The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory.
The detail description about peripheral nervous system, neuron, its covering, types of neuron, synapses, spinal nerves, plexus, and more about cranial nerves at last not the least about somatic and autonomic nervous system. you may also find the information about types of peripheral nervous system in detail.
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory.
The detail description about peripheral nervous system, neuron, its covering, types of neuron, synapses, spinal nerves, plexus, and more about cranial nerves at last not the least about somatic and autonomic nervous system. you may also find the information about types of peripheral nervous system in detail.
The nervous system is the body's main communication system; it gathers, synthesizes, and uses data from the environment. The most basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which serves as both a sensor and communicator of internal and external stimuli.
“The right half of the brain controls the left half of the body. This means that only left handed people are in their right mind.”
Made up of brain and spinal cordActs as body’s control center, coordinates body’s activitiesImpulses travel through the neurons in your body to reach the brainCentral Nervous System is yellow in this diagram.
Made up of all the nerves that carry messages to and from the central nervous system.Similar to telephone wires that connect all of our houses in the communityCentral Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System work together to make rapid changes in your body in response to stimuli.Peripheral Nervous System is green in this diagram.
Somatic Nervous SystemRelay information between skin, skeletal muscles and central nervous systemYou consciously control this pathway by deciding whether or not to move muscles (except reflexes)Reflexes: Automatic response to stimulusAutonomic Nervous SystemRelay information from central nervous system to organsInvoluntary: You do not consciously control theseSympathetic Nervous System: controls in times of stress, such as the flight or fight responseParasympathetic Nervous System: controls body in times of rest
This presentation based on a broad overview to the human central nervous system focusing over the parts of the system, different cell types present in the system, and special terminology used in the system.
1. Central Nervous System - Functional Organization (Physiology)DrANITA4
Functional Organization of Nervous System - functions of central nervous system, spinal cord ( cross section) , cellular component of nervous system
Physiology
MBBS STUDENTS
The nervous system is the body's main communication system; it gathers, synthesizes, and uses data from the environment. The most basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which serves as both a sensor and communicator of internal and external stimuli.
“The right half of the brain controls the left half of the body. This means that only left handed people are in their right mind.”
Made up of brain and spinal cordActs as body’s control center, coordinates body’s activitiesImpulses travel through the neurons in your body to reach the brainCentral Nervous System is yellow in this diagram.
Made up of all the nerves that carry messages to and from the central nervous system.Similar to telephone wires that connect all of our houses in the communityCentral Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System work together to make rapid changes in your body in response to stimuli.Peripheral Nervous System is green in this diagram.
Somatic Nervous SystemRelay information between skin, skeletal muscles and central nervous systemYou consciously control this pathway by deciding whether or not to move muscles (except reflexes)Reflexes: Automatic response to stimulusAutonomic Nervous SystemRelay information from central nervous system to organsInvoluntary: You do not consciously control theseSympathetic Nervous System: controls in times of stress, such as the flight or fight responseParasympathetic Nervous System: controls body in times of rest
This presentation based on a broad overview to the human central nervous system focusing over the parts of the system, different cell types present in the system, and special terminology used in the system.
1. Central Nervous System - Functional Organization (Physiology)DrANITA4
Functional Organization of Nervous System - functions of central nervous system, spinal cord ( cross section) , cellular component of nervous system
Physiology
MBBS STUDENTS
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Images.com/Corbis
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Discuss the differences between the central and peripheral nervous systems, the somatic and autonomic
nervous systems, and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
• Give examples of body changes associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
• Identify the major organelles in a neuron.
• Describe how neurons differ from other cells in the body.
• Explain the differences between unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons and between motor neurons,
sensory neurons, and interneurons.
• List the functions of astroglia, microglia, radial glia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.
• Draw a picture of an action potential and describe the actions of sodium and potassium during an action
potential.
• Define summation and explain its role in the production of an action potential.
• Compare excitation and inhibition of neurons.
2
Introduction to the Nervous System
PASIEKA/Science Photo Library/Corbis
wiL81028_02_c02_031-074.indd 31 7/10/13 12:23 PM
CHAPTER 2Section 2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
Camille, a psychology major, was a junior in college when she began to experience some troubling
symptoms. Sometimes she had trouble lifting her legs when climbing stairs, and sometimes her hands
and arms stiffened when she was typing on the computer keyboard. Most troubling was the double
vision that Camille experienced when she tried to read for long periods. The words on the pages of her
textbook would swim around when she studied, making it difficult for her to focus on her reading.
During winter break, Camille made an appointment to see her doctor in her hometown. She told her
physician about her symptoms, including the intermittent weakness in her arms and legs and her
double vision. Camille’s physician ordered a number of tests for her. Before she returned to spring
semester classes, Camille learned that she had developed multiple sclerosis, a disorder in which the
covering on her nerves progressively deteriorates. When the nerves lose their protective covering,
information cannot be transmitted effectively from the brain to muscles. Thus, Camille was slowly
losing control of the muscles in her arms, legs, and head.
In this chapter we will examine the nervous system and the important cells, called neurons and
glial cells, that make up the nervous system. We will look at the function of neurons and glial cells,
and we will discuss how information is transmitted within a neuron. Later in the chapter, we will
come back to the topic of multiple sclerosis and examine the cause of this devastating disorder.
First, let’s focus on the organization of the nervous system.
2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
My son, Tony, came home from school one day and shared with me a tidbit that he had learned in his fourth-grade science class: “Systems are made of organs, organs are made of
tissues, ...
Images.com/Corbis
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Discuss the differences between the central and peripheral nervous systems, the somatic and autonomic
nervous systems, and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
• Give examples of body changes associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
• Identify the major organelles in a neuron.
• Describe how neurons differ from other cells in the body.
• Explain the differences between unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons and between motor neurons,
sensory neurons, and interneurons.
• List the functions of astroglia, microglia, radial glia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.
• Draw a picture of an action potential and describe the actions of sodium and potassium during an action
potential.
• Define summation and explain its role in the production of an action potential.
• Compare excitation and inhibition of neurons.
2
Introduction to the Nervous System
PASIEKA/Science Photo Library/Corbis
wiL81028_02_c02_031-074.indd 31 7/10/13 12:23 PM
CHAPTER 2Section 2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
Camille, a psychology major, was a junior in college when she began to experience some troubling
symptoms. Sometimes she had trouble lifting her legs when climbing stairs, and sometimes her hands
and arms stiffened when she was typing on the computer keyboard. Most troubling was the double
vision that Camille experienced when she tried to read for long periods. The words on the pages of her
textbook would swim around when she studied, making it difficult for her to focus on her reading.
During winter break, Camille made an appointment to see her doctor in her hometown. She told her
physician about her symptoms, including the intermittent weakness in her arms and legs and her
double vision. Camille’s physician ordered a number of tests for her. Before she returned to spring
semester classes, Camille learned that she had developed multiple sclerosis, a disorder in which the
covering on her nerves progressively deteriorates. When the nerves lose their protective covering,
information cannot be transmitted effectively from the brain to muscles. Thus, Camille was slowly
losing control of the muscles in her arms, legs, and head.
In this chapter we will examine the nervous system and the important cells, called neurons and
glial cells, that make up the nervous system. We will look at the function of neurons and glial cells,
and we will discuss how information is transmitted within a neuron. Later in the chapter, we will
come back to the topic of multiple sclerosis and examine the cause of this devastating disorder.
First, let’s focus on the organization of the nervous system.
2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
My son, Tony, came home from school one day and shared with me a tidbit that he had learned in his fourth-grade science class: “Systems are made of organs, organs are made of
tissues, .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Body fluids_tonicity_dehydration_hypovolemia_hypervolemia.pptx
What is the brain and how does it control the body ?
1. What is the brain and how does it
control the body?
By Hugh Jenkins SCI - 102
2. Index
• Introduction
• Misinformation about the brain
• The real story about the brain
• What should you know about your brain?
• How do signals transfer information from the brain to the
body parts?
• Physical and psychological disabilities
• Types of brain injuries
• Apps that provides exercises to help your brain maintain its
optimum health and functioning.
• Conclusion
• References
3. Misinformation about the brain
• We only use 10% of our brains. No, we use all parts of our
brain and different parts control different bodily functions.
• Our brain fully matures within the first few years. No, our
brains mature throughout our lives from conception onwards.
However, some accidents and illnesses can cause deterioration,
ie, head injuries, strokes, meningeal coccal etc.
• Brain damage is always permanent. No, there are some cases
where the brain can repair itself. The location of brain injury
and the severity of the damage determines how long it takes
for the damage to heal. The use of different types of therapy
can help individuals develop new neural connections (nerve
cells) to re-map functions to be performed by different areas of
the brain that are still healthy.
4. Misinformation about the brain
• Your brain can not make new cells. No, your brain is
constantly creating new cells so that the brain remains
healthy throughout your lifespan. Most neurons are created
before birth. However, regions such as the hippocampus (area
of the brain responsible for memory) and the olfactory bulb
(region responsible for processing smell) continue to form
new neurons throughout adulthood.
https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-anDUrp5tGz0/TW9gJ-9x_sI/AAAAAAAAAEg/Yl-a6oW6d5A/s1600/brain+%25281%2529.gif
5. The real story about the brain
• The brain is the control centre for the body. It controls and
manages physical behaviours, ie, breathing, moving and
vision, and psychological behaviours, ie, thinking, emotions
and our actions. An injury to the brain can affect almost any
function of the body and can sometimes affect personality.
• Cerebral Palsy has a variety of symptoms which depend upon
the part of the brain that is affected as seen below.
http://www.abclawcenters.com/blog/2013/10/11/placental-abruption-causes-baby-to-134890
6. The real story about the brain
• Changes in the brain can occur through injury and addiction.
• Just like the changes that can happen to the brain after injury,
the same can happen as a cause of addiction. The damages
that come from drug addiction can be fatal, in the picture
below, is the transformation of the brain in 3 months. It is
quite daunting the damage that could happen after a few
years.
7. The real story about the brain
• Brain development:
• Starts towards the end of the first month of pregnancy.
• By the second trimester of pregnancy most of the neurons in
our brains and body are formed and located in their
destined position.
• Environmental influences:
• Nutrition, ie, good quality food and fluids provide vital
vitamins, minerals for physical and mental health.
• Toxins, ie, lead, mercury, cadmium and/or pesticides can
cause deficits in learning and cognitive abilities.
• Educational influences:
• Throughout our lives our brains continue to develop
synapses that enable new skills to be learned.
8. What should you know about your brain?
The brain is part of the nervous system which controls
everything we do. There are two main sections: the central
nervous system and the peripheral nervous system:
• The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal
cord.
• The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerve fibres
that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of
the body, including the neck and arms, torso, legs, skeletal
muscles and internal organs.
11. How do signals transfer information from the
brain to the body parts?
“The brain sends messages
through the spinal cord and
nerves of the peripheral
nervous system to control the
movement of the muscles and
the function of internal organs.”
http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/neuro/conditioninfo/Pages/parts.aspx
This picture shows neurons, axons,
dendrites, neurotransmitters,
and synapses that send messages
to and from the brain.
12. How do signals transfer information from the
brain to the body parts?
• Neuron sends an electrical signal through the axon.
• At the end of the axon the electrical signal changes to a
chemical signal and becomes a neurotransmitter.
• The neurotransmitter travels through the synapse (space) to
the dendrite.
• The dendrite changes the chemical signal back to an
electrical signal to meet the next neuron.
• This process is repeated numerous times until the message
gets from the brain to the desired part of the body to
perform the required function.
13. Physical and psychological disabilities
Some examples include:
• Down syndrome: babies are born with:
• an extra 21st chromosome,
• fewer cortical neurons and synapses (spaces for learning new
things), and
• less myelin causing physical impairment and psychological
cognitive (thinking) impairment within the brain (Ormrod,
2008).
• Cerebral palsy:
• Resulting from a brain injury or brain malformation occurring
while the brain is developing before, during or after birth.
• Muscle control, muscle coordination, muscle tone, reflex,
posture and balance, fine motor skills, gross motor skills and
oral motor functioning are affected.
14. Types of brain injuries
Brain injuries: traumatic injuries or a non-traumatic injuries.
• Traumatic brain injury occurs as a result of any strong impact
to the head which often affects many parts of the brain rather
than just a single region. The two main types injuries.
• A penetrating injury (open head injury), occurs when an
object penetrates the skull to damage the brain inside, ie, a
gunshot.
• A non-penetrating injury (closed head injury) occurs when
the skull is not significantly damaged or can be surgically
repaired after hitting a hard object, however, the brain can
not. Examples include: Thomas Kelly and Daniel Christie’s
deaths from head injuries due to ‘coward punches’.
• Symptoms of a traumatic brain injury are:
• Physical impairment
• Cognitive (thinking) impairment
• Emotional and Behavioural issues
http://www.minfirm.com/practice-areas/traumatic-brain-injury
15. Types of brain injuries
• A non-traumatic acquired brain injury occurs as a result of
internal issues within the brain and/or body rather than
external issues outside the body. They include:
• Anoxic injury – where the brain does not receive adequate
oxygen (ie, after a cardiac arrest).
• Toxic or metabolic injury – occurs after exposure to unsafe
substances (ie, lead) or after kidney failure which results in
a build up of the body's own chemicals.
• Meningitis and Encephalitis – infections of the brain often
caused by a virus.
• Brain Tumours – malignant tumours that spread quickly to
other parts of the brain and spine while benign tumours
can put pressure on the brain and damage healthy tissue.
• Stroke – occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut
off or interrupted for some reason. Without blood, the cells
in the brain start to die and this is when the injury occurs.
16. Apps that provides exercises to help your brain
maintain its optimum health and functioning.
New, fun and varied activities as well as
regular physical activity can make new
brain cells and make the connections
between existing brain cells stronger.
Otherwise if too many cells die without
being replaced, the person will die as the
brain can no longer function and support
the body (Alzheimer’s Australia, 2014).
17. Conclusion
• The brain works in many ways, there is a section of the brain to
control every last thing that we do.
• As well as sending information the brain also receives signals from
the body identifying whether it is hot/cold, damaged as well as what
it can see, hear and smell.
• Comparing the pictures of people with cerebral palsy, their physical
disabilities are as evident in the brain scans as looking at the actual
person.
• Whereas the progressive pictures of the drug user’s brain clearly
shows the damage that the addiction is doing to the brain, however,
the damage seen in the scan is more obvious than the damage
evident on the body of the drug user.
• The brain can show damage that no-one knows is there, even
though brain damage is not always permanent, the brain has to
work hard to fix itself so prevention through healthy lifestyles is
easier than finding a cure.
• However, for some people genetics has an overriding influence on
the brain and its ability to effectively control the body.
18. References
Brain Injury Overview: What is it? and What Does it Affect? (2012). RIC Life Centre. Retrieved
from http://lifecenter.ric.org/index.php?tray=content&tid=top102&cid=2161
Cause of Cerebral Palsy (2014). (n.d). My Child at Cerebral Palsy.org Retrieved from
http://cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/cause/
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Retrieved
from http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/neuro/conditioninfo/Pages/parts.aspx
Hedlund, T. (2014). Integrating Science into the healing of heart and mind. Retrieved from
http://www.thomashedlund.com/
Messa & Associates (2014). (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.minfirm.com/practice-
areas/traumatic-brain-injury
19. References
Non-traumatic brain injury (2014). (n.d) The Children’s Trust for children with brain injury.
Retrieved from http://www.braininjuryhub.co.uk/information-library/non-traumatic
Ormrod, J. E. (2008). Human Learning (5th Ed.). Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River,
NJ & Columbus, Ohio.
Physical effects of brain injury (2014). (n.d). Headway The Brain Industry Association. Retrieved
from https://www.headway.org.uk/physical.aspx
Placental abruption causes baby to be oxygen deprived and develop cerebral palsy. A few years
later, the boy takes his first steps (2013). (n.d). Retrieved from
http://www.abclawcenters.com/blog/2013/10/11/placental-abruption-causes-baby-to-
134890
