a brief ppt description about cartilage which may be usefull for teaching for first year mbbs, bds and paramedical students, hope it is helpfull to everyone
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
a brief ppt description about cartilage which may be usefull for teaching for first year mbbs, bds and paramedical students, hope it is helpfull to everyone
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
Bones of lower limb (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
basic information about human body joints ( arthrology) .
topics cover under this ppt are- definition, classification and clinical anatomy of joints. this may be very helpful for the medical students for understand the basic concepts about joints.
to download this presentation from this link.
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/12/joints-of-upper-limb.html
anatomy of the upper limb joints. shoulder, elbow, wrist hand
classification of joints. example of different types of joints. different types of joints on the basis of axis of movements. clinical aspects of joints. different between arthritis.
• Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)• Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluarsubstance• Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
Bones of lower limb (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
basic information about human body joints ( arthrology) .
topics cover under this ppt are- definition, classification and clinical anatomy of joints. this may be very helpful for the medical students for understand the basic concepts about joints.
to download this presentation from this link.
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/12/joints-of-upper-limb.html
anatomy of the upper limb joints. shoulder, elbow, wrist hand
classification of joints. example of different types of joints. different types of joints on the basis of axis of movements. clinical aspects of joints. different between arthritis.
• Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)• Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluarsubstance• Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. JOINTS / ARTICULATIONS
Joints are the regions of th skeleton where two
or more bones meet and articulate. It is simply
the connective tissue present at the meeting
place between bones or cartilages
4. SOLID JOINTS
FIBROUS JOINTS (Synarthrosis)
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS (Amphiarthrosis)
MIXED SOLID JOINTS (Mixed Synarthrosis)
INTERCHONDRAL FIBROUS JOINTS (joints of
larynx and between cartilages of nose)
OSSEOCHONDRAL FIBROUS JOINTS( ribs and
sternum)
5. CAVITATED JOINTS/ SYNOVIAL
JOINTS/DIARTHROSIS
A cavity is formed with in the
connective tissue of the joint
Two bones forming the joint are united
with each other by a sleeve of
connective tissue (fibrous capsule)
Bone ends are capped by free and
smooth articular surfaces
9. SUTURES
Amount of connective tissue is minimal
Found only in skull
Movements only occurs in fetuses and
young children
In adults fibrous tissue is gradually
replaced by bone = synostosis
10.
11. Sutural tissue is known as sutural ligament or middle layer
Sutural surfaces are covered by continuation of periosteum
12. 1. SUTURES Immovable/ Fixed
There are 33 officially
recognized sutures
1.PLANE SUTURES:
opposition of two
perpendicular and
contaguous surfaces
INTERPALATINE SUTURE
INTERMAXILLARY
SUTURE
16. 2. GOMPHOSIS
“PEG AND SOCKET”
DENTOALVEOLAR
ARTICULATIONS
EACH TOOTH AND SOCKET
FORMS A JOINT WHICH IS
FILLED BY CONNECTIVE
TISSUE (LIGAMENT)
PERIODONTIUM
17.
18. 3. SYNDESMOSIS BAND LIKE
12 OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED
THE CLOSELY OPPOSED LONG SURFACES ARE CONNECTED
BY FIBROUS TISSUE
MIDDLE RADIOULNAR JOINT
MIDDLE TIBIOPFIBULAR JOINT
DORSAL PART OF SACROILIAC JOINT (LIGAMENT)
CORACOCLAVICULAR JOINT
JOINT BETWEEN VERTEBRAL ARCHES
19.
20.
21. B:CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
AMPHHIARTHROSIS
1:PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS /
SYNCHONDROSIS / TEMPORARY
JOINT IS FORMED BY A HYALINE CARTILAGE WHICH IS
TEMPORARILY PRESENT TILL THE GROWTH OF THE
BONE
They are seen between the various centers of ossification
CRANIAL SYNCHONDROSES
POSTCRANIAL SYNCHONDROSES
22.
23. CRANIAL SYNCHONDROSIS
Skull consists of many bones and each
bone has many parts which is ossified
by a separate center of ossification
SQUAMOUS PETROUS MASTOID AND
TYMPANIC PARTS OF TEMPORAL
BONES
31. SYMPHYSIS
Presence of disc of fibrocartilage
ENCASED IN HYALINE CARTILAGE
No sliding surfaces
They persist through out the life
An incomplete fibrous capsule may
surround the joint
Observed to be present in median
plane
45. ACCESSORY LIGAMENTS
ARTICULAR DISC AND MENISCI
BURSAE
LABRUM
TENDONS WITH SYNOVIAL
MRMBRANES
46.
47. Articular Cartilage
Thin layer of specialized hyaline cartilage
Wear resistant, low friction, compressible,
and elastic structure
Avascular, non nervous
48. Synovial cavity, membrane
and Fluid
Synovial membrane
Synovial villi ( pink, smooth, shiny finger like
projections)
Haversion glands
Function
1. Act like flexible cushions to fill the potential
spaces and irregularities in the joint cavity
2. Act as swabs
49.
50. Synovial fluid
Clear or pale yellow
Viscous
Lubricant and nutrient for articular
cartilage
51. Fibrous Capsule
Slightly elastic cuff like fibrous structure
Internally lined by SM
Dense irregular connective tissue but in
some regions dense regular connective
tissue is also present Capsular ligament
Extra and intracapsular epiphyseal line
Prevent dislocations and accessory
movements
52.
53. ACCESSORY LIGAMENTS
1. EXTRA CAPSULAR and
INTRACAPSULAR cruciate ligament
2. FUNCTIONS Prevent dislocations and
accessary movements
ARTICULAR DISCS
Circular rim of fibrocartilage
MENISCUS
Incomplete rim of fibrocartilage having
triangular appearance on cross section
54. FUNCTIONS
Shock absorber
Enhances the congruence
Facilitate the combined movement
Distribution of weight over large
surface area
Protection
57. Based upon complexity of organization
1.SIMPLE ( one pair of articulating surfaces are involved )
HOMOMORPHIC (AS similar, mostly plain)
INTERMETATARSAL
INTERMETACARPAL
HETEROMORPHIC (one surface is larger and convex,
other is concave and smaller)
SHOULDER JOINT
2.COMPOUND ( more than one pair of articulating surface)
ELBOW JOINT
KNEE JOINT
3.COMPLEX ( presence of disc or menisci)
KNEE JOINT
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
61. B:DEGREE OF FREEDOM of MOVEMENT
a. Joints with translation/sliding
movement (INTERTARSAL, INTERCARPAL)
b. Joint with angular movement
1.UNI-AXIAL
ELBOW JOINT
INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT
2.BI-AXIAL
WRIST JOINT
3.TRI/MULTI-AXIAL
SHOULDER JOINT
HIP JOINT
C. Joint with circumductory movement
65. C:GROSS MORPHOL0GICAL
CLASSIFICATION
PLANE (Flat articular surfaces)
INTERMETATARSAL
SOME INTERCARPAL (sliding movement)
HINGE JOINT (reciprocal convexity and concavity)
ELBOW JOINT
INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT (uniaxial)
PIVOT JOINT (uniaxial, in the form of rotation)
MEDIAN ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT
PROXIMAL RADIOULNAR JOINT
66.
67.
68.
69. BICONDYLOID uniaxial
KNEE JOINT
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
ELLIPSOID
RADIOCARPAL JOINT
METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT
Articular surfaces are longer in one plane
SADDLE
CARPOMETACARPAL JOINTS OF
THUMB
ANKLE JOINT
CALCANEOCUBOID JOINT
BALL AND SOCKET
HIP JOINT
SHOULDER
72. D:TYPES OF MOVEMENT:
1. GLIDING/SLIDING/TRANSLATION:
Plane joint
2. ANGULAR:
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
3. ROTATORY:
the bone moves along its own long axis
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO REFERENCE POINT ON
TANGENT
Medial Rotation
Lateral Rotatio
Pivot joints
73. Classification of rotation according to
axis of a bone
1.Axis may lie in separate bone (axis and
atlas)
2.Parallel or along shaft of long bone
(humerus)
3.May pass through two points of same
bone (femur)
4.Axis passes through two separate
bones (head of radius and base of ulna)
74. Classification of the rotation
according to the causative factor
a. Shape of the joint (conjunct)uniaxial
b. Muscle action,Gravity and External
forces (adjunct) biaxial
c. Simultaneous conjunct and adjunct
rotations
1.Cospin
2.Antispin
3.Nullifying swing ”
75. OPPOSITION
Caropetacarpal joint of thumb
Inversion & eversion
Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Movement of mendible
Elevation
Depression
Protrusion
Retraction
Rotation
Movement of scapula
76. Movement of scapula
Elevation
Depression
Protraction
Retraction
Forward rotation
Backward rotation
Movement of shoulder girdle
Pronation & supination
77. BLOOD SUPPLY OF JOINTS
1.ARTERIAL SUPPLY:
Epiphyseal arteries
Periarticular plexus
Circulus articularis vasculosus
2.VENOUS DRAINAGE:
Veins follow arteries
78.
79.
80. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
The lymphatics drain into the adjacent
regional veins
NERVE SUPPLY
Free nerve endings
capsule and ligament are highly sensitive
Synovial membrane less sensitive
Articular discs and cartilages
are anervous
81. HILTON’S LAW
THE MOTOR NERVE TO A MUSCLE
TENDS TO GIVE A BRANCH OF
SUPPLY TO THE JOINT WHICH THE
MUSCLES MOVES AND ALSO
INNERVATES THE SKIN OVER THE
JOINT
82. FACTORS STABILIZING SYNOVIAL
JOINTS
Nature of articulating surfaces
(Shape,size and arrangfments)
Tension of Ligaments
Tendons
Articular Discs
Tension of muscles crossing joint
Apposition of soft parts
Force of cohesion
Atmospheric pressure
83. SYNOSTOSIS
“Fusion of any type of joint with aging”
Can take place in all types of joints .eg;
>FIBROUS JOINTS:
Sutures
>CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS:
Manubriosternal joints
>SYNOVIAL JOINTTS:
Sacroiliac joints