Describe the structure and formation of the peritoneum with its developmental incorporation.
Demonstrate the destribution of peritoneum.
Correlate some clinical condition to its function and structure.
Presented by-
Dr. Subarna Das
Resident, MS Anatomy
Phase-A, Year-1, Block-2
Guided by-
Dr. K M Shamim
Prof. Department of Anatomy
BSMMU
Your peritoneum is a membrane that lines the inside of your abdomen and pelvis (parietal layer). It also covers many of your organs inside (visceral layer). The space in between these layers is called your peritoneal cavity.
anatomy of duodenum, location or position of duodenum, parts of duodenum, relations of each parts of duodenum, ligaments of treitz, visceral and peritoneal relation of duodenum, blood supply of duodenum, innervation of duodenum, clinical aspects of duodenum, duodenal ulcer, diverticulum, deodinitis, duodenal obstruction
محاضرة دكتورة نورا الطحاوى للفرقة الاولى كلية الطب البشرى
يوم الاحد 17 ابريل 2011س
Lectures of Anatomy by Dr. Noura El Tahawy for first year Faculty of Medicine, El Minia University. 17-4-211
م
Describe the structure and formation of the peritoneum with its developmental incorporation.
Demonstrate the destribution of peritoneum.
Correlate some clinical condition to its function and structure.
Presented by-
Dr. Subarna Das
Resident, MS Anatomy
Phase-A, Year-1, Block-2
Guided by-
Dr. K M Shamim
Prof. Department of Anatomy
BSMMU
Your peritoneum is a membrane that lines the inside of your abdomen and pelvis (parietal layer). It also covers many of your organs inside (visceral layer). The space in between these layers is called your peritoneal cavity.
anatomy of duodenum, location or position of duodenum, parts of duodenum, relations of each parts of duodenum, ligaments of treitz, visceral and peritoneal relation of duodenum, blood supply of duodenum, innervation of duodenum, clinical aspects of duodenum, duodenal ulcer, diverticulum, deodinitis, duodenal obstruction
محاضرة دكتورة نورا الطحاوى للفرقة الاولى كلية الطب البشرى
يوم الاحد 17 ابريل 2011س
Lectures of Anatomy by Dr. Noura El Tahawy for first year Faculty of Medicine, El Minia University. 17-4-211
م
describes about peritoneal cavity and clinical importance of it. it describes in deatils about lesser sac, greater sac, pouch of Morrison, pouch of Douglas.
anatomy of large intestine all info. is from snell clinical anatomy
this lecture composed of :- cecum , appendix , colon , rectum and anal canal
with all relation (location , blood supply , lymphatic drainage and nerve supply)
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
5. • The peritoneal cavity
– Greater
• Supramesocolic
• Inframesocolic
– Lesser
• The peritoneal ligaments, mesentery, and
omentum
6. The peritoneal cavity
• potential space between the parietal and
visceral peritoneum and contains a film of
fluid that lubricates the surface of the
peritoneum and facilitates free movements of
the viscera.
• Is a completely closed sac in the male but is
open in the female through the uterine tubes,
uterus, and vagina. It is divided into the lesser
and greater sacs.
7. Definitions
• Ligament
– Two folds of peritoneum
– Supporting structures
• Mesentery
– Two folds of peritoneum
– Connecting to the posterior abdominal wall
• Omentum
– Connecting the stomach to other organs
8.
9. • The greater omentum
– connects the stomach
to the colon
• The lesser omentum
– connects the stomach
to the liver
Omentums
13. • Gastrohepatic ligament:
– connects the left lobe of the liver to the lesser
curvature of the stomach
• Hepatoduodenal ligament:
– free edge of the omentum, which contains the
portal vein, hepatic artery and common bile duct
– CBD, hepatic gasteic vv, portal vein
14.
15. lesser omentum
• coronary veins (ที่ dilate เป็น varices ได้)
• lymph nodes (ที่โตได้จาก gastric carcinoma and
lymphoma)
• part of anterior wall of lesser sac
16. Lesser sac
• lesser sac เป็นส่วนหนึ่งในช่องท้อง ที่อยู่ระหว่าง stomach
and the pancreas
• ต่อกับภายนอกคือ greater sac ผ่านทาง foramen of
Winslow (epiploic foramen)
• aorta + celiac a อยู่ posteror to lesser sac
• ความผิดปกติใน lesser sac จะเกิดจาก organ ข้างเคียง
(pancreas, stomach) มากกว่าจากที่อื่น ปกติจะ
collapsed ยกเว้นที่ fluid fill
17. Lesser sac
• (a) superior recess, which lies behind the
stomach, lesser omentum, and left lobe of the
liver;
• (b) inferior recess, which lies behind the
stomach, extending into the layers of the
greater omentum
• (c) splenic recess, which extends to the left at
the hilus of the spleen.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. Mesenteries
• Double folds of the peritoneum
• connect to the posterior abdominal wall
– The small bowel mesentery
– The transverse mesocolon
– The sigmoid mesentery (or mesosigmoid)
31.
32. Root ของ transverse mesocolon แบ่ง peritoneal cavity เป็น supramesocolic and inframesocolic
space ที่ต่อถึงกันทาง paracolic gutter
33. Paracolic gutter 2 ข้าง form ขึ้นด้วย asc + des colon + lat abd wall
จะเห็นได้ว่สามารถเกิด peritoneal recess ขึ้นได้มากมายระหว่าง bowel loops และ mesentery ของมัน
35. Right peritoneal spaces
• Right subphrenic space
• Right subhepatic space: anterior and posterior
• Bare area
- Right ant. Subhep. Space
Connecting to epiploic foramen
- posterior subhepatic space (Morison pouch) –
dependent part
36. • Right subphrenic space
• Right subhepatic space:
– Anterior right subhepatic space
– Posterior right subhepatic space
• Hepatorenal fossa (Morrison pouch)
• Bare area
37. • Immediate left subphrenic space
• Left subhepatic space
• Falciform ligament
Left peritoneal spaces
38. Left subhepatic space
• gastrohepatic recess
• affected by diseases of the duodenal bulb,
lesser curve of the stomach, gallbladder, and
left lobe of the liver.
39.
40.
41. Peritoneal
circulation
• Predominantly to right
paracolic gutter
– deeper and wider than
the left
– partially cleared by the
subphrenic lymphatics.
• Watershed regions - fluid
stasis:
– Ileocolic region
– Root of the sigmoid
mesentery
• Malignancy staging
59. Note
• Falciform Ligament
– Is a sickle-shaped peritoneal fold connecting the liver to the diaphragm and
the anterior abdominal wall.
– Contains the ligamentum teres hepatis and the paraumbilical vein, which
connects the left branch of the portal vein with the subcutaneous veins in the
region of the umbilicus.
• Ligamentum Teres Hepatis (Round Ligament of the Liver)
– Lies in the free margin of the falciform ligament and ascends from the
umbilicus to the inferior (visceral) surface of the liver, lying in the fissure that
forms the left boundary of the quadrate lobe of the liver.
– Is formed after birth from the remnant of the left umbilical vein, which
carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the left branch of the portal
vein in the fetus. (The right umbilical vein is obliterated during the embryonic
period.)
60. Note
• Coronary Ligament
– Is a peritoneal reflection from the diaphragmatic surface of
the liver onto the diaphragm and encloses a triangular
area of the right lobe, the bare area of the liver.
– Has right and left extensions that form the right and left
triangular ligaments.
• Ligamentum Venosum
– Is the fibrous remnant of the ductus venosus.
– Lies in the fissure on the inferior surface of the liver,
forming the left boundary of the caudate lobe of the liver.
65. • Each segment has its own vascular inflow, outflow and biliary
drainage.
• ด้านในเลี้ยงด้วย PT ด้านนอก ด้วย hepatic veins.
• Right hepatic vein divides the right lobe into anterior and posterior
segments.
Middle hepatic vein divides the liver into right and left lobes (or
right and left hemiliver). This plane runs from the inferior vena cava
to the gallbladder fossa.
Left hepatic vein divides the left lobe into a medial and lateral part.
66. • Portal vein divides the liver into upper and lower
segments.
The left and right portal veins branch superiorly and
inferiorly to project into the center of each segment.
• Because of this division into self-contained units, each
segment can be resected without damaging those
remaining. For the liver to remain viable, resections
must proceed along the vessels that define the
peripheries of these segments. This means, that
resection-lines parallel the hepatic veins,
The centrally located portal veins, bile ducts, and
hepatic arteries are preserved
93. References
• Gray, Henry, Richard L. Drake, Wayne Vogl, Adam W. M. Mitchell, Richard
Tibbitts, and Paul Richardson. Gray's Anatomy for Students. Philadelphia:
Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone, 2010.
• "Imaging Anatomy: Chest, Abdomen, Pelvis | Amirsys Publishing." Amirsys
Publishing. N.p., n.d.
• Knipe, Henry, MD, and Jeremy Jones, MD. "Peritoneum." Radiopaedia Blog
RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.
• Devy, Angela D., MD. "Peritoneum and Mesentery - Part I: Anatomy." The
Radiology Assistant :. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.
• Smithuis, Robin, MD. "Anatomy of the Liver Segments." The Radiology
Assistant :. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Apr. 2014.
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