetanus in infants. Treatment involves antitoxins to neutralize toxins, antibiotics to prevent further toxin production, and muscle relaxants to control spasms. Prevention focuses on proper wound care and active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines.
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![TETANUS
[ANCIENT GREEK: ΤΈΤΑΝΟΣ TETANOS "TAUT"]
• Clostridium tetani
• Anaerobic Gram Positive ,Motile, Non capsulated,
Rod shaped, Spore forming bacteria-Drum Stick
Appearance.
• Forms Endospores, in hospital environment,soil,
dust and feces of many animals](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Tetanus
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria entering the body through a wound. The bacteria produces a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin that causes painful muscle spasms and rigidity. Symptoms typically begin with lockjaw and stiffness of the neck muscles before becoming generalized. The disease is often fatal if untreated. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms, though the bacteria can sometimes be identified from wound samples. Treatment involves antitoxin administration to neutralize the toxin along with antibiotics. Prophylaxis through active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines or passive immunization with antitoxin is important to prevent occurrence.
Tetanus
Tetanus is caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani entering the body through wounds and breaks in the skin. It produces a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin that causes painful muscle spasms and rigidity. The document outlines the history and identification of C. tetani as the causative agent. It describes the typical symptoms of tetanus including lockjaw, risus sardonicus, and opisthotonos. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, immunoglobulins, and managing symptoms. The disease is preventable through active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines.
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Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and results in painful muscle spasms. It is characterized by three main types: generalized, localized, and neonatal. The bacteria forms spores that can survive in soil for years and enter the body through wounds. The toxin it produces is transported to the central nervous system where it blocks neurotransmitter release, causing spasms. Treatment involves wound cleansing, antitoxin administration to neutralize toxin, antibiotics, and medications or paralysis to control spasms while providing respiratory support. Prevention centers on active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccine. Prognosis depends on factors like age, incubation period, and vaccination history.
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Tetanus
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria entering the body through a wound. The bacteria produces a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin that causes painful muscle spasms and rigidity. Symptoms typically begin with lockjaw and stiffness of the neck muscles before becoming generalized. The disease is often fatal if untreated. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms, though the bacteria can sometimes be identified from wound samples. Treatment involves antitoxin administration to neutralize the toxin along with antibiotics. Prophylaxis through active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines or passive immunization with antitoxin is important to prevent occurrence.
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1. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and is characterized by painful muscle spasms. It remains endemic in developing countries where immunization rates are low.
2. Treatment involves supportive care, eliminating ongoing toxin production through wound debridement and antibiotics, neutralizing unbound toxin with tetanus immune globulin, and immunizing against tetanus with toxoid vaccine.
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1. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani, which produces a potent neurotoxin called tetanospasmin that prevents inhibitory neurotransmitters, causing uncontrolled muscle contractions.
2. The spores can remain dormant in soil until transforming in an oxygen-poor environment, where the bacterium produces tetanolysin and tetanospasmin toxins. Tetanospasmin is transported to motor neurons and prevents inhibition, leading to tetanic spasms.
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The document discusses communicable diseases and provides details on tetanus. It defines communicable diseases as those that can be transmitted between individuals via an infectious agent. It then lists common communicable diseases and modes of transmission. The document focuses on tetanus, describing it as a medical condition caused by a toxin that leads to prolonged muscle contractions. It discusses different types of tetanus like generalized, neonatal, local, and cephalic and their associated symptoms. Prevention of tetanus is through vaccination with a tetanus toxoid booster recommended every 10 years.
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Vaccine production is a multi-step process that begins with generating an antigen from a virus or bacteria. The antigen is then isolated and purified before other components are added. Finally, the vaccine is packaged. Historically, Edward Jenner used cowpox virus against smallpox in 1796, starting the practice of vaccination. Louis Pasteur further advanced vaccines by creating the rabies vaccine in 1885.
Tetanus discussion
This document provides information about tetanus, including:
- It is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and causes prolonged muscle contractions. It enters the body through wounds.
- Symptoms include lockjaw, painful muscle spasms, and autonomic nervous system disturbances. It has a variable incubation period of 3-21 days.
- Treatment involves wound cleaning, metronidazole antibiotics, tetanus immunoglobulin, and benzodiazepines to control spasms. Prognosis depends on factors like age and time to treatment.
- Prevention is through proper wound care and immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines as part of routine childhood immun
Dr.tosif tetanus in the new born
A 5-day-old newborn presented with generalized body stiffness, inability to suck, and fever. The baby was delivered at home by a traditional birth attendant, and the umbilical cord was cut with an unsterile instrument. On examination, the baby had generalized spasms triggered by stimuli, locked jaw, tense abdomen, and an infected umbilical cord. The diagnosis was neonatal tetanus. Neonatal tetanus results from infection of Clostridium tetani spores in the umbilical stump of newborns without protective immunity from unimmunized mothers. Management involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, antitoxin, sedation, feeding via NG tube, and supportive care
BAB 7 Epidemiologi Penyakit Menular Diftheria, Pertusis dan Tetanus
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This document discusses tetanus, including its causative organism, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and prevention. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and presents with muscle rigidity, painful spasms, and autonomic dysfunction known as the tetanus triad. It is diagnosed clinically and managed by controlling spasms, neutralizing toxin, preventing further release, and supporting respiration. Active immunization through tetanus toxoid vaccines is important for prevention.
5. Tetanus.pptx
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and causes painful muscle spasms. It is characterized by muscle rigidity and spasms. The bacteria produces a neurotoxin that is transported to the spinal cord where it blocks inhibitory neurotransmitter release, causing increased muscle tone and spasms. Treatment involves wound management, antibiotics, antitoxin antibodies, sedation and management of autonomic dysfunction and spasms. Complications can include ventilator-associated pneumonia and infections from prolonged treatment.
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Tetanos : Greek word: to stretch
• First described by Hippocrates & Susruta
• Neurological disease characterized by:
Acute onset of hypertonia
Painful muscular contractions (usually of
the muscles of the jaw and neck)
Generalized muscle spasms without other apparent medical causes
• Only vaccine preventable disease that is infectious but not contagious
3
CAUSATIVE AGENT
• Caused by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI • Anaerobic
• Motile
• Gram positive bacilli
• Oval, colourless, terminal spores: tennis racket or drumstick shape
• It is found worldwide in soil, in inanimate environment, in animal faeces & occasionally human faeces.
4
Clostridium tetani Gram Stain
Round terminal spores give cells a “drumstick” or “tennis racket” appearance
5
EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Tetanus is an international health problem, as spores are ubiquitous. The disease occurs almost exclusively in persons who are unvaccinated or inadequately immunized
• Entirely preventable disease by immunization
• Tetanus occurs worldwide but is more common in hot, damp climates with soil rich in organic matter
6
EPIDEMIOLOGY IN NEPAL
• Tetanus is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Nepal
• To control tetanus government of Nepal has introduced EPI in 1979 which
significantly reduced the burden of VPDs including tetanus
• Different programs like maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination program, safe motherhood program, tetanus toxoid (TT) campaign, training to birth attendants, health education etc. are being conducted by GON
• NT has been eliminated in Nepal since 2005. Now Nepal is aiming at controlling tetanus and sustaining NT elimination status
• According to the latest WHO data published in 2018 Tetanus Deaths in Nepal reached 251 or 0.15% of total deaths. The age adjusted Death Rate is 1.06 per 100,000 of population ranks Nepal #36 in the world.
7
STUDY CONDUCTED AT BPKIHS
• Over 22 months period from 2003 to 2005, there were 19 cases of pediatric tetanus and 5 cases of NT
• During the fiscal year 2006/2007, Morbidity at age 20-49= 43.2% of cases, Pediatric tetanus= 26.3% cases
8
TRANSMISSION
• Tetanus is not transmitted from person to person.
• Spores are introduced into wounds through trauma, surgeries and
injections, or chronic skin lesions and infections:
• Incubation period: 3 days to 3 weeks (median 7 days) ( Depends upon the site of injury)
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• Shorter incubation periods (<7 days) along with delays in seeking treatment are associated with fatal outcomes.
• Outbreaks of tetanus related to injuries associated with natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis have been documented
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HOST FACTORS
• Age: active age (5-40 years), New born baby, Female during delivery or abortion
• Sex: Higher incidence in males than females
• Occupation: Agricultural workers are at higher risk
• Rural-Urban difference: Incidence in urban areas is much lower than in rural areas
• Immunity: Herd immunity does not protect the individual
• Environmenta
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Neonatal tetanus is an acute, potentially lethal disease of the nervous system caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria. It typically appears within 3-4 days of birth as difficulty feeding and muscle stiffness. Risk factors include inadequate maternal immunization, unsterile umbilical cord cutting, and applying foreign materials to the umbilical cord. Treatment involves cleaning the umbilical cord, antibiotics, antitetanus immunoglobulin, and medications to manage muscle spasms. Prevention focuses on immunizing mothers and improving clean delivery practices.
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1. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria entering the body through a wound and releasing a toxin that causes muscle rigidity.
2. It has an incubation period of 6-10 days on average. Signs include muscle spasms, lockjaw, and difficulty swallowing.
3. Treatment involves tetanus immunoglobulin, antibiotics, sedatives, and supportive care like ventilators. Prevention is through vaccination and proper wound care.
Presentation on Tetanus Disease
Tetanus an neurological disease characterized by an acute onset of hypertonia, painful muscular contractions (usually of the muscles of the jaw and neck), and generalized muscle spasms without other apparent medical causes.
Tetanus
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria, whose spores can survive in soil for decades. The spores enter the body through wounds and produce a toxin that causes painful muscle spasms. It is diagnosed based on symptoms and treated with antibiotics, tetanus immune globulin, muscle relaxants, and vaccination to prevent future illness. Widespread childhood immunization programs have reduced cases in many countries.
clostridium tetani
Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive, spore-forming rod-shaped bacterium that causes tetanus. It forms spores that are resistant to heat, chemicals, and oxygen. The spores can survive in soil and animal feces. The bacterium enters through wounds and produces a toxin called tetanospasmin that causes painful muscle spasms. Symptoms include lockjaw, back arching, and risus sardonicus. Tetanus has an incubation period of 4-14 days and is often fatal if not properly treated with a tetanus toxoid vaccine, wound cleaning, and medication.
Tetanus and gas gangrene.pptx
This document provides guidance on using a PowerPoint presentation on tetanus. It recommends showing blank slides first to elicit what students already know, then presenting the information. It also describes clinical features of tetanus such as muscle spasms, types of tetanus like neonatal, and treatments including wound cleaning, antitoxin, antibiotics and vaccination.
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Snakebite is a medical emergency in rural India caused mainly by four venomous snake species. Poisonous snakes can be identified by small head scales, large belly scales, a compressed tail, and two fangs. The most common types are cobras, kraits, Russell's vipers, and saw-scaled vipers. Snake venom causes neurotoxicity or vasculotoxicity depending on the species. First aid involves reassuring the patient, immobilizing the bite area, seeking immediate medical help, and avoiding tourniquets. At the hospital, antivenom is administered along with treatment of symptoms like local swelling, neurotoxicity, and anticoagulant effects. Complications can include paralysis, bleeding disorders,
Neonatal tetanus
Neonatal tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria entering the body through a wound. It produces a neurotoxin that causes painful muscle spasms. It is most common in newborns of unvaccinated mothers, especially through infections of the umbilical stump. Symptoms include trismus (lockjaw), difficulty swallowing, and generalized muscle spasms. Treatment focuses on wound cleaning, tetanus immunoglobulin, controlling spasms with medications, antibiotics, and supportive care. Prevention relies on tetanus toxoid vaccination of pregnant mothers and newborns. With proper immunization and hygiene, tetanus is completely preventable.
Tetanus.ppt
Tetanus is caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani entering the body through wounds and producing a toxin that causes painful muscle spasms. It is found worldwide in soil and animal waste. The spores can live for years in the body until an injury provides an anaerobic environment for the bacteria to grow. The toxin travels up motor neurons to the spinal cord where it blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters, causing sustained muscle contractions. Symptoms include lockjaw, arching of the back, and risus sardonicus. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, antitoxin antibodies, and supportive care. Tetanus is preventable through active immunization with the tetanus toxoid vaccine as part of
Tetanus.ppt
Tetanus is caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani entering the body through wounds and producing a toxin that causes painful muscle spasms. It is found worldwide in soil and animal waste. The spores can live for years in the body until an injury provides anaerobic conditions for the bacteria to grow. The toxin travels to motor neurons and prevents inhibitory signals, causing constant muscle contraction. Symptoms include lockjaw, arching of the back, and risus sardonicus. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, antitoxin antibodies, and supportive care. Tetanus is preventable through active immunization with the tetanus toxoid vaccine as part of routine childhood immunization schedules and bo
Tetanus
- Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and the tetanus toxin. It causes painful muscle spasms and is potentially fatal.
- It is more common in developing countries and transmission occurs through wounds contaminated with tetanus spores. Incubation is usually 6-10 days.
- Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics to kill bacteria, immunoglobulins to neutralize toxin, and intensive supportive care including medication and ventilation to control seizures and breathing difficulties. Prevention relies on tetanus toxoid immunization and proper wound care.
Neonatal tetanus
Neonatal tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani spores entering the body through a wound. The spores produce a neurotoxin that causes painful muscle spasms. It most commonly affects newborns through unclean umbilical cords or delivery practices. Clinical features include lockjaw and painful muscle spasms. Management focuses on sedation, antibiotics, antitoxin administration, wound care, and supportive measures like ventilation. Prognosis depends on quality of care but mortality can exceed 60% without treatment and 20-50% with treatment. Prevention emphasizes clean delivery practices, mother and child immunization against tetanus.
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Clostridium tetani produces two toxins - tetanolysin and tetanospasmin. Tetanolysin is a haemolysin that causes cell lysis, while tetanospasmin is one of the most potent neurotoxins known. Tetanospasmin is cleaved into a heavy chain that binds to neurons and a light chain with endopeptidase activity. It is transported into inhibitory interneurons where the light chain cleaves synaptobrevin, blocking neurotransmitter release and causing generalized muscle spasms characteristic of tetanus. Clinical features include trismus, risus sardonicus and opisthotonus. Tetanus is distinguished from botul
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Tetanus
- 1. TETANUS Nikhil Vasan Arulmany Guided By Dr.Rajashekaran Pillai
- 2. TETANUS [ANCIENT GREEK: ΤΈΤΑΝΟΣ TETANOS "TAUT"] • Clostridium tetani • Anaerobic Gram Positive ,Motile, Non capsulated, Rod shaped, Spore forming bacteria-Drum Stick Appearance. • Forms Endospores, in hospital environment,soil, dust and feces of many animals
- 5. Transmission • Wound contaminated with spores • Anaerobic enviornment • Germination of spores • Release of toxins Tetanospasmin (neurotoxin) Tetanolysin ( hemolysin)
- 6. PATHOGENESIS Tetanospasmin and Tetanolysin (exotoxin) • Produced locally, Released into bloodstream • Affinity for motor nerve endings and nerve cells of anterior horn of spinal cord •Inhibit inhibitory interneuron (RENSHAW Cell) •Tetanolysin Causes Hemolysis.
- 7. PATHOGENESIS CONTD… Prevents • Release of inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA and Glycine in synapses of anterior horn cells - ascend to CNS • Result in uncontrolled stimulation of skeletal muscles ,manifest as spasms, rigidity, convulsions.
- 8. SYMPTOMS • May begin from 2 days to several weeks after the injury – USUALLY 1 WEEK • Remember Shorter the incubation period More severe the attack Worse the prognosis
- 9. CLINICAL FORMS OF TETANUS • Generalised tetanus • Local tetanus • Cephalic tetanus • Neonatal tetanus
- 10. GENERALISED TETANUS Trismus or “LOCK JAW” Painless inability to open mouth due to spasm of masseter muscles
- 12. Risus sardonicus Spasm of facial muscles (frontalis and muscles at the angle of mouth) producing characteristic grinning facies
- 15. OPHISTHOTONUS Painful spasms of neck, trunk and extremity. producing characteristic bowing and arching of back
- 20. GENERALISED TETANUS CONTD… Board – like rigidity of the abdominal muscles Severe VIOLENT painful muscle spasms Last for few minutes Occur spontaneously – induced by stimuli On moving the patient or making noise
- 21. LOCAL TETANUS • Symptoms confined to site of injury • Cramping and twisting in skeletal muscles surrounding the wound – local rigidity • Milder clinical course • Good prognosis and recovery
- 22. CEPHALIC TETANUS • Rare form of local tetanus •Usually follow head injury or ear infection • Cranial nerve involvement •Trismus and localised paralysis ,usually facial nerve, often unilateral. • Short Incubation Period,High Mortality
- 24. NEONATAL TETANUS • Usually occur as generalized form • Born to unimmunized mothers • Unsterile cutting of umbilical cord • Within 10 days of birth • Poor feeding ,rigidity and spasms • Fatal if untreated
- 26. COURSE OF ILLNESS • Generalised muscle spasms • Gradually increase in severity for 1 week • Usually last for 4 to 6 weeks • May suddenly develop Laryngospasm, Death • Risk of aspiration and Respiratory failure
- 27. DIAGNOSIS • Diagnosis is made on clinical grounds • Test any patient with wound infection and muscle stiffness
- 28. TREATMENT Neutralize toxin • Inj. Antitetanus Globulin(ATG) 3000 units I.M • Inj. Antitetanus serum 1Lakh Units (½ IM & ½ IV) after test dose of 1000 units. ”If ATG not Available or Affordable.” Prevent further toxin production • Debridement • Inj. Crytalline Penicillin 20L units 6th hourly • Inj. Metronidazole 1 gm IV (if allegic to C.P)
- 29. CONTROL SPASMS • Nurse in a quiet dark room • Avoid noise and other stimuli • I.V Diazepam and Muscle Relaxants • Continued Spasms –- Intubate and Ventilate
- 30. GENERAL MEASURES HYDRATION AND NUTRITION TREAT SECONDARY INFECTIONS VACCINATION TRACHEOSTOMY
- 31. PREVENTION Active immunization • For partially immunized, unimmunized and recovering from tetanus • Three doses at 0,1, 6 months and booster every 10 years
- 32. WOUND MANAGEMENT DEBRIDEMENT TO REDUCE RISK OF INFECTION IMMEDIATE TREATMENT WITH INJ.CRYSTALINE PENICILLIN 10L UNITS IV OR ORAL PENICILLIN FOR 7 DAYS OR ERYTHROMYCIN (IF ALLERGIC)
- 33. In Suspected Cases with contaminated or severe wounds PASSIVE IMMUNISATION Inj. human tetanus antitoxin 250 i.u I.M ACTIVE IMMUNISATION – Vaccine ( tetanus toxoid ) Inj. Tetanus Toxoid AT SEPARATE SITES IN SEPARATE SYRINGES Already immunised - Give booster of toxoid