This document introduces cells and their structures. It outlines the cell theory that all living things are made of cells, which are the basic unit of life that only come from existing cells. It describes the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and introduces the major cell organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and their functions. It also highlights unique plant cell structures like the cell wall and chloroplasts.

1. Introduction to Cells
Mr. Hildebrandt - Biology

2. Early Cytology
• Cytology - study of cells
• Microscopy – study &
use of microscopes.
• Early microscopes led to
the discovery of cells
• Cells were thought to
resemble prison cells,
hence the name.

3. The Cell Theory
• All living things
are made of cells.
• Cells are the
basic unit of life.
• Cell come only
from existing
cells.

4. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
• Eukaryotic Cells
have a nucleus and
all membrane
bound organelles.
• Prokaryotic Cells
lack a nucleus and
other membrane
bound organelles.

5. The Cell’s Jacket
Cell Membrane – a complex, semi-
permeable, double-layered membrane
that surrounds the cell.

6. The Cell’s Cytoskeleton
• Microfilaments:
scaffolding that
resists
compression
• Microtubules: form
centrioles which
help mitosis
• Cytoplasm: gel like
substance, fills cell

7. Organelles – “little organs”
• Nucleus – control
center of cell
• Nuclear
membrane - two
layer covering
• Nucleolus – site
of protein
synthesis
• Chromatin –
complex mixture
of DNA & proteins

8. Organelles – “little organs”
• Ribosomes: made of
RNA & they assemble
proteins
• Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER) –
network of tubes that
process & sort
proteins. Two types:
1. Smooth ER
2. Rough ER

9. Organelles – “little organs”
• Mitochondria –
“powerhouse”
of the cell. Site
of cellular
respiration.

10. Organelles – “little organs”
Golgi
Apparatus –
structure that
processes and
sorts proteins
and lipids.

11. Organelles – “little organs”
• Lysosome –
structure that
helps digest
unwanted
chemicals and
wastes.

12. Organelles – “little organs”
Vacuole –
storage bins
for the cell;
much smaller
in animal
cells

13. Structures unique to Plant Cells
• Cell Wall – gives cell
support by connecting
to other cell walls.
Controls turgidity.
• Chloroplast – green
structure that is the
site of photosynthesis.
Contains chemical
chlorophyll.