central nervous system of human body, it includes brain and its part, spinal cord, autonomic and parasympathetic system

1. By
Meghsham Gholap
CON, PIMS

2. Nervous system

4.  It include brain and spinal cord
 It is formed by neurons
 The structure of brain and spinal cord are arranged in two layers namely,
the grey mater and white mater
 The gray mater is formed by nerve cells and white mater and formed by
nerve fibers
 Brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three layers of meninges called
the outer dura mater, middle arachnoid mater and inner pia mater.
 The space between arachnoid mater and pia mater is known as
subarachnoid space
 This space is filled with fluid called cerebrospinal fluid
Central Nervous System

6.  It is formed by neurons
 It consist of cranial nerves arising from brain and spinal nerves
arising from the spinal cord
PNS divided into two subdivision
1. Somatic nervous system- it is concerned with somatic function.
It include nerves supplying the skeletal muscles. It controls the
movement of body.
2. Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system- it is concerned with
regulation of visceral or vegetative function.
Peripheral Nervous System

7. Regions of brain
 Cerebrum
 Cerebellum
 Midbrain
 Pons
 Medulla oblongata
 Brain stem
 Cerebral ventricles
Central Nervous System
Brain

11.  It occupies the major part of cranial cavity
 It has right and left hemispheres.
 Cerebral hemisphere has outer shell of grey matter termed cerebral
cortex.
 Two cerebral hemisphere are connected by bundle of nerve fibers
called corpus callosum.
 The cortex is also divided into 4 lobes that correspond to the
overlying bones of the skull: the frontal lobe specializes in motor
activity, personality, and speech; the parietal lobe is where
language, temperature, pressure, touch are interpreted
Cerebrum

12.  the temporal lobe
contains centers for
hearing, smell, and
language input; the
occipital lobe specializes
in vision.

14.  The cerebellum is the second largest part of the brain.
 It is located posterior and inferior to the cerebrum.
 It has two cerebral hemisphere.
 It is an important center for coordinating movements,
controlling posture and equilibrium.
 It receives information from muscles, joints, eyes, ears, and
the parts if brain involved in the control of movements.
 It also involved in process of learning.
Cerebellum

15.  The diencephalon refers to the thalamus and hypothalamus.
 The thalamus is the relay center for all sensory impulses except
olfactory (sense of smell) and motor areas of the cortex
 The hypothalamus regulates behavior and emotional expression,
body temperature, and many metabolic activities. Attached to the
pituitary gland, it also controls hormonal secretions of this gland.
Parts of the brain diencephalon

17.  It consist of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The brainstem consists of 3 structures
 the gray matter of the midbrain control visual reflexes and sense of
hearing.
 The white matter of the pons plays a role in regulating visceral
(internal organ) control.
 The medulla oblongata connects the rest of the brain to the spinal
cord. It regulates breathing, swallowing, coughing, sneezing,
vomiting, heartbeat, and blood pressure.
Brain stem

18.  Brain contain four
interconnected cavities
called cerebral ventricles.
 It is filled with circulating
cerebrospinal fluid
The four ventricles are:
 Lateral ventricles (2)
Known as the first and
second ventricles
 Third ventricle (1)
 Fourth ventricle (1)
Cerebral Ventricles

19.  Scalp and skin
 Skull and vertebral column
 Meninges
 Cerebrospinal fluid
 Blood brain barrier
Protection of the Central Nervous
System

20.  It is an extension of medulla oblongata and it is located in the
bony vertebral column
 It is a cylindrical structure about 45 cm long
 It has outer white mater and inner grey mater
 The spinal cord gives out segmental nerves .
There are 31 spinal segments with 31 pairs of nerves
 8 cervical segments that correspond to the C1-C8 vertebrae
 12 thoracic segments corresponding to the T1-T12 vertebrae
 5 lumbar segments corresponding to L1-L5 vertebrae
 5 sacral segments corresponding to S1-S5 vertebrae
 1 coccygeal segment.
Spinal cord

24.  Neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system
 It is also called as nerve cell
There are two types of neuron depending on function
 Motor neuron- which carry out motor impulses from CNS to
peripheral organs like muscles, glands etc.
 Sensory neuron- which carry out sensory impulses form periphery
to the CNS
Structure of neuron
 Nerve cell body
 Dendrites
 axon
Neuron

26.  It is the clear, colorless transparent fluid that circulates through ventricles
of brain, subarachnoid space, and central canal of spinal cord.
 Secretion of CSF-by the choroid plexus
 It is part of ECF
 The normal amount of CSF is 150ml.
Composition of CSF:-
 Water
 Glucose
 Protein
 Nitrogen substance
 Electrolyte eg. Na,K,Cal,Chloride etc.
 Cell (few)
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

27. Functions
1. Protective function
2. Regulation of cranial content volume
3. Medium of exchange
4. Supports the weight of brain
5. Supplies nutrients and oxygen to the brain

29.  It is formed by neurons
 It consist of cranial nerves arising from brain and spinal nerves
arising from the spinal cord
PNS divided into two subdivision
1. Somatic nervous system- it is concerned with somatic function.
It include nerves supplying the skeletal muscles. It controls the
movement of body.
2. Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system- it is concerned with
regulation of visceral or vegetative function.
Peripheral Nervous System

30.  The network of nerves branching out throughout the body from
the brain and spinal cord is called the peripheral nervous system.
In addition to the 31 pairs of spinal nerves mentioned in the slides
on the spinal cord, there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that attach
to the brain:
PNS

31. 1. The olfactory nerve carries sensory input for smell
2. The optic nerve carries sensory input for vision
3. The oculomotor nerve controls muscles of the eye and eyelid
4. The trochlear nerve controls the eyeball
5. The trigeminal nerve controls the face, nose, mouth, forehead, top of
head, and jaw.
6. The abducens nerve also controls the eyeball
7. The facial nerve controls muscles of the face and scalp, and part of the
tongue for sense of taste.
8. The auditory or cochlear nerve provides sensory input for hearing and
equilibrium.
9. The glossopharyngeal nerve controls saliva, swallowing, and taste.
10. The vagus nerve is the longest cranial nerve, extending to and
controlling the heart, lungs, stomach, and intestines.
11. The accessory nerve permits movement of the head and shoulders.
12. The hypoglassal nerve controls the muscles of the tongue.

33.  The autonomic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous
system.
 it controls the involuntary bodily functions such as sweating,
gland secretions, blood pressure, and the heart.
 It is divided into the ‘sympathetic’ and ‘parasympathetic’
divisions.
Autonomic nervous system

34.  The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the ‘flight or
fight’ responses increased alertness, metabolic rate, respiration,
blood pressure, heart rate, and sweating decrease in digestive and
urinary function.
 The parasympathetic nervous system counteracts the responses
of the sympathetic system restoring homeostasis.