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The document discusses cells and tissues. It provides information on plant and animal cells, including their main components like the cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, vacuole, and chloroplasts. Plant cells differ from animal cells in having a cell wall and vacuole. The document also discusses how cells are organized into tissues and organs.
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Tissues ppt
Tissues are composed of groups of cells that perform specialized functions. There are four main types of tissues in animals: epithelial tissues cover and line body structures, connective tissues connect and support other tissues, muscular tissues allow for movement, and nervous tissues detect and respond to stimuli. The major animal tissues include epithelial (squamous, cuboidal, columnar), connective (blood, bone, cartilage), muscular (striated, smooth, cardiac), and nervous tissue. Each tissue type has characteristic structures and locations throughout the body.
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Cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Cells can be classified as prokaryotic, which lack organelles and a nucleus, or eukaryotic, which contain organelles and a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells can be single-celled or multi-cellular, and multi-cellular organisms contain specialized cells that perform distinct functions like transport, storage, photosynthesis, and more.
Cell structure and functions
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in human bodies. They contain specialized structures called organelles that perform specific functions. The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell. Movement across the membrane occurs through diffusion, osmosis, and active/passive transport. The nucleus houses DNA and controls cell activities. Other organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and ribosomes help synthesize proteins and carry out metabolic functions. Cells reproduce through mitosis and differentiate during development. Aging and death are normal cellular processes.
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Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ in their nuclear structure and cell division processes. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus containing chromosomes, while prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and usually have a single circular chromosome. Eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis for cell division, while prokaryotic cells usually divide by binary fission without mitosis. The document also provides glossaries defining the structures and organelles found within animal cells, plant cells, and their differences.
Animal cell
Animal cells are eukaryotic cells that contain a nucleus which houses DNA. Unlike prokaryotic cells, animal cells contain membrane-bound organelles that carry out specialized functions. Organelles in animal cells include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and vacuoles. Each organelle performs important roles for normal cell functioning such as transport, metabolism, and waste removal.
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Plant and animal cells share three basic parts - the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. The cell membrane surrounds the cell and separates it from the external environment. The nucleus is located near the center of the cell and controls its activities and facilitates cell division. The cytoplasm is a semi-fluid material found between the nucleus and cell membrane that contains proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, salts, and water.
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Animal cells are eukaryotic cells that contain a nucleus which houses DNA. Unlike prokaryotic cells, animal cells contain membrane-bound organelles that carry out specialized functions. Organelles in animal cells include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and vacuoles. Each organelle performs important roles for normal cell functioning such as transport, metabolism, and waste removal.
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Plant and animal cells share three basic parts - the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. The cell membrane surrounds the cell and separates it from the external environment. The nucleus is located near the center of the cell and controls its activities and facilitates cell division. The cytoplasm is a semi-fluid material found between the nucleus and cell membrane that contains proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, salts, and water.
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This document provides information about plant and animal cells and tissues. It describes the key structures of cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and in plant cells, the cell wall and chloroplasts. It explains that plant cells differ from animal cells in having a cell wall and vacuole. The document also notes that tissues are made of groups of cells, and organs are composed of tissues, using the example that the stomach is an organ with muscle tissue in its wall, made of individual muscle cells.
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An animal cell and a plant cell both contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and ribosomes. However, plant cells also contain a cell wall and chloroplasts, which allow them to perform photosynthesis. The cell wall provides structural support to the plant cell and regulates what passes in and out, while chloroplasts use light energy to produce food. Animal cells lack these structures and must obtain food by other means. Overall, while both cell types perform basic functions of life, plant cells have distinct adaptations that allow them to harness energy from sunlight through photosynthesis.
ppt from cell to organisms
This document provides information about different types of cells. It explains that cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things. There are unicellular organisms composed of a single cell, like euglena and paramecium, and multicellular organisms composed of multiple cells, like plants and animals. The document describes key structures of animal cells like the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuoles, and mitochondria. It also notes additional structures specific to plant cells, including the cell wall, chloroplasts, and chlorophyll. The roles of these various cell structures are outlined. In concluding, some of the main differences between animal and plant cells are highlighted such as plant cells generally being larger with a cell wall, pl
Cell-Organelles.pptx
This document summarizes the structures and functions of organelles in eukaryotic cells. It describes how the cell is made up of numerous membrane-bound organelles that carry out specialized functions like protein production, energy generation, waste disposal, and more. Organelles include the nucleus, which houses genetic material and controls the cell, mitochondria and chloroplasts that generate energy and food, and the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, and cytoskeleton that transport materials and provide structure.
cell_organelles.ppt
The document discusses the organelles found within eukaryotic cells. It describes the nucleus as the control center that contains DNA. Other organelles discussed include the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and centrioles. Each organelle performs a specific function that helps the cell carry out its activities.
Cell and tissues
The document discusses the structure and function of cells and tissues. It begins by explaining that cells are the basic structural and functional units that make up living organisms, and cells form tissues which make up organs. The key points of the cell theory are described. The document then differentiates between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and describes the structures and organelles found within plant and animal cells such as the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts. It highlights some differences between plant and animal cells such as plant cells containing a cell wall and larger central vacuoles.
A Comprehensive Guide to The Cytoplasm.pdf
The cytoplasm is the total content present inside the cell and it's needed for the continuity of life. Let's study what is cytoplasm and the cytoplasm function?
Lecture 1 -_cells_structure_and_transport_mechanisms
All living things are made of cells, which fall into two main categories - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler, lacking a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex, containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts that perform specialized functions. Key organelles of eukaryotic cells include the nucleus, which houses DNA; mitochondria and chloroplasts, which perform cellular respiration and photosynthesis respectively; and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which are involved in protein transport.
unit 1.pptx
1. The cell was first observed and named by Robert Hooke in the 1600s. Theodor Schwann and others later established the Cell Theory which states that cells are the basic unit of life, cells only come from existing cells, and all cells contain the basic machinery to carry out life functions.
2. Cells are typically small, around 10 micrometers, because their surface area to volume ratio allows for efficient exchange of materials. Larger cells would not be able to support their inner volumes.
3. The light microscope allows observation of cells at low magnifications while the electron microscope provides higher resolution images at the molecular level. Various structures within cells, like organelles, carry out specific functions to keep the cell alive.
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Lecture 1 -_cells_structure_and_transport_mechanisms
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Powerpoint, cells and tissues
- 1. Cells and Tissues leaf growing point bud stem © Biophoto Associates 0.02cm 1
- 3. Cutting sections Transverse section Longitudinal section 3
- 4. A group of cells from animal tissue cytoplasm cell membrane nucleus 4
- 5. Cytoplasm 5 The cytoplasm is a living, semi-liquid material Although it looks structureless it contains many structures which are not visible at this magnification All the processes which keep the cell alive, take place in the cytoplasm or nucleus cytoplasm
- 6. Nucleus 6 The nucleus is a specialised region of cytoplasm which regulates all the chemical changes which take place in the cytoplasm It sends chemical signals to the cytoplasm which start or stop the chemical processes going on in it The nucleus also controls cell division nucleus
- 7. Cell membrane 7 The cell membrane encloses the cytoplasm and stops it flowing out It also controls which substances can get into and out of the cell It is only about 0.00001mm thick If it is damaged, the cell will die cell membrane
- 8. Cells from the cheek lining © Biophoto Associates cytoplasm nucleus cell membrane 0.01mm 8
- 9. Plant cells Plant cells differ from animal cells in having a cell wall outside the cell membrane, and a large, fluid-filled vacuole nucleus cell wall cytoplasm vacuole 9
- 10. Chloroplasts Cells from the green parts of plants, such as leaves, contain chloroplasts. The chloroplasts are always in the cytoplasm vacuole chloroplast cell wall © Biophoto Associates 0.2mm 10
- 11. Cells are 3-dimensional Cells seen in sections look flat, 2-dimensional. This is misleading and the picture shows how three plant cells might look if you could see them in 3 dimensions cell wall cytoplasm nucleus 11
- 12. Structure of a leaf cell cell wall cell membrane cytoplasm Longitudinal section Transverse section vacuole nucleus The diagram shows how a 3-dimensional leaf cell would appear in transverse and longitudinal section 12
- 14. 14 Plant cells Animal cells Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleus Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell wall Chloroplasts
- 15. Organs, cells and tissues The stomach is an organ , part of the digestive system The stomach wall contains muscle tissue The muscle tissue consists of muscle cells 15
Editor's Notes
- The picture shows a thin slice cut vertically through the tip of a plant stem as seen under the microscope. The slice is so thin that light can pass through it. You can see that the stem, leaves and buds are made up of a large number of tiny, box-like structures. These are called cells. The magnification on this page is about x50
- Sections of plant tissue can be cut by hand, using a razor blade. This should not be attempted without instruction and supervision. Soft tissues, particularly animal tissues, need to be embedded in wax or plastic and the sections cut by special apparatus. Extremely thin sections can be cut by this method.
- All cells consist of cytoplasm, nucleus and a cell membrane. The next three slides explain the function of each of these
- Under the ordinary microscope, the cytoplasm appears to be a semi-liquid gel. In some plant cells it can be seen streaming around the cell. Small particles and granules can be observed in the cytoplasm but, under higher magnification, a complex arrangement of microscopic tubules and vacuoles is revealed. These structures enable the chemical reactions, which make the cell alive, to take place in an orderly and controlled manner
- The nucleus contains a substance called DNA. This substance controls what kind of a cell is produced, such as a liver cell, muscle cell or blood cell. Chemicals produced by the DNA escape from the nucleus and regulate all the chemical reactions in the cytoplasm. Cells without a nucleus cannot divide.
- A cell needs to take up oxygen and food substances to keep it alive. The cell membrane allows these substances to pass into the cytoplasm but keeps unwanted, and possibly harmful, substances out.
- These cells have been scraped from the inside of the cheek. They are not .stained but viewed by a special type of lighting. The magnification on the print-out is about x 950
- The cell membrane is pressed up against the inside of the cell wall by the pressure of the vacuole and is difficult to see.. The cell wall is made of cellulose . It is permeable , that is, it lets water and dissolved substances pass in and out freely. The vacuole contains a solution of chemicals such as salts, sugars and, sometimes, coloured substances (pigments). This solution is called ‘cell sap’. Its outward pressure on the cell wall keeps the cell firm.
- These cells are from a moss leaf. The magnification on this page is about x400. Chloroplasts contain a green pigment, chlorophyll , which absorbs sunlight and helps the plant to make its food
- The diagram shows the cells cut open to allow the positions of the cytoplasm and vacuole to be seen
- In the diagram, a small piece of the cell wall has been cut away to show the position of the cell membrane
- There are exceptions to these general statements. Red blood cells, for example, do not have a nucleus. Animal cells often have vacuoles but these are small and scattered throughout the cytoplasm.
- Very few tissues consist of a single cell type. There are usually nerve fibres and blood vessels supplying the tissue