A joint is the site at which any two or more bones articulate or come together, meaning the ends or edges of the bones are held together by connective tissues. It may allow flexibility and movement of the skeleton. With the exception of the Hyoid bone, every bone in the body is connected to or form joints. There are total 230 joints in the body. Structural Classification of joints: FIBROUS JOINT/ FIXED JOINT CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS SYNOVIAL JOINTS The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility found between the adjacent bones. Joints are thus functionally classified as a Synarthrosis or immobile joint, Amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, Diarthrosis, which is a freely moveable joint

1. JOINTS
PRESENTED BY
MS. PRANALI CHANDURKAR
ASST. PROFESSOR
DRGIOP, AMRAVATI

2. INTRODUCTION
◦ A joint is the site at which any two or more bones articulate or come
together, meaning the ends or edges of the bones are held together by
connective tissues.
◦ It may allow flexibility and movement of the skeleton.

3. ◦ With the exception of the Hyoid bone, every bone in the body is connected
to or form joints.
◦ There are total 230 joints in the body.

4. STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
◦ FIBROUS JOINT/ FIXED JOINT
◦ CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS
◦ SYNOVIAL JOINTS

5. FIBROUS JOINTS
◦ Bones forming these joints are linked with tough, fibrous tissue/dense connective tissue.
◦ Fibrous joints are divided into three types:
a) Suture
b) Syndesmosis
c) Gomphoses

6. a. Suture:
◦ Found between the bones of the skull.
◦ They are completely immovable
◦ E.g., Joints between skull bones

7. 2. Syndesmosis:
◦ A syndesmosis is a type of fibrous joint in which two parallel bones are
united to each other by fibrous connective tissue.
◦ The gap between the bones may be narrow, with the bones joined by
ligaments, or the gap may be wide and filled in by a broad sheet of
connective tissue called an interosseous membrane.
◦ E.g., Interosseous radioulnar joint, Interosseous tibiofibular joint

8. 3. Gomphosis
◦ A gomphosis is the specialized fibrous joint that anchors the root of a
tooth into its bony socket within the maxillary bone (upper jaw) or
mandible bone (lower jaw) of the skull.
◦ A gomphosis is also known as a peg-and-socket joint.
◦ Spanning between the bony walls of the socket and the root of the
tooth are numerous short bands of dense connective tissue, each of
which is called a periodontal ligament.

9. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
◦ The adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of
connective tissue.
◦ There are two types of cartilaginous joints.
1. Primary cartilaginous joint/ Synchondrosis
2. Secondary cartilaginous joints/ Symphysis

10. 1. Synchondrosis:
◦ It is a cartilaginous joint where the bones are joined
by hyaline cartilage.
◦ This joints are immovable.
◦ Example: Joint between 1st Rib and manubrium of
sternum.
◦ Joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones

11. 2. Symphysis
◦ Bones are joined by fibrocartilage.
◦ This gives symphyses, the ability to strongly unite
the adjacent bones, but can still allow for limited
movement to occur.
◦ Examples: Pubic symphysis,
Manubriosternal joint
Intervertebral disc

12. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
◦ Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body.
◦ A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint that is not seen at fibrous or cartilaginous joints is
the presence of a joint cavity.
◦ This fluid-filled space is the site at which the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other.
◦ This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly against each other, allowing for
increased joint mobility.

13. Characteristics of a Synovial Joints
◦ The articular surface are covered by thin plate of hyaline cartilage.
◦ The joint cavity is enveloped by an articular capsule which consist of fibrous capsule and inner
synovial membrane.
◦ The cavity of joint lined everywhere by synovial membrane except over articular cartilages.
◦ The cavity is filled with synovial fluid secreted by synovial membrane which provide nutrition to
articular cartilages and lubrication of articular surfaces.

14. STRUCTURE OF SYNOVIAL JOINT

15. Synovial Fluid
Thick, sticky fluid of egg-white consistency, which fills the synovial cavity. It
• Nourishes the structure within the joint cavity
• Contain phagocytes, which remove microbes and cellular debris
• Maintain joint stability
• Coats and lubricates the moving parts of joints
• Prevents the ends of bones from being separated

16. Types of Synovial Joint
1. Pivot Joint
2. Hinge Joint
3. Saddle Joint
4. Plane Joint
5. Condyloid Joint
6. Ball and Socket Joints

18. Pivot Joint
• Rounded portion of a bone is enclosed within a ring formed
partially by the articulation with another bone and partially
by a ligament.
• The bone rotates around a central axis..
• Example: atlantoaxial joint, found between the C1 (atlas)
and C2 (axis) vertebrae.
• proximal radioulnar joint.

19. Hinge Joint
• The convex end of one bone articulates with the concave end of the
adjoining bone.
• This type of joint allows only for bending and straightening motions
along a single axis
• Example: Elbow joint, with the articulation between the humerus and
the trochlear notch of the ulna. Other hinge joints of the body include
the knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints

20. Saddle Joint
• At a saddle joint, both of the articulating surfaces for the bones
have a saddle shape, which is concave in one direction and convex
in the other.
• Example: carpometacarpal joint, between the trapezium (a carpal
bone) and the first metacarpal bone at the base of the thumb.

21. Plane Joint/ Gliding Joint
• The articulating surfaces of the bones are flat or slightly curved
and of approximately the same size, which allows the bones to
slide against each other.
• The motion at this type of joint is usually small and tightly
constrained by surrounding ligaments.
• Example: carpal bones (intercarpal joints) of the wrist or tarsal
bones (intertarsal joints) of the foot,
• between the clavicle and acromion of the scapula
(acromioclavicular joint)

22. Condyloid Joint/ Ellipsoid Joint
• The shallow depression at the end of one bone
articulates with a rounded structure from an adjacent
bone or bones.
• Example: The knuckle (metacarpophalangeal) joints,
radiocarpal joint of the wrist, between the shallow
depression at the distal end of the radius bone and the
rounded scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum carpal bones.

23. Ball and socket Joint
• The joint with the greatest range of motion is the ball-and-socket joint.
• The rounded head of one bone (the ball) fits into the concave articulation
(the socket) of the adjacent bone.
• Example: The hip joint and the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
• At the hip joint, the head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the
hip bone, and at the shoulder joint, the head of the humerus articulates with
the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

24. MOVEMENT POSSIBLE AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS

25. Functional Classification of Joints
• The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility found between the
adjacent bones.
• Joints are thus functionally classified as a
1. Synarthrosis or immobile joint,
2. Amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint,
3. Diarthrosis, which is a freely moveable joint

26. • Depending on their location, fibrous joints may be functionally
classified as a synarthrosis (immobile joint).
• Cartilaginous joints are also functionally classified as either a
synarthrosis or an amphiarthrosis joint.
• All synovial joints are functionally classified as a diarthrosis joint.

27. Synarthrosis
• An immobile or nearly immobile joint is called a synarthrosis.
• This is important at locations where the bones provide protection for
internal organs.
• Examples sutures, the fibrous joints between the bones of the skull that
surround and protect the brain and
• the manubriosternal joint, the cartilaginous joint that unites the manubrium
and body of the sternum for protection of the heart.

28. Amphiarthrosis
• An amphiarthrosis is a joint that has limited mobility.
• Example: cartilaginous joint that unites the bodies of adjacent vertebrae.
Filling the gap between the vertebrae is a thick pad of fibrocartilage called
an intervertebral disc.
• Pubic symphysis of the pelvis. This joint normally has very little mobility. The
strength of the pubic symphysis is important in conferring weight-bearing
stability to the pelvis.

29. Diarthrosis
• A freely mobile joint is classified as a diarthrosis.
• These types of joints include all synovial joints of the body, which provide the majority of body movements.
• Most diarthrotic joints are found in the appendicular skeleton and thus give the limbs a wide range of motion.
• These joints are divided into three categories, based on the number of axes of motion provided by each.
• Uniaxial (for movement in one plane); Biaxial (for movement in two planes); Multiaxial joints (for movement in all
three anatomical planes).

30. A uniaxial joint only allows for a motion in a single plane (around a single
axis).
• Example: The elbow joint, which only allows for bending or
straightening.
A biaxial joint allows for motions within two planes.
• Example: metacarpophalangeal joint of the hand. The joint allows for
movement along one axis to produce bending or straightening of the
finger, and movement along a second axis, which allows for spreading
of the fingers away from each other and bringing them together.

31. Multiaxial joint (polyaxial or triaxial joint)
allows for the several directions of movement.
• Example: The shoulder and hip joints are
multiaxial joints. They allow the upper or
lower limb to move in an anterior-posterior
direction and a medial-lateral direction.

32. THANK YOU…….