Joints Types of joints Fibrous Joints Synovial Joints Cartilaginous Joints

1. Joints
By
Yogeshwary M. Bhongade
Assistant Professor
Kamla Neharu College of Pharmacy, Butibori, Nagpur

2. Contents
Fibrous Joints
Synovial Joints
Cartilaginous Joints

3. Joints
• A joint is an articulation between
two bones in the body and are
broadly classified by the tissue
which connects the bones.
• Joints are the areas where two or
more bones meet.
• Most joints are mobile, allowing the
bones to move.

4. Structural Classification( Binding Tissue)
1. Fibrous Joints
2. Synovial Joints
3. Cartilaginous Joints
• Fibrous joints have fibrous tissue joining the bone and these joints are
typically very strong.

5. Fibrous Joints
• Fibrous joints are joined by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich
in collagen fibers.
Characteristics of Fibrous Joints
• Fibrous joints are connected by dense connective tissue consisting
mainly of collagen.
• These joints are also called fixed or immovable joints because they do
not move.
• Fibrous joints have no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous
connective tissue.
• The skull bones are connected by fibrous joints called sutures.

6. • The skull bones of a fetus are unfused so that they can move over each other
slightly to compress skull size during birth.
• After birth, the bones slowly begin to fuse to become fixed, making the skull
bones immovable in order to protect the brain from impact.
• Syndesmoses of long bones and gomphoses of teeth are also types of fibrous
joints.
• The movement of the root within a gomphosis has a threefold effect.
Example of fibrous joints
• Sutures. Sutures are immovable joints (synarthrosis), and are only found between
the flat, plate-like bones of the skull
• Gomphoses. Gomphoses are also immovable joints
• Syndesmoses. Syndesmoses are slightly movable joints (amphiarthroses).

7. • It lessens some of the impact between the upper and lower teeth in biting.
• It also pumps blood and lymph from the periodontal membrane into the
dental veins and lymph channels and stimulates sensory nerve terminals in
the membrane to send signals to the brain centers that control the muscles
of mastication.
Sutures
• A suture is a type of fibrous joint (synarthrosis) bound by Sharpey’s fibers
that only occurs in the skull (cranium).
Fibrous Joints:
• The adult skull is normally made up of 22 bones.
• Except for the mandible, all are joined together by sutures, semi-rigid
articulations formed by bony ossification.
• The presence of Sharpey’s fibers permit a little flexibility.

8. Synovial joint
• A synovial joint or diarthrosis occurs at articulating bones to allow
movement.
• It is distinguished by a surrounding synovial capsule.
• A synovial joint, also known as a diarthrosis, is the most common and
most movable type of joint in a mammal’s body.
• Diarthroses are freely movable articulations. In these joints, the
contiguous bony surfaces are covered with articular cartilage and
connected by ligaments lined by synovial membrane.
• The joint may be divided, completely or incompletely, by an articular
disk or meniscus, the periphery of which is continuous with the fibrous
capsule while its free surfaces are covered by synovial membrane.

9. Types of synovial Joints
The different types of synovial joints are-
• The ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint),
• Hinge joint (knee),
• Pivot joint (atlantoaxial joint, between C1
and C2 vertebrae of the neck),
• Condyloid joint (radiocarpal joint of the
wrist),
• Saddle joint (first carpometacarpal joint,
between the trapezium carpal bone and the
first metacarpal bone, at the base of the
thumb),
• Plane joint (facet joints of vertebral column,
between superior and inferior articular
processes).

10. Cartilaginous joints
• Cartilaginous joints connected by hyaline cartilage are termed
synchondroses.
• Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage
(fibrocartilage or hyaline).
• Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than
a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint.
• The joint between the manubrium and the sternum is an
example of a cartilaginous joint.
• This type of joint also forms the growth regions of immature
long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column.

11. Classification of Cartilaginous joints

12. Functional Classification (Movement)
1. Synarthrosis
2. Amphiarthrosis
3. Synovial Joint (Diarthrosis)

13. Synarthroses
• Synarthroses are immovable joints. The singular form is synarthrosis.
• In these joints, the bones come in very close contact and are separated
only by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue.
• The sutures in the skull are examples of immovable joints.

14. Amphiarthroses
• Slightly movable joints are called amphiarthroses. The singular form is
amphiarthrosis. In this type of joint, the bones are connected by hyaline
cartilage or fibrocartilage.
• The ribs connected to the sternum by costal cartilages are slightly
movable joints connected by hyaline cartilage.
• The symphysis pubis is a slightly movable joint in which there is a
fibrocartilage pad between the two bones.
• The joints between the vertebrae and the intervertebral disks are also of
this type.

15. Diarthroses
• Most joints in the adult body are diarthroses, or freely movable joints. The
singular form is diarthrosis.
• In this type of joint, the ends of the opposing bones are covered with hyaline
cartilage, the articular cartilage, and they are separated by a space called the
joint cavity.
• The components of the joints are enclosed in a dense fibrous joint capsule. The
outer layer of the capsule consists of the ligaments that hold the bones together.
• The inner layer is the synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid into the
joint cavity for lubrication. Because all of these joints have a synovial
membrane, they are sometimes called synovial joints.

16. Types of joint on the basis of Anatomical
1. Ball and Socket Joint
2. Condyloid Joints
3. Gliding Joints
4. Hinge Joint
5. Pivot Joint
6. Saddle Joint

17. Type of joints movement
1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Hyperextension
4. Dorsiflexion
5. Plantar Flexion
6. Abduction
7. Rotation
8. Circumduction
9. Supination
10. Pronation
11. Eversion
12. Inversion
13. Elevation
14. Depression

19. Thank You