The nervous system is highly complex and coordinates actions and sensory information between parts of the body. It detects environmental changes and works with the endocrine system to respond. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain contains structures that control consciousness, movement, senses, emotions, and autonomic functions. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and contains the somatic and autonomic systems. The autonomic system regulates involuntary functions.

1. Neurophysiology of Brain and Spinal cord
Glen Sandi Saapang

2. • The nervous system is a highly complex part
• Coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals
to and from different parts of its body.
• Detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in
tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events.
Nervous System

4. CNS
Cerebrum
The conscious mind processes,
intellectual functions
Processing & storing memory
Conscious and subconscious regulation of
skeletal muscle contraction.
Cerebellum
Reflex center that coordinates and
balances muscle movements
Diencephalon
1)Thalamus: The center processes and
repeats sensory information.
1)Hypothalamus: Emotion control center,
function

5. CNS
Mensecephalon
Processing audio visual data
Generation of somatic motor responses
Maintenance of consciousness
Pons :
Repeats sensory information to the cerebellum and
thalmus
The visceral motor center of the subconscious mind.
Medulla Oblongata
Sensory information repeats to the thalamus to other
parts of the brain stem
Central autonomic regulation of the visceral organs

6. • Neurons form the functional
cellular units responsible for
communication
• Neuron size and shapes (e.g.,
bipolar, unipolar, multipolar).
• Supporting cells include the
neuroglia (e.g., astrocytes,
oligodendrocytes), satellite
cells,
• Other specialized cells that
optimize neuronal function,
provide maintenance functions,
or protect the nervous system.

7. Blood Brain Barrier
BBB is the cellular interface between the
blood and the CNS
Maintain the interstitial fluid environment
Consists of the capillary endothelial cells &
astrocytic foot processes.
Restricted of large molecules and other
substances (including many drugs)
The astrocytes help transfer important
metabolites and remove excess K+ and
neurotransmitters

8. Synaptic transmission: Morphology of synapses
This synaptic transmission results in excitatory,
inhibitory, or modulatory effects on the target cell.
neurotransmitters are contained in
synaptic vesicles
fuse with the presynaptic membrane
release the transmitters into the
synaptic cleft
bind to receptors

9. Chemical synaptic
transmission

10. SUMMARY OF SOME NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND WHERE WITHIN THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM THEY ARE FOUND

12. • The spinal cord gives rise to
31 pairs of spinal nerves
that distribute segmentally
to the body.
• These nerves are organized
cervical plexus, brachial
plexus, and lumbosacral
plexus.
• Motor fibers of these spinal
nerves innervate skeletal
muscle, and sensory fibers

13. 3 meningeal coverings: dura
mater, arachnoid mater, and pia
mater,
CSF bathes the cord and is found
in the subarachnoid space.

14. Peripheral Nervous system
PNS consists of all of the neural elements
outside of the CNS (brain and spinal cord)
Consists of somatic and autonomic
components.
The somatic component innervates skeletal
muscle and skin
Contains both motor and sensory axons.
Cell bodies:
motor neurons  anterior horn gray matter,
sensory neurons  dorsal root ganglia.

15. composed of two divisions:
• Parasympathetic
division derived from
four of the cranial nerves
(III, VII, IX, and X) and
S2-S4 sacral spinal cord
levels regulates
digestive and
homeostatic functions
• Sympathetic division
associated with the
thoracic and upper lumbar
spinal cord levels (T1-L2).
 “fight or flight”
The autonomic nervous system

16. The autonomic nervous system is a two-neuron chain:
preganglionic (from the CNS) and postganglionic (in a
peripheral autonomic ganglion).
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter in both the sympathetic
and parasympathetic ganglia.
Parasympathetic division of the ANS releases acetylcholine at
its postganglionic synapses and is characterized as having
cholinergic (C) effects
Sympathetic division releases predominantly noradrenaline
(norepinephrine)  causing adrenergic (A) effects (except on
sweat glands, where acetylcholine is released).
other neuroactive peptides: gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA),
substance P, enkephalins, histamine, glutamic acid,
neuropeptide Y, and others

17. hypothalamus

18. The limbic system functions in linking
emotion and motivation (amygdala),
learning and memory (hippocampal
formation), and sexual behavior
(hypothalamus).

19. Cerebral cortex
Motor and sensory functions
Participates in advanced intellectual
functions, including aspects of memory
storage and recall, language, higher
cognitive functions, conscious perception,
sensory integration, and
planning/execution of complex motor
activity.

25. Nerve cells bodies for touch, pressure, pain,
and temperature in the head are in the
trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion of the
trigeminal (CN V) nerve (blue and red lines in
figure).
Neuronal cell bodies mediating proprioception
reside in the mesencephalic nucleus of CN V
(purple fibers).
Most relay neurons project to the contralateral
VPM nucleus of the thalamus and thence to the
postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex, where
they are somatotopically represented.

27. Thank You