Introduction to motor systems
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Upper motor neurons in the motor cortex and brainstem initiate and direct voluntary movements. Basal ganglia gate proper movement initiation while the cerebellum coordinates sensory and motor signals for ongoing movement. Lower motor neurons in the spinal cord integrate signals and innervate skeletal muscles. There is somatotopy in the spinal cord with more proximal muscles represented medially and distal muscles laterally. Motor units comprise a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. Slow motor units generate less force slowly while fast units generate more force but fatigue rapidly.
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The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It discusses that the nervous system begins prenatally and develops into the spinal cord and brainstem. The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord, which are encased in bone and fluid for protection. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to receptors and effectors throughout the body. It is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The autonomic system controls involuntary functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The brain is also described in terms of its main structures and functions.
Nervous system ppt
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main components and functions. It discusses that the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is further divided into the somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems. The nervous system allows for sensory functions like perception, integrative functions like processing sensory information, and motor functions like initiating movement. It describes the basic structures of the nervous system, including neurons, nerves, and sensory receptors.
The Nervous System
- The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes nerves outside the CNS.
- Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system and transmit electrochemical signals. A neuron has a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits signals to other neurons or effector cells.
- The PNS is further divided into the somatic and autonomic systems. The somatic system controls skeletal muscles and senses the external environment. The autonomic system regulates involuntary functions through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
nervous system 1.pptx
Nervous System, Central Nervous System, Brain, Fore Brain, Mid Brain, Hind Brain, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nervous System, Somatic Nervous System, Autonomic system, sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, neuron, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, endocrine glands, psychology, behavioral nervous system, ADP part 1, Punjab university APPLIED psychology
Nervous system
The nervous system has three main functions - sensory input, integration, and motor output. It is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which communicates via electrochemical signals. The central nervous system includes the brain, which is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The brain controls functions like sensory perception, movement, thinking, memory, and homeostasis. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. It is surrounded by meninges and contains gray matter and tracts of white matter. Common disorders of the nervous system include Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, dementia, and strokes.
Psy3 Chapter8 Modified
The document discusses movement and its control in the human body. There are three main types of muscles: smooth muscles that control organs, skeletal muscles that control body movement, and cardiac muscles that make up the heart. Movement requires coordination between flexor muscles that flex parts of the body and extensor muscles that extend them. Diseases like Parkinson's and Huntington's impact movement by disrupting communication between brain regions and muscles.
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- 2. › Sceletal muscles are the effector systems for somatic motor system. › Lower motor neurons innervate sceletal muscles. › Upper motor neurons exist in the motor cortex and the brainstem. › The motor cortex is the posterior part of the frontal lobe: executive functions are integrating sensory, emotion, mnemonic signals and plans for the production of behavior.
- 3. Upper motor neurons in the brainstem are involved in setting the stage for the execution of the voluntary movement. Basal ganglia are concerned with gating proper initiation of movement. Cerebellum is concerned with sensory motor coordination and ongoing movement.
- 4. Upper motor neurons (descending systems): a) Motor cortex (planing, initiating and directing voluntary movements) b) Brainstem centers (basic movements and postural control) Basal ganglia: gating proper initiation of movement Cerebellum: sensory motor coordination and ongoing movement Local circuit neurons: lower motor neuron integration Motor neuron pools: lower motor neurons Sceletal muscles Sensory inputs
- 5. › Laminae VII-IX: lower motor neurons. › Cervical enlargement: upper extremities. › Lumbosacral enlargement: lower extremities. › There is somatotopy in the ventral horn: in more medial parts of the ventral horn are the neurons that are supplying more proximal muscles of the extremity (for example, shoulder muscles of the hand). › More lateral in the ventral horn are neurons that supply more distal muscles of the extremity (for example, hand muscles).
- 7. single alfa motor neuron muscle fibers innervated by that sigle alfa motor neuron
- 8. Slow motor unit: generate less force slowly. Fast fatigue resistant: generate significant amount of force more quickly. Fast fatigable: generate much larger amount of force very rapidly.
- 9. Slow motor unit can maintain its maximum amount of force production for a very long period of time. Fast fatigue resistant motor unit can maintain its amount of force production for several minutes. Fast fatigable motor unit generate the most force very quickly, but fatigue rapidly.
- 10. Slow motor unit Standing Fast fatigue resistant Walking Running Fast fatigable Jumping Runing fast Sequential progression Fast fatigable motor units are the largest.
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