1) There are three main types of muscles in the body - skeletal muscles, which are voluntarily controlled and attached to bones to enable movement; cardiac muscle found only in the heart to enable pumping of blood; and smooth muscle found in organs like the digestive tract and blood vessels to enable involuntary movement. 2) Joints can be classified based on their structure, function and region of the body. The main types of joints are fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints. Synovial joints which include hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket and saddle joints, allow the most movement.

1. Presented by
Abhilasha chaudhary

2.  Bone is one-third connective tissue.
 It is impregnated with calcium salt.

3. Bones give shape and support to the body,
and resist any forms of stress.

4.  Provides attachment of muscles, tendons,
ligaments.

5.  The skull, vertebral column and thoracic
cage protect brain, spinal cord and thoracic
and some abdominal viscera, respectively.

6.  Bone marrow manufactures blood cells.

7.  Bone marrow contains reticulo endothelial cell
which are phagocytic…

8.  Bone stores 97% of the body calcium and
phosphorus.

9.  According to shape
 Developmental bones
 Regional classification
 Structural classification

10. ACCORDING TO
SHAPE:-
 LONG BONES: Each
long bone has an
elongated shaft
(diaphysis) and two
expanded
ends(epiphysis).
Eg.humerus, femur

11.  SHORT BONES: There shape is usually
cuboid, or scaphoid. E.g. tarsal and carpal
bones

12.  FLAT BONES: Resemble shallow plates and form
boundaries of certain body cavities.eg-bones in vault of
the skull, sternum, ribs and scapula.

13.  IRREGULAR BONES: Bones that is irregular in
structure. E.g.- hip bone and bones in the base of
the skull or sphenoid and first and second
cervical vertebrae.

15.  SESAMOID BONES: These are bony nodules
found embedded in the tendons or joint
capsules.

16.  Generally not present in our body.
 Formed due to non fusion of epiphysis.
 Appearance of extra ossification centres .

18.  Axial skeleton
 Appendicular skeleton

19.  Includes skull,
vertebral column and
thoracic cage.

20.  Includes bones of the limbs e.g pectoral
girdle, free upper limb and pelvic girdle,
free lower limb.

21. COMPACT BONE
 Dense in texture .
 Extremely rigid.
 Developed in the
cortex of long bones.
CANCELLOUS OR
SPONGY OR
TRABECULAR BONE
 Open in texture
 Made up of a
meshwork or
trabeculae between
which are marrow
containing spaces.

22.  Epiphysis
 Diaphysis
 Metaphysis

24. ARTERIAL SUPPLY:
The arterial supply of a long bone is
derived from:
 Nutrient artery:
 Periosteal arteries:
 Epiphyseal arteries:
 Metaphysical arteries:

26.  AXIAL SKELTON
 Cranial Bones(8)
 Parietal (2)
 Temporal (2)
 Frontal (1)
 Occipital (1)
 Ethmoid (1)
 Sphenoid (1)

27.  Facial Bones(14)
 Maxilla (2)
 Zygomatic (2)
 Mandible (1)
 Nasal (2)
 Palatine (2)
 Inferior nasal concha (2)
 Lacrimal (2)
 Vomer (1)

28.  Auditory Ossicles(6)
 Malleus (2)
 Incus (2)
 Stapes (2)

29.  Hyoid (1)

30.  Vertebral Column(26)
 Cervical vertebrae (7)
 Thoracic vertebrae (12)
 Lumbar vertebrae (5)
 Sacrum (1)
 Coccyx (1)

31.  Thoracic Cage(25)
 Sternum (1)
 Ribs (24)

32.  Pectoral girdles
 Clavicle (2)
 Scapula (2)

33.  Upper Extremity
 Humerus (2)
 Radius (2)
 Ulna (2)
 Carpals (16)
 Metacarpals (10)
 Phalanges (28)

34.  Pelvic Girdle
 Coxal, innominate, or hip bones (2)

35.  Lower Extremity
 Femur (2)
 Tibia (2)
 Fibula (2)
 Patella (2)
 Tarsals (14)
 Metatarsals (10)
 Phalanges (28)

36. JOINTS

37.  Joint is a junction between two or more
bones or cartilage. It is a device to permit
movements.

38.  CHARACTERSTICS OF
JOINTS
 Articular surfaces are
covered with
hyaline(articular) cartilage.
 Between the articular
surfaces there is a joint
cavity filled with synovial
fluid.
 Joint is surrounded by
fibrous joint capsule lined
by synovial membrane.

39. Structural
classification
Functional
classification
Regional
classification
According to
no. of
articulating
bones
Fibrous joints Synarthrosis Skull type Simple joint
Cartilaginous
joints
Amphirthrosis Vertebral type Composed joint
Synovial joints Diarthrosis Limb type Complex joint

40. STRUCTURAL
CLASSIFICATI
ON
Fibrous joint Cartilaginious
joint
Synovial joint

41. FIBROUS JOINTS

42.  Bones are joined by fibrous tissue.
 Joints are either immovable or permit a slight
degree of movement.
 These can be grouped in the following three
subtypes.
 Sutures
 Syndesmosis
 Gomphosis

43. Sutures:
 Immovable
 Found in skull

44. Syndesmosis:-
 The bones are connected by the interosseous
ligament. E.g.inferior tibiofibularjoint.

45. Gomphosis(peg and socket joint
 e.g. root of the tooth in its bony
socket.

46. CARTILAGINOUS
JOINTS:

47. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS:
 In this type of joints the bones are joined by
cartilage.
 These are of the following two types:
 Primary cartilaginous joints (synchondrosis, or
hyaline cartilage joints.
 Secondary cartilaginous joints(Symphyses or
fibrocartilaginous joints):

48. Primary cartilaginous joints
(synchondrosis, or hyaline cartilage
joints):
 Bones are united by a plate of hyaline
cartilage so that the joint is immovable
and strong.
 e.g. Joint between epiphysis and
diaphysis of a growing long bone,
Sternocoastal joint

49. Secondarycartilaginous
joints(Symphyses or fibrocartilaginous
joints):
 Articular surfaces are covered by a thin layer of
hyaline cartilage and united by a disc of
fibrocartilage.
 Permanent and persist throughout life.
E.g.symphysis pubis, interverterbral joints.

50. SYNOVIAL JOINTS

51.  Synovial joints are most evolved, and
therefore, most mobile type of joints.
Classification of synovial joints and their
movements:-

52.  PLANE SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
 Articular surfaces are more or less flat (plane)
 Permit gliding movements (translations) in various
directions
 E.g.Intercarpal joints, Intertarsal joints.

53.  HINGE JOINT:
 Articular surfaces are pulley- shaped.
 There are strong collateral ligaments.
 Movements are permitted in one plane around
a transverse axis.
 Allows flexion and extension
 .E.g.elbow joint, Ankle joint

54.  PIVOT (TROCHOID) JOINTS:
 Articular surfaces comprise a central bony
pivot (peg) surrounded by an
osteoligamentous ring.
 Movements are permitted in one plane around
a vertical axis.
 Allows pronation and supination
 E.g. Superior and inferior radio of ulnar joints

55.  BALL AND SOCKET(SPHEROIDAL) JOINTS:
 Articular surfaces include a globular head
(male surface) fitting into a cup shaped
socket(female surface).
 Movements occur around an indefinite
number of axes which have common center.

56.  Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
medial rotation, lateral rotation, and
circumduction all occur quite freely. E.g.
Shoulder joint, Hip joint.

57.  ELLIPSOID JOINTS:
 Articular surfaces include an oval, convex, male
surface fitting into an elliptical, concave female
surface.
 Free movements are permitted around both the
axis, flexion and extension around the transverse
axis, and abduction and adduction .
 E.g.wrist joint,

58.  SADDLE JOINTS:
 Articular surfaces are reciprocally concave.
 Movements are similar to those permitted by
and ellipsoid joint, with addition of some
rotation(conjunct rotation) .
 E.g.carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

59. FUNCTIONAL
CLASSIFICATION (ACCORDING
TO THE DEGREE OF
MOBILITY)

60.  Fixed or immovable
joints
 Articular surfaces are
joined by tough
fibrous tissue
 e.g sutures of the
skull.

61.  Slight movement is
possible.
 A pad of cartilage lies
between the bones
surfaces, and there are
fibrous ligaments to hold
the bones surfaces,.
e.g. the intervertebral
discs between the bodies
of the vertebrae

62.  Freely moveable joints
 The ligaments are of elastic connective tissue.
 Eg .all synovial joints

63. REGIONAL
CLASSIFICATION

64. Skull type
 Immovable

65. Vertebral type
 Slightly movable

66. Limb type
 Freely movable.

67. ACCORDING TO NUMBER
OF ARTICULATING
BONES:-

68.  Only two bones takes part in formation of joints,
e.g. interphalangeal joints.

69.  More than two bones take parts in the formation of
joints. e.g. elbow joint, wrist joint.

70. when joint cavity is divided into two by an
intra-articular disc eg.Tempromandibular joint
and sternoclavicular joint.

71. MUSCLES

72.  Muscles are group of specialised contractile
cells, also called “FIBRES”. Its function is to
produce force and cause motion, either
locomotion or movement within internal
organs

73.  Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle

75.  LOCATION:-Usually attached to the bones of
the skeleton.e.g muscles of limb

76.  CHARACTERISTICS:-
 Attached by tendons to bones.
 Multinucleated
 Striated- have stripes, banding.
 Voluntary movement of skeletal parts.

77.  FUNCTION:
 Movement of the
skeleton
eg. movement of
limbs, fingers, toes,
neck, etc.
 Movement of
tissues of facial
expression. e.g.
ability to smile and
to frown.

78.  LOCATION:- Found mainly in the walls of
hollow organs, vessels, respiratory pathway.

80.  Function:
 Digestive system- to move food along the
gastrointestinal tract .
 Regulating the diameter of blood vessels and parts
of respiratory tract.

81.  LOCATION:-Found only in the heart

82.  CHARACTERISTICS:-
 Striations
 Branching cells
 Involuntary muscles
 Usually has a single nucleus, but can have
more than one.

83.  Function:
 Pumping of blood through the heart:
Alternate contraction and relaxation of
cardiac muscle.

86.  Muscle fibers
 Epimysium
 Fascicles
 Perimysium
 Endomysium.
 Tendon
Skeletal
muscle
fiber (cell)
endomysium
perimysium
Skeletal
muscle
Surrounded by
epimysium
epimysium

96.  Muscles are the organs that move body parts.
Your muscular system does lots of important
jobs. It helps you move, pumps your blood,
helps you digest food and even helps you
breathe.

97. 1) Compare different types of muscles.
2)Classify different types of joints.

99.  Khurana Indu and Arushi. Texbook of Anatomy
and Physiology for Nurses and Allied Health
Sciences. 1 edition. CBC publishers; 121-35.
 Derrickson Bryan H., Tortora Gerard S.
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 12
edition; vol-1. Asia 2009; 302-28.
 Wilson and Ross. Anatomy and Physiology in
Health and Illness. 10 editions. Published by
Elsevier.2009; 415-25.