Rubella, also known as German measles, is a mild viral illness caused by the rubella virus. It can cause serious birth defects if a pregnant woman is infected. Norman McAlister Gregg first documented the teratogenic effects of rubella in 1941. The rubella virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and causes a rash that usually lasts less than a week. Congenital rubella syndrome occurs if an infant is infected in utero and can cause deafness, heart defects, cataracts and other issues. Vaccination with the MMR vaccine is the best way to prevent rubella infection and congenital rubella syndrome.
#Rubella #German measles
Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians, Friedrich Hoffmann, in the mid-eighteenth century.
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. This disease is often mild with half of the people not realizing that they are infected. A rash may start around two weeks after exposure and last for three days.
#Rubella #German measles
Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians, Friedrich Hoffmann, in the mid-eighteenth century.
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. This disease is often mild with half of the people not realizing that they are infected. A rash may start around two weeks after exposure and last for three days.
Measles is an acute viral infection characterized by a final stage with a maculopapular rash erupting successively over the neck and face, trunk, arms, and legs, and accompanied by a high fever.
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of mumps. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Measles is an acute viral infection characterized by a final stage with a maculopapular rash erupting successively over the neck and face, trunk, arms, and legs, and accompanied by a high fever.
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of mumps. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Rubella (German measles) is a disease caused by the rubella virus. Rubella is usually a mild illness. Most people who have had rubella or the vaccine are protected against the virus for the rest of their life. Because of routine vaccination against rubella since 1970 , rubella is now rarely reported.
A brief description of viral infection: Rubella affecting children and pregnant ladies. Also called German Measles. Helpful for medical students, doctors, and nurses, dermatologists, pediatricians. Fetal rubella syndrome
Rubella is a viral disease. occurrence in pregnancy can result in congenital rubella syndrome having catastrophic consequences in the newborn child. it is a vaccine preventable disease
THIS presentation EXPLAINS biomedical waste management IN EASY WAY
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It's that time of year. The little ones are heading to school and inevitably exposed to much larger groups of children. With this also comes a higher risk of catching...
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
3. The Teratogenic property of
the infection was documented
by an Australian
ophthalmologist Norman
McAlister Gregg, in 1941
4. Rubella, commonly known as German
measles, is a disease caused by Rubella virus.
The name is derived from the Latin, meaning
little red.
Rubella is also known as German measles
because the disease was first described by
German physicians, Friedrich Hoffmann, in the
mid-eighteenth century.
5. Rubella is a disease caused by the rubella virus.
Also known as German Measles or 3 day
measles
Rubella is usually a mild illness.
Most people who have had rubella or the
vaccine are protected against the virus for the
rest of their lives.
Because of routine vaccination against rubella
since 1970 , rubella is now rarely reported
6. Rubella virus is single
stranded RNA virus
Diameter 50 – 70 nm
Enveloped Spherical
Virus multiply in the
cytoplasm of infected cell
8. • Caused by an RNA virus of the togavirus
family.
• It can be propagated in cell culture
Agent
• Large no of rubella infections are Sub- clinical.
Source of
Infection
• It is much less communicable than measles.
• It probably extends from a week before
symptoms to about a week after rash appears.
Period of
communicability
9. AGE
•Disease of childhood (3-10 years)
IMMUNITY
•One attacks results in life long immunity;
second attacks are rare.
• 40 % of women of child bearing age are
susceptible to rubella in India,
10. Disease usually occurs in a seasonal
pattern i.e. in temperate zones during
the later winter and spring, with
epidemics of every 4-9 years
11. The virus is transmitted directly from person to
person by droplet nuclei from nose and throat.
The portal of entry is via the respiratory route.
The virus can cross the placenta and infect the
foetus in uterus, leading to congenital rubella
in new born
13. Malaise
Low grade fever
Morbilliform rash
Rash starts on Face
Extremities
Rarely lasts more than 5
days
No features of the rash
give clues to definitive
diagnosis of Rubella.
14.
15. "Rubella infection in
pregnant women during
the first three months of
pregnancy may result in
the baby being born with
birth defects or
congenital rubella
syndrome.
16.
17. Occurs in Neonates and Childhood
Lasts for 13 – 15 days
Leads to development of antibodies
The appearance of antibodies
coincides the appearance of
suggestive immulogic basis for the
rash
In 20 – 50 % cases of primary
infections are subclinical
18. Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) refers to
infants born with defects secondary to
intrauterine infection.
It occurs if the infant has IgM rubella
antibodies shortly after birth or IgG antibodies
persist for more than 6 months, by the time
maternally derived antibodies would have
disappeared.
19. the most common and major defects are
deafness, cardiac malformations and cataracts.
deafness cataracts PDA
20. Other defects includes
Glaucoma
Retinopathy
Microcephalus
Cerebral palsy
Intrauterine growth retardation
Hepato-splenomegaly
Mental and motor retardation
21. Throat swab culture for virus isolation and
serology.
Haemagglutination inhibition test (HAI)
Others includes ELISA test and radio-immune
assay.
22. There is no specific treatment for Rubella;
management is a matter of responding to
symptoms to diminish discomfort.
23. Rubella vaccine is given to children at 15
months of age as a part of the MMR (measles-
mumps-rubella) immunization.
Isolation of the patient.
Strict avoidance of close contact with patient.
Vaccination to girls(11-14 years), duration of
immunity pffered being 10 years.
Other precautionary measures are needed as
applied to air borne infection.
24. The MMR vaccine is a mixture of three live
attenuated viruses, administered via injection
for immunization against measles, mumps
and rubella.
It is generally administered to children around
the age of one year, with a second dose before
starting school (i.e. age 4/5).
The second dose is not a booster; it is a dose to
produce immunity in the small number of
persons (2-5%) who fail to develop measles
immunity after the first dose.