This slideshow is intended for students in Mr. Hildebrandt's anatomy & physiology students. Please watch the introductory video before taking notes.

1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
The Immune System
Anatomy & Physiology II
Mr. Hildebrandt

2. Divisions of the Immune System
• Innate Response: (non-
specific) barriers
• Acquired immunity (very
specific)
• Cell-mediated immunity –
utilizing cells to fight
• Humoral – antibody
“production line”

3. Innate Response: Barriers
• Acid mantels – skin, vagina
• Sebum – skin, toxic to bacteria
• Keratin – skin (pH extremes)
• Mucus – resp/digest tracts
• Gastric juice – HCl in stomach
• Saliva & Tears – contain lysozymes
• Cilia – filtering properties

4. Innate Response: Cells
• Phagocytes:
(neutrophils and macrophages)
• Engulf & destroy invaders
• Mast cells aid in inflammation
• Natural killer cells:
• Can lyse and kill cancer cells
• Can destroy virus- infected cells

5. Innate Response: Chemicals
• Complement
• 30+ blood proteins
that destroy
microorganisms
• Interferons
• Proteins that inhibit
viral replication
• Urine
• Acidic nature
protects urinary Figure 12.8
tract

6. Innate Response - Inflammation
• Triggered when body
is injured
• Produces four cardinal
signs:
• Redness
• Heat
• Swelling
• Pain
• Results in protection
and healing

7. Innate Response: Fever
• Abnormally high body
temperature
• Hypothalamus: the heat
regulator can be reset
• High temperatures can
“burn up” some of the
antigens
• Fever also increases
the speed of tissue
repair

8. Summary of the Acquired Immune Response
Figure 12.16

9. Acquired Response: The Players
• Lymphocytes ( from red marrow)
• B lymphocytes become
immunocompetent in the bone
marrow then “hang out” in lymph
nodes
• T lymphocytes become
immunocompetent in the thymus T-cell
then “hang out” in lymph nodes
• Memory B & T cells stay in blood
indefinitely
• Macrophages – the “engulfers”
• Distributed in lymphoid organs
• Stimulate B & T cells B-cell

10. Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
• Soluble proteins
secreted by B cells
(plasma cells)
• Carried in blood plasma
• Can be specifically
designed and produced
in 7-10 days

11. Acquired Response: Humoral
• Antigen (invader) enters body
• Macrophage engulfs antigen, becomes
antigen-presenting cell, & release cytokines
• Helper T-cells are stimulated and release
more cytokines
• Cytokines activate B-cells
• B-cells become plasma cells
• Plasma cells produce antibodies
• Memory B-cells stay indefinitely

12. Humoral Immune Response

13. Acquired Response: Cell-Mediated
• Antigen invades body
• Macrophage engulfs antigen, becomes an
antigen-presenting cell, & release cytokines
• Helper T-cells are stimulated and release
more cytokines
• Cytokines activate Killer T-cells
• Killer T-cell receptors recognize,
poison (with perforine), & kill antigen
• Memory T-cells stay indefinitely

14. Things can go wrong…
• Immune system structures
can mistakenly attack
normal body tissues.
• This group of illnesses are
collectively known as
autoimmune disorders

15. Cell-Mediated Immune Response
Figure 12.15
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.43