The document discusses several key components of cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, vacuoles, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and differences between animal and plant cells. The cell membrane forms the boundary of cells and is selectively permeable. The nucleus houses genetic material and controls gene expression. Vacuoles store waste and maintain pressure. Chloroplasts facilitate photosynthesis in plant cells. The cytoplasm and organelles hold cellular structures and mediate metabolic processes.

1. - Kavaj Burdak

3. Cell Membrane
 The cell membrane is a biological
membrane that separates the interior of all
cells from the outside environment. The cell
membrane is selectively permeable to ions
and organic molecules and controls the
movement of substances in and out of cells.
It basically protects the cell from outside
forces. It consists of the lipid bilayer with
embedded proteins.

4.  Fungi, bacteria and plants also have the cell
wall which provides a mechanical support for the
cell and precludes the passage of larger molecules.
The cell membrane also plays a role in anchoring
the cytoskeleton to provide shape to the cell, and in
attaching to the extracellular matrix and other cells
to help group cells together to form tissues.

6.  Cell wall & Plasmodesmata -
In addition to cell
membranes, plants have cell
walls. Cell walls provide
protection and support for
plants. Unlike cell
membranes materials cannot
get through cell walls. This
would be a problem for plant
cells if not for special
openings called
plasmodesmata. These
openings are used to
communicate and transport
materials between plant cells
because the cell membranes
are able touch and therefore
exchange needed materials.

7.  Organelles that help in the creation of
proteins. Some ribosome's are found in the
cytoplasm, but most are attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum. While attached to the
ER, ribosome's make proteins that the cell
needs and also ones to be exported from the
cell for work elsewhere in the body.

8. Nucleus
 In cell biology, the nucleus is a membrane-
enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It
contains most of the cell's genetic
material, organized as multiple long linear DNA
molecules in complex with a large variety
of proteins, such as histones, to
form chromosomes.

9.  The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene
expression and mediate the replication of DNA during
the cell cycle. The nucleus provides a site for
genetic transcription that is segregated from the location
of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene
regulation that are not available to prokaryotes.

11. Vacuole
 A vacuole is a membrane-
bound organelle which is present in
all plant and fungal cells and
some protist, animal and bacterial
cells. Vacuoles are essentially
enclosed compartments which are
filled with water containing inorganic
and organic molecules
including enzymes in solution, though
in certain cases they may contain
solids which have been engulfed.

12.  Some Vacuole functions are as follows:
1) Removing unwanted structural debris
2) Isolating materials that might be harmful to the cell
3) Containment of waste products
4) Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor
within the cell
5) Maintaining an acidic internal pH
6) Containing small molecules
7)Exporting unwanted substances from the cell.
8)Enabling the cell to change shape.

13.  The cell organelle in which photosynthesis
takes place. In this organelle the light energy
of the sun is converted into chemical
energy. Chloroplasts are found only in plant
cells not animal cells. The chemical energy
that is produced by chloroplasts is finally
used to make carbohydrates like starch, that
get stored in the plant. Chloroplasts contain
tiny pigments called chlorophylls .
Chlorophylls are responsible for trapping the
light energy from the sun.

15.  The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance
residing between the cell membrane holding all
the cell's internal sub-structures
(organelles), except for the nucleus. All the
contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms
are contained within the cytoplasm. It is within
the cytoplasm that most cellular activities
occur, such as many metabolic
pathways including glycolysis, and processes
such as cell division.
Cytoplasm

16.  The main function of the cytoplasm is to
hold the cell organelles of the cell. Cell
organelles are basically components of
the cell which control all the activities of
the cell.
For example, mitochondria are cell
organelles which control almost all of the
cell's metabolic activities.

17. Endoplasmic reticulum
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - when ribosomes
are attached it is called rough ER and smooth
ER when there are no ribosomes attached. The
rough endoplasmic reticulum is where most
protein are made in the cell. The function of the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to help to get
rid of harmful substances in the cell.

18. • The general structure of an endoplasmic
reticulum is a membranous network
of cisternae (sac-like structures) held together by
the cytoskeleton. The endoplasmic reticulum
serves many general functions, including the
facilitation of protein folding and the transport
of synthesized proteins in sacs called cisternae.

20.  The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance residing
between the cell membrane holding all the cell's
internal sub-structures (organelles), except for
the nucleus. All the contents of the cells
of prokaryote organisms are contained within the
cytoplasm. It is within the cytoplasm that most
cellular activities occur, such as many metabolic
pathways including glycolysis, and processes such
as cell division.

21.  The main function of the cytoplasm is to hold
the cell organelles of the cell. Cell organelles
are basically components of the cell which
control all the activities of the cell.
For example, mitochondria are cell organelles
which control almost all of the cell's metabolic
activities.

22.  The Golgi apparatus, is an organelle found in
most eukaryotic cells. It was identified in 1898
by the Italian physician Camillo Golgi and
named after him. Part of the
cellular endomembrane system, the Golgi
apparatus packages proteins inside the cell
before they are sent to their destination; it is
particularly important in the processing of
proteins for secretion. It synthesise a large
number of different macromolecules.

24.  In cell biology, a mitochondrion is a membrane-
enclosed organelle found in
most eukaryotic cells. These organelles range
from 0.5 to 1.0 micrometre in diameter. The
most prominent roles of mitochondria are to
produce the energy currency of the cell
ATP , through respiration, and to regulate
cellular metabolism. The central set of reactions
involved in ATP production are collectively known
as the citric acid cycle, or the Krebs Cycle.
However, the mitochondrion has many other
functions in addition to the production of ATP.

27. Animal Cell Plant Cell
Nucleus: Present Present
Cilia: Present It is very rare
Shape: Round (irregular shape) Rectangular(fixed shape)
Chloroplast: Animal cells don't have Plant cells have
chloroplasts chloroplasts because they
make their own food
Cytoplasm: Present Present
Endoplasmic Reticulum Present Present
(Smooth and Rough):
Ribosomes: Present Present
Mitochondria: Present Present

28. Animal Cell Plant Cell
Golgi Apparatus: Present Present
Cell wall: Absent Present
Plasma Membrane: only cell membrane cell wall and a cell
membrane
Microtubules/ Present Present
Microfilaments:
Flagella: May be found in some May be found in some
cells cells
Lysosomes: Lysosomes occur in
cytoplasm.
Vacuole: One or more small One, large central
vacuoles (much smaller vacuole taking up 90%
than plant cells). of cell volume.
Centrioles: Present in all animal Only present in lower
cells plant forms.
Plastids: Absent Present

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