Cytology is the study of cells. Key developments include Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovering microorganisms in the 1670s, Robert Hooke coining the term "cell" in 1665, and Rudolph Virchow establishing that all cells come from pre-existing cells in 1855. The document then describes the basic components of plant and animal cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

1. Cytology

2. Cytology is the “study of cells” Cyto = cell, ology = study of

3. The Cell Theory and its Development

4. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was the first to adapt lenses to the study of living organisms. He discovered microorganisms.

5. 1665 – Robert Hooke Observed chambers, dead plant cells, in cork. Coined the term "cells” in 1665. Cork Cells

6. 1833 - Robert Brown Studied the nucleus. Do all living cells have a nucleus? Nucleus Human Cheek Cell

7. 1838 - M.J. Schleiden Botanist…. Discovered plants are made of cells. Elodea….Typical Plant Cell

8. 1839 - T. Schwann Zoologist….discovered animals are made of cells. Nerve Cells

9. 1855 - Rudolph Virchow “ Omnis cellula e cellula” “ All cells are from other pre-existing cells.” Discovered while researching cancer cells.

10. The Cell Theory 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. Cells are organisms' basic units of structure and function. 3. Cells come only from pre-existing cells.

11. How do you measure cells? Cells are measured using “microns”. A micron is another casual name for a micrometer. Note: 1.0  m = one millionth of a meter

12. What limits the size of a cell? Cell volume to surface area ratios favor small size... an efficient amount of materials must enter and leave the cell. Nucleus’ ability to control the cell is limited by the size of the cell.

13. Types of Cells

14. Prokaryotes Lack a nucleus and other membrane bound organelle. First appeared 3.5 BYA include bacteria and cyanobacteria. E. coli

15. Eukaryotes Have a nucleus and membrane bound organelle. First appeared 2.0 BYA include protists, fungi, plants and animals.

16. Basic Cell Organization Cell (Plasma) Membrane Nucleus (eukaryotes only) Cytoplasm (an area!!) Organelles (structures with specialized functions)

17. Animal Cell

18. Plant Cell

19. The Cell Membrane AKA: Plasma Membrane Separates the cell from the environment. Is “semi-permeable”…… regulates the movement of materials in/out of a cell. ALL cells have a plasma membrane

21. The Cytoplasm The Cytoplasm is an Area (not stuff) between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope. The cytoplasm contains the cytosol, nucleus (if present) and cell organelles.

22. Cytosol Semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm (the gooey stuff inside the cell)…. Composed mostly of water, nutrients .

23. Nucleus Most conspicuous organelle. usually spherical, but can be lobed or irregular in shape. Typically found near the center of a eukaryotic cell…..prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. Control center for the cell. Contains the genetic instructions.

25. Nuclear Envelope … the outer boundary of the nucleus which gives the shape to the nucleus.

26. Nucleolus Dark area in the nucleus. 0 - 4 per nucleus. Storage area for ribosomes.

27. Chromatin DNA and Protein in a “loose” format (stringy form of DNA) Will eventually form the cell’s chromosomes. The DNA holds the cell’s genetic information. Found in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the center region of prokaryotes.

28. The Cell Organelle Term means "small organ” Formed body in a cell with a specialized function. Keeps various enzymes separated in space. (bags of enzymes)

29. Ribosomes Structure: made up of protein and RNA No membrane. Function: site of protein synthesis.

30. Ribosome Locations Free in the cytosol…..make proteins for use in cytosol. Attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum….. make proteins that are exported from the cell.

31. Ribosomes

32. Endoplasmic Reticulum Often referred to as ER. Stacks of flattened stacks involved in the production and transportation of proteins, sugars, fats,…..etc

33. Rough ER Endoplasmic reticulum with attached ribosomes. The attached ribosomes create proteins

34. Smooth ER Endoplasmic Reticulum without Ribosomes….. Responsible for producing lipids and hormones, especially in cells that export these substances from the cell. In liver cells, the smooth ER breaks down toxins and drugs.

36. Golgi Apparatus AKA Golgi bodies or Golgi Complex Structure: flattened sacs arranged in a stack. (looks like a stack of Pita bread) 3 to 20 per cell. The Golgi Apparatus package and modify proteins and lipids into vesicles (small, spherical shaped sacs that bud from the Golgi apparatus). The vesicles often merge with the plasma membrane to release contents to the outside of the cell.

39. Lysosome Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus that contain digestive enzymes. They breakdown food, cellular debris and foreign invaders such as bacteria. Assist with cell death. Not present in plant cells.

41. Peroxisomes Organelles that breakdown various substances. During digestion 0xygen is produced and combines with H 2 O to form Hydrogen Peroxide…. a toxin. Peroxisomes break down Hydrogen Peroxide.

42. Mitochondria Function: Site of Cellular Respiration – Cellular Respiration is the release of energy from food to form ATP…. All cells use ATP as their energy source. “ Powerhouse” of the cell. Found in the cytosol. Have their own DNA. Can reproduce themselves.

44. Chloroplasts Function: Site of Photosynthesis - chloroplasts use of light energy to make food, sugars, from carbon dioxide and water. Contain the green pigment chlorophyll. Found in the Cytosol Have their own DNA. Can reproduce themselves.

45. Chloroplasts

46. Enzymes in a crystal

47. Chromoplasts Function : store plant pigments such as chlorophyll (green) and carotene (orange, red). Found in plants only. Classified (named) by color….example: “ Chloro” means green, therefore a chloroplast is a green plastid that stores chlorophyll “ Leuco” means white, therefore Leucoplasts (AKA Amyloplasts) are white plastids that store starch.

48. Cytoskeleton Network of protein fibers and in the cytoplasm. Functions Give Cells structure and shape. Involved in Cell movement. Cytoskeleton is composed of 2 different types of fibers, which are organized in deceasing diameter….they are: 1. Microtubules 2. Microfilaments

49. Microtubule Function Maintenance of cell shape. Hold organelles in place.

50. Microfilaments Responsible for Muscle contractions. Cytoplasmic streaming in plants, like Elodea. Maintenance and changes in a cell’s shape. Function

53. Cilia and Flagella Classified by their lengths and numbers Function - to move cells or to sweep materials past a cell. Cilia - short, but numerous. Flagella - long, but few (usually only one).

55. Centrioles Usually one pair per cell, located close to the nucleus. Found in animal cells only. Help in cell division.

56. Basal Bodies Same structure as a centriole. Found at the base of the cilia and flagella .

57. Basal Body

58. Plant Cell Walls All plant cells have a Primary Cell Wall. Some cells will develop a Secondary Cell Wall.

59. Cell Walls Plant cell walls are made of cellulose ( a polysaccharide made of  -glucose). Fungi cell walls are made of chitin (a polysaccharide) Function as the cell's exoskeleton for support and protection.

60. Middle Lamella Thin layer rich in pectin (used to make jelly) found between adjacent plant cells. Glues cells together.

62. Vacuoles and Vesicles Fluid-filled, membrane-bound bodies 3 Types of Vacuoles and Vesicles Food vacuoles Central water vacuoles Contractile vacuoles

63. The function of the vacuole depends on the organism. In Protists single-cell organisms …….“Food” vacuoles store newly ingested food until the lysosomes can digest it. “ Contractile” vacuoles pump out excess water.

64. Contractile Vacuole Contractile Vacuole Food Vacuoles

65. Central Water Vacuole Large single water containing vacuole making up to 90% of the cell's volume. Stores Water Helps the cells maintain their shapes.

66. Central Water Vacuole

67. Comparing Plant Cells and Animal Cells Plant Cells Have cell walls, chloroplasts, and a central water vacuole…animal cells do not!! Animal Cells Have lysosomes and centrioles…. Plant cells do not!!