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THE CELLS
CELL THEORY
           1. The basic unit of life is the cell.

• In 1665, an English scientist
  named Robert Hooke made an
  improved microscope and viewed
  thin slices of cork viewing plant
  cell walls
• Hooke named what he saw
  "cells"
2. All living things are made of
            1 or more cells.
• 1838 - Matthias Schleiden (botanist studying plants) was
  the first to take note that all plants are made up of cells
• 1839 - Theodore Schwann (zoologist studying animals)
  concluded that all living things are made up of cells




   Schleiden
                                     Schwann
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

        1855- Rudolph Virchow
THE CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
        Cell
 The basic unit of life

                                      Tissue
                          Group of cells working together

                                        Organ
                          Group of tissues working together


                              Organ System
                    Group of organs working together


                                  Organism
                   Any living thing made of 1 or more cells
• A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of
  performing life functions.
TYPES OF CELLS
CELL
           TRI VImA that run
• The longest cell (about 1 long),
  along your legs to your brain.
• The largest cell (about .2 mm) that can be
  seen with the naked eye.
• The smallest cell in the body (about 0.01mm)
• The smallest cell (about .001 micrometer)
CELL LIFE SPAN
•   Skin cells         19 days
•   Sperm cells        2 months
•   Eyelashes          3-4 months
•   Liver cells        4 months
•   Scalp hair         2-4 years
•   Bone cells         15-25 years
•   WBC                hours- 9 days
•   RBC                120 Days
Prokaryotic Cells
           (proh KAYR ee yah tihk)
• do not have a nucleus or other membrane-
  bound organelles.
• lack most cytoplasmic organelles


Ex. bacteria   Prokaryotic




                                     Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic Cells
 (yew KAYR ee yah tihk)
            • cells with membrane-
              bound structures
            • Have many
              chromosomes with
              DNA and protein
            • Larger and more
              complex
            • EX: animals, plants,
              fungi and protists
CELL STRUCTURES and Functions
1- Nucleus

  2- Chromosomes
                                          7- ER
3- Mitochondria       5- Chloroplasts
                                        8- Cell
       4- Ribosomes      6- Vacuoles
                                        Membrane
CELL WALL

• protects the cell
• gives shape and support individual cells and the
  entire organism
• is made of cellulose
• A cell wall is found in plants (cellulose), algae,
  fungi(chitin), & most bacteria(peptidoglycan).
CELL MEMBRANE

• Outer covering, protective
  layer around ALL cells
• For cells with cell walls,the
  cell membrane is inside the
  cell wall
• Allows food, oxygen, &
  water into the cell & waste
  products out of the cell.
• SEMI-PERMEABLE
The cell membrane is made of two phospholipid
layers embedded with
other molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates,
and cholesterol.

The cell membrane is a barrier that separates a
cell from the external environment. It is made
of a double layer of phospholipids and a variety
of embedded molecules. Some of these
molecules
act as signals; others act as receptors. The
membrane is selectively permeable, allowing
some but not all materials to cross
• gelatin-like inside cell membrane
• constantly flows
• A.k.a . protoplasm
CYTOSKELETON
• scaffolding-like structure in
  cytoplasm
• helps the cell maintain or
  change its shape
• made of protein
• It includes
  MICROTUBULES(green) and
  MICROFILAMENTS (red)
NUCLEUS
    • Directs all cell activities
    • Contains instructions for
      everything the cell does
    • These instructions are
      found on a hereditary
      material called DNA
    • Stores and protect the DNA
    • Usually the largest
      organelle
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

• separates nucleus
  from cytoplasm
• controls movement of
  materials in & out of
  nucleus
NUCLEOLUS

• A.k.a “little
  nucleus”
• Found in the
  nucleus
CHROMATIN
• contains genetic code that controls
  cell
• made of DNA & proteins
CHLOROPLAST
• Green organelles that
  make food
• found only in plant
  cells
• Convert solar energy
  into chemical energy
  through
  photosynthesis
CHLOROPHYLL
• A green pigment that
  gives leaves & stems
  their color
• Captures sunlight
  energy that is used to
  produce food called
  glucose
• Glucose is a type of
  sugar
MITOCHONDRIA
• Organelles that release energy from
  food
• This energy is released by breaking
  down food into carbon dioxide
• A.K.A . the powerhouse
  because they release energy for
  the cell
• Some muscle cells have 20,000
  mitochondria
RIBOSOMES
    • Make proteins
    • Float freely or
      attached to the
      endoplasmic
      reticulum (ER)
    • Ribosomes are made
      in the nucleolus
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM




A series of folded membranes that move
  materials (proteins) around in a cell
• like a conveyor belt
• Smooth ER –
  ribosomes not
  attached to ER for
  production of lipids
• Rough ER –
  ribosomes attached
  to ER for production
  of proteins
GOLGI BODIES (GAWL jee)
    The structure was named by Camillo Golgi

• Stacked flattened membranes
• The Golgi apparatus modifies,
  packages, and transports proteins.
VACUOLES
      • Temporary
        storage
        spaces
      • Store food,
        water, waste
        materials
LYSOSOMES (LI suh sohmz)



• The word "lysosome" is Latin for "kill body."
• The SUICIDAL BAG of the cell
• The purpose of the lysosome is to digest things. They
  might be used to digest food or break down the cell
  when it dies.
• Break down food molecules, cell wastes & worn out
  cell parts
VESICLES
• Vesicles isolate and transport specific
  molecules
CENTRIOLE
• Centrioles divide DNA during cell division.
The Plant Cell
       STruCTurES found
         onLy in pLanTS
       • chloroplast
       • central vacuole
       • cell wall
The Animal Cell
     Structures found
       only in animals

     • centriole
     • lysosome
Structures found in both Plants and Animals

•   cytoskeleton
•   vesicle
•   nucleus
•   nucleolus
•   endoplasmic reticulum (rough)
•   ribosome
•   centrosome
•   endoplasmic reticulum
    (smooth)
•   cell membrane
•   Golgi apparatus
•   mitochondrion
•   vacuole
NAME THE ORGANELLE
F
E




    G       H
I




J
Give the function of the following
            structures




     1                  2
4


    3




5
Identify what’s wrong with these
              cells
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

1.




2.
Match the numbered parts of the CELL FACTORY with the corresponding
        organelles of the cell that closely resembles their function.



                                                           3

                        4

                                 1
                                                               5
                    6
                                        2


1- Nucleus
                                                           8
  2- Chromosomes             7

                                                           7- ER
3- Mitochondria             5- Chloroplasts
                                                       8- Cell
       4- Ribosomes              6- Vacuoles
                                                       Membrane

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Cells

  • 2. CELL THEORY 1. The basic unit of life is the cell. • In 1665, an English scientist named Robert Hooke made an improved microscope and viewed thin slices of cork viewing plant cell walls • Hooke named what he saw "cells"
  • 3. 2. All living things are made of 1 or more cells. • 1838 - Matthias Schleiden (botanist studying plants) was the first to take note that all plants are made up of cells • 1839 - Theodore Schwann (zoologist studying animals) concluded that all living things are made up of cells Schleiden Schwann
  • 4. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells. 1855- Rudolph Virchow
  • 5. THE CELLULAR ORGANIZATION Cell The basic unit of life Tissue Group of cells working together Organ Group of tissues working together Organ System Group of organs working together Organism Any living thing made of 1 or more cells
  • 6. • A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.
  • 8. CELL TRI VImA that run • The longest cell (about 1 long), along your legs to your brain. • The largest cell (about .2 mm) that can be seen with the naked eye. • The smallest cell in the body (about 0.01mm) • The smallest cell (about .001 micrometer)
  • 9. CELL LIFE SPAN • Skin cells 19 days • Sperm cells 2 months • Eyelashes 3-4 months • Liver cells 4 months • Scalp hair 2-4 years • Bone cells 15-25 years • WBC hours- 9 days • RBC 120 Days
  • 10. Prokaryotic Cells (proh KAYR ee yah tihk) • do not have a nucleus or other membrane- bound organelles. • lack most cytoplasmic organelles Ex. bacteria Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
  • 11. Eukaryotic Cells (yew KAYR ee yah tihk) • cells with membrane- bound structures • Have many chromosomes with DNA and protein • Larger and more complex • EX: animals, plants, fungi and protists
  • 12. CELL STRUCTURES and Functions
  • 13. 1- Nucleus 2- Chromosomes 7- ER 3- Mitochondria 5- Chloroplasts 8- Cell 4- Ribosomes 6- Vacuoles Membrane
  • 14. CELL WALL • protects the cell • gives shape and support individual cells and the entire organism • is made of cellulose • A cell wall is found in plants (cellulose), algae, fungi(chitin), & most bacteria(peptidoglycan).
  • 15. CELL MEMBRANE • Outer covering, protective layer around ALL cells • For cells with cell walls,the cell membrane is inside the cell wall • Allows food, oxygen, & water into the cell & waste products out of the cell. • SEMI-PERMEABLE
  • 16.
  • 17. The cell membrane is made of two phospholipid layers embedded with other molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol. The cell membrane is a barrier that separates a cell from the external environment. It is made of a double layer of phospholipids and a variety of embedded molecules. Some of these molecules act as signals; others act as receptors. The membrane is selectively permeable, allowing some but not all materials to cross
  • 18. • gelatin-like inside cell membrane • constantly flows • A.k.a . protoplasm
  • 19. CYTOSKELETON • scaffolding-like structure in cytoplasm • helps the cell maintain or change its shape • made of protein • It includes MICROTUBULES(green) and MICROFILAMENTS (red)
  • 20. NUCLEUS • Directs all cell activities • Contains instructions for everything the cell does • These instructions are found on a hereditary material called DNA • Stores and protect the DNA • Usually the largest organelle
  • 21. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE • separates nucleus from cytoplasm • controls movement of materials in & out of nucleus
  • 22. NUCLEOLUS • A.k.a “little nucleus” • Found in the nucleus
  • 23. CHROMATIN • contains genetic code that controls cell • made of DNA & proteins
  • 24. CHLOROPLAST • Green organelles that make food • found only in plant cells • Convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis
  • 25. CHLOROPHYLL • A green pigment that gives leaves & stems their color • Captures sunlight energy that is used to produce food called glucose • Glucose is a type of sugar
  • 26. MITOCHONDRIA • Organelles that release energy from food • This energy is released by breaking down food into carbon dioxide • A.K.A . the powerhouse because they release energy for the cell • Some muscle cells have 20,000 mitochondria
  • 27. RIBOSOMES • Make proteins • Float freely or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus
  • 28. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM A series of folded membranes that move materials (proteins) around in a cell • like a conveyor belt
  • 29. • Smooth ER – ribosomes not attached to ER for production of lipids • Rough ER – ribosomes attached to ER for production of proteins
  • 30. GOLGI BODIES (GAWL jee) The structure was named by Camillo Golgi • Stacked flattened membranes • The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and transports proteins.
  • 31. VACUOLES • Temporary storage spaces • Store food, water, waste materials
  • 32. LYSOSOMES (LI suh sohmz) • The word "lysosome" is Latin for "kill body." • The SUICIDAL BAG of the cell • The purpose of the lysosome is to digest things. They might be used to digest food or break down the cell when it dies. • Break down food molecules, cell wastes & worn out cell parts
  • 33. VESICLES • Vesicles isolate and transport specific molecules
  • 34. CENTRIOLE • Centrioles divide DNA during cell division.
  • 35. The Plant Cell STruCTurES found onLy in pLanTS • chloroplast • central vacuole • cell wall
  • 36. The Animal Cell Structures found only in animals • centriole • lysosome
  • 37. Structures found in both Plants and Animals • cytoskeleton • vesicle • nucleus • nucleolus • endoplasmic reticulum (rough) • ribosome • centrosome • endoplasmic reticulum (smooth) • cell membrane • Golgi apparatus • mitochondrion • vacuole
  • 39. F E G H
  • 40. I J
  • 41. Give the function of the following structures 1 2
  • 42. 4 3 5
  • 43. Identify what’s wrong with these cells
  • 45. Match the numbered parts of the CELL FACTORY with the corresponding organelles of the cell that closely resembles their function. 3 4 1 5 6 2 1- Nucleus 8 2- Chromosomes 7 7- ER 3- Mitochondria 5- Chloroplasts 8- Cell 4- Ribosomes 6- Vacuoles Membrane