1. The prostate is a gland located below the bladder and above the urethra. It is roughly the size and shape of a chestnut.
2. The prostate has zones including a peripheral zone that makes up 75% of glandular tissue and a central zone that makes up 25%.
3. The prostate surrounds the urethra as it passes through the prostate. Prostatic ducts open into the urethra to secrete fluid that contributes to semen.
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation on prostate anatomy and physiology. It recommends freely editing the slides and asking students questions about blank slides to promote active learning. Reviewing blank slides before showing content engages students to think about what they know. The presentation is suitable for self-study by viewing a blank slide, thinking about the topic, and then reading the next slide. It aims to facilitate learning through three revisions of this interactive process.
Omentum – anatomy, pathological conditions and surgical importanceAravind Endamu
The omentum is a fold of tissue that hangs down from the stomach and extends over other abdominal organs. It has important functions like immunity, absorbing edema, and limiting spread of infection. The greater omentum develops from the dorsal mesogastrium and extends from the stomach to the transverse colon. The lesser omentum connects the stomach and duodenum to the liver. Pathologies of the omentum include cysts, torsion, and tumors. Clinically, the omentum helps drain collections, access the retroperitoneum surgically, and forms adhesions useful for patching perforations.
The document describes the major veins of the lower limb, including the superficial veins like the great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein, as well as the deep veins such as the anterior tibial vein, posterior tibial vein, popliteal vein, and femoral vein. It provides details on the origin, drainage pathways, and anatomical relationships of each of these key lower limb veins. The document serves as an overview of venous drainage from the lower limbs back to the heart.
he peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. It is composed of mesothelial cells that are supported by a thin layer of fibrous tissue and is embryologically derived from the mesoderm.
1. The document describes the male and female urethra, including their length, course, and functions. The male urethra is longer at 18-20 cm and curved, while the female urethra is shorter at 4 cm and nearly straight.
2. Key differences between the male and female urethra are outlined, such as the male urethra serving the dual functions of urination and ejaculation, while the female only functions for urination.
3. Common conditions like urethritis that can affect both the male and female urethra are mentioned.
The document provides information about the testis and spermatic cord. It describes the testis as the male gonad that is homologous with the ovary and functions to produce spermatozoa and secrete testosterone. It details the external features, coverings, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and normal descent process of the testis from abdominal cavity to scrotum during fetal development. Applied topics like hydrocele, varicocele, testicular cancer, undescended testis, and torsion of testis are also mentioned. The epididymis is described as a comma-shaped structure made up of highly coiled tubes that act as reservoirs for spermatozoa.
The male urethra is divided into three parts - prostatic, membranous, and spongy or penile. The prostatic urethra is lined with transitional epithelium and contains the urethral crest and openings of the ejaculatory ducts. The membranous urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm and is surrounded by the sphincter urethrae muscle. The penile urethra passes through the penis and is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium except for the fossa navicularis which has stratified squamous epithelium. Common conditions of the male urethra include urethritis, strictures,
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most intra-abdominal organs. Structures within this space are intraperitoneal, while those behind it are retroperitoneal. Diseases of the peritoneum and retroperitoneum include peritonitis, which is inflammation often due to infection; primary peritoneal carcinoma, which is cancer of the peritoneum cells; and retroperitoneal fibrosis, an uncommon fibrotic reaction in the retroperitoneum that can cause ureteral obstruction. Peritoneal dialysis is also discussed as a treatment where fluid is introduced and removed from the peritoneal cavity to remove waste.
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation on prostate anatomy and physiology. It recommends freely editing the slides and asking students questions about blank slides to promote active learning. Reviewing blank slides before showing content engages students to think about what they know. The presentation is suitable for self-study by viewing a blank slide, thinking about the topic, and then reading the next slide. It aims to facilitate learning through three revisions of this interactive process.
Omentum – anatomy, pathological conditions and surgical importanceAravind Endamu
The omentum is a fold of tissue that hangs down from the stomach and extends over other abdominal organs. It has important functions like immunity, absorbing edema, and limiting spread of infection. The greater omentum develops from the dorsal mesogastrium and extends from the stomach to the transverse colon. The lesser omentum connects the stomach and duodenum to the liver. Pathologies of the omentum include cysts, torsion, and tumors. Clinically, the omentum helps drain collections, access the retroperitoneum surgically, and forms adhesions useful for patching perforations.
The document describes the major veins of the lower limb, including the superficial veins like the great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein, as well as the deep veins such as the anterior tibial vein, posterior tibial vein, popliteal vein, and femoral vein. It provides details on the origin, drainage pathways, and anatomical relationships of each of these key lower limb veins. The document serves as an overview of venous drainage from the lower limbs back to the heart.
he peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. It is composed of mesothelial cells that are supported by a thin layer of fibrous tissue and is embryologically derived from the mesoderm.
1. The document describes the male and female urethra, including their length, course, and functions. The male urethra is longer at 18-20 cm and curved, while the female urethra is shorter at 4 cm and nearly straight.
2. Key differences between the male and female urethra are outlined, such as the male urethra serving the dual functions of urination and ejaculation, while the female only functions for urination.
3. Common conditions like urethritis that can affect both the male and female urethra are mentioned.
The document provides information about the testis and spermatic cord. It describes the testis as the male gonad that is homologous with the ovary and functions to produce spermatozoa and secrete testosterone. It details the external features, coverings, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and normal descent process of the testis from abdominal cavity to scrotum during fetal development. Applied topics like hydrocele, varicocele, testicular cancer, undescended testis, and torsion of testis are also mentioned. The epididymis is described as a comma-shaped structure made up of highly coiled tubes that act as reservoirs for spermatozoa.
The male urethra is divided into three parts - prostatic, membranous, and spongy or penile. The prostatic urethra is lined with transitional epithelium and contains the urethral crest and openings of the ejaculatory ducts. The membranous urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm and is surrounded by the sphincter urethrae muscle. The penile urethra passes through the penis and is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium except for the fossa navicularis which has stratified squamous epithelium. Common conditions of the male urethra include urethritis, strictures,
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most intra-abdominal organs. Structures within this space are intraperitoneal, while those behind it are retroperitoneal. Diseases of the peritoneum and retroperitoneum include peritonitis, which is inflammation often due to infection; primary peritoneal carcinoma, which is cancer of the peritoneum cells; and retroperitoneal fibrosis, an uncommon fibrotic reaction in the retroperitoneum that can cause ureteral obstruction. Peritoneal dialysis is also discussed as a treatment where fluid is introduced and removed from the peritoneal cavity to remove waste.
This article covers the anatomy of the inguinal canal, including contents, borders,the spermatic cord,the ilioinguinal nerve and related clinical aspects, such as hernias
محاضرة دكتورة نورا الطحاوى للفرقة الاولى كلية الطب البشرى
يوم الاحد 17 ابريل 2011س
Lectures of Anatomy by Dr. Noura El Tahawy for first year Faculty of Medicine, El Minia University. 17-4-211
م
The retroperitoneum lies between the posterior abdominal wall and the transversalis fascia. It is divided into five compartments by fascial planes: two lateral compartments containing the kidneys, a central vascular compartment containing major blood vessels, and two posterior compartments containing the psoas muscles. The lateral compartments are further divided into the anterior pararenal, perirenal, and posterior pararenal spaces. The perirenal space contains the kidney and related structures. Potential spaces between fascial layers like the retroperitoneal, retrorenal, and lateral conal planes allow for spread of fluid collections. Understanding the anatomy of the retroperitoneal spaces and fascial planes is important for interpreting imaging and pathology
The portal vein carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver through the portal canal. Within the liver, the blood flows through hepatic sinusoids to central veins and then sublobar veins and hepatic veins, eventually draining into the inferior vena cava. When the portal vein is blocked, porto-caval anastomoses can form or operations like transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt can be performed to relieve portal hypertension.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers abdominal organs. It consists of a parietal layer lining the abdominal wall and a visceral layer covering the organs. The potential space between these layers, called the peritoneal cavity, contains a thin film of fluid. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sacs. The peritoneum has several functions including suspending organs, fixing some organs in place, storing fat, and secreting fluid to allow organ movement. It develops from lateral plate mesoderm and is innervated by thoracic and lumbar nerves. Clinical applications of the peritoneum include peritonitis, ascites, peritoneal dialysis, and internal
The document discusses the anatomy of the perineum region in males and females. It describes key structures like the urogenital triangle, anal triangle, levator ani muscle, pelvic fascia, perineal membrane, superficial and deep perineal pouches, urogenital diaphragm, and perineal body. It provides details on the layers of fascia in the region, contents of the pouches, functions of the perineal body, and injuries that can occur like lacerations or episiotomies. The document is authored by Dr. Mohamed El fiky, Professor of anatomy and embryology.
colon anatomy, anatomy of large intestine, anatomy of large bowel, histology of large intestine, large intestine, histology, colon, appendices epiploica, taenia coli, haustrautions, ilio caecal valve
The male urethra has three parts - the prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra. The prostatic urethra is the widest part and contains the prostatic utricle and ejaculatory duct openings. The membranous urethra is the narrowest part passing through the perineum. The spongy urethra passes through the penis and has two dilations within the bulb and glans. It is surrounded by smooth muscle and contains numerous glands and lacunae that open into it.
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It has some differences between males and females. The male urethra is longer (18-20 cm) and curved, serving the dual functions of urination and ejaculation. It has two parts - the posterior urethra near the bladder and anterior urethra in the penis. The female urethra is shorter (4 cm) and straight, serving only urination. It opens between the clitoris and vaginal opening. Catheterization is easier in females due to the straight course of the urethra.
The document describes the anatomy and divisions of the mediastinum. It notes that the mediastinum is the central partition in the chest that contains structures like the heart, great vessels, trachea and esophagus. It divides the mediastinum into superior, anterior, middle and posterior compartments. The anterior mediastinum contains the thymus gland while the middle mediastinum contains the heart and pericardium. Various radiographic signs of mediastinal structures are also described.
The document discusses the embryology, anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation, motility, and anomalies of the rectum and anus. It describes how the hindgut develops into the distal structures during embryological development. Anatomically, it describes the layers of the rectum and surrounding structures like the anal sphincters. It also discusses the arterial supply from the inferior mesenteric artery and drainage into veins and lymph nodes.
The liver is the largest internal organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It has two surfaces - the diaphragmatic surface and visceral surface. The liver is divided into 8 segments based on the Couinaud classification which describes the functional anatomy and vascular supply. This allows for resection of individual segments without damaging other segments. The segments are delineated by the hepatic veins and portal scissurae into right, left, caudate and quadrate lobes.
describes about peritoneal cavity and clinical importance of it. it describes in deatils about lesser sac, greater sac, pouch of Morrison, pouch of Douglas.
The urethra is a passageway located in your body's pelvic region. The walls of the tube are thin and made up of epithelial tissue, smooth muscle cells and connective tissue. The urethra has two different types of sphincters, or muscles that act as valves that open or close
The prostate gland is located in the pelvis behind the pubic symphysis. It surrounds the urethra. The male urethra extends from the bladder neck to the tip of the penis, passing through the prostate. It has sphincter muscles to control urination and ejaculation. The female urethra is shorter and opens at the vestibule between the vaginal opening and clitoris. Both have sphincter muscles and epithelial lining changes along their course. Congenital anomalies like hypospadias can occur if the urethral folds fail to fuse during development.
During weeks 4-7 of development, the urogenital sinus divides into the urogenital sinus anteriorly and the anal canal posteriorly by the urorectal septum. The bladder develops from the upper part of the urogenital sinus and is connected to the allantois. The ureters initially develop as outgrowths from the mesonephric ducts and later enter the bladder separately, contributing to formation of the trigone. Malformations can occur if development of the bladder or attachment of the ureters is abnormal, such as urachal fistulas, urachal sinuses, urachal cysts, or abnormal ureter attachment.
The retroperitoneum is the compartmentalized space located behind the posterior abdominal wall. It is divided into three compartments - the anterior pararenal space, perirenal space, and posterior pararenal space. The perirenal space contains the kidney and related structures. A variety of pathologies can occur in the retroperitoneum including sarcomas like liposarcoma, neurogenic tumors, and benign lesions such as schwannomas or lipomas. Imaging plays an important role in characterizing these retroperitoneal masses.
The anal canal begins at the ano-rectal junction and extends downwards for approximately 4 cm, ending at the anal orifice. It is surrounded by two sphincter muscles - the internal and external sphincters. The pectinate line divides the anal canal into upper and lower regions with different anatomical features. Blood supply comes from the superior, middle, and inferior rectal arteries while drainage is through internal and external hemorrhoidal veins. Nerve supply is from the inferior hypogastric plexus and pudendal nerve. Anal fistulae are abnormal tracts that can develop connecting the anal canal to the perianal skin.
The peritoneum is a thin serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. It consists of a parietal layer lining the abdominal wall and a visceral layer covering the organs. Between these layers is a potential space filled with peritoneal fluid. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sacs, which are connected through the epiploic foramen. The peritoneum suspends organs, fixes some in place, stores fat, and secretes fluid to allow organs to glide easily. It is innervated by thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic nerves.
The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located below the bladder and above the urethra. It has an inverted cone shape with a base above and apex below. The prostate surrounds the urethra and produces fluid that comprises part of semen. It has four lobes - anterior, median, and two lateral lobes. The prostate contains the prostatic urethra, two ejaculatory ducts, and prostatic utricle. Blood supply comes from the inferior vesical artery and drains into the internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes.
Genitourinary system surgical antomy.pptxPradeep Pande
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation on anatomy. It recommends:
- Freely editing and modifying the slides
- Showing blank slides first to elicit student responses before presenting content
- Repeating this process of blank slides followed by content slides three times for active learning
- Using the presentation also for self-study
- Checking the notes for bibliographic references
It then provides an outline of slides on the urogenital system and its parts, with detailed slides on anatomy of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and male and female urethra.
This article covers the anatomy of the inguinal canal, including contents, borders,the spermatic cord,the ilioinguinal nerve and related clinical aspects, such as hernias
محاضرة دكتورة نورا الطحاوى للفرقة الاولى كلية الطب البشرى
يوم الاحد 17 ابريل 2011س
Lectures of Anatomy by Dr. Noura El Tahawy for first year Faculty of Medicine, El Minia University. 17-4-211
م
The retroperitoneum lies between the posterior abdominal wall and the transversalis fascia. It is divided into five compartments by fascial planes: two lateral compartments containing the kidneys, a central vascular compartment containing major blood vessels, and two posterior compartments containing the psoas muscles. The lateral compartments are further divided into the anterior pararenal, perirenal, and posterior pararenal spaces. The perirenal space contains the kidney and related structures. Potential spaces between fascial layers like the retroperitoneal, retrorenal, and lateral conal planes allow for spread of fluid collections. Understanding the anatomy of the retroperitoneal spaces and fascial planes is important for interpreting imaging and pathology
The portal vein carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver through the portal canal. Within the liver, the blood flows through hepatic sinusoids to central veins and then sublobar veins and hepatic veins, eventually draining into the inferior vena cava. When the portal vein is blocked, porto-caval anastomoses can form or operations like transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt can be performed to relieve portal hypertension.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers abdominal organs. It consists of a parietal layer lining the abdominal wall and a visceral layer covering the organs. The potential space between these layers, called the peritoneal cavity, contains a thin film of fluid. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sacs. The peritoneum has several functions including suspending organs, fixing some organs in place, storing fat, and secreting fluid to allow organ movement. It develops from lateral plate mesoderm and is innervated by thoracic and lumbar nerves. Clinical applications of the peritoneum include peritonitis, ascites, peritoneal dialysis, and internal
The document discusses the anatomy of the perineum region in males and females. It describes key structures like the urogenital triangle, anal triangle, levator ani muscle, pelvic fascia, perineal membrane, superficial and deep perineal pouches, urogenital diaphragm, and perineal body. It provides details on the layers of fascia in the region, contents of the pouches, functions of the perineal body, and injuries that can occur like lacerations or episiotomies. The document is authored by Dr. Mohamed El fiky, Professor of anatomy and embryology.
colon anatomy, anatomy of large intestine, anatomy of large bowel, histology of large intestine, large intestine, histology, colon, appendices epiploica, taenia coli, haustrautions, ilio caecal valve
The male urethra has three parts - the prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra. The prostatic urethra is the widest part and contains the prostatic utricle and ejaculatory duct openings. The membranous urethra is the narrowest part passing through the perineum. The spongy urethra passes through the penis and has two dilations within the bulb and glans. It is surrounded by smooth muscle and contains numerous glands and lacunae that open into it.
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It has some differences between males and females. The male urethra is longer (18-20 cm) and curved, serving the dual functions of urination and ejaculation. It has two parts - the posterior urethra near the bladder and anterior urethra in the penis. The female urethra is shorter (4 cm) and straight, serving only urination. It opens between the clitoris and vaginal opening. Catheterization is easier in females due to the straight course of the urethra.
The document describes the anatomy and divisions of the mediastinum. It notes that the mediastinum is the central partition in the chest that contains structures like the heart, great vessels, trachea and esophagus. It divides the mediastinum into superior, anterior, middle and posterior compartments. The anterior mediastinum contains the thymus gland while the middle mediastinum contains the heart and pericardium. Various radiographic signs of mediastinal structures are also described.
The document discusses the embryology, anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation, motility, and anomalies of the rectum and anus. It describes how the hindgut develops into the distal structures during embryological development. Anatomically, it describes the layers of the rectum and surrounding structures like the anal sphincters. It also discusses the arterial supply from the inferior mesenteric artery and drainage into veins and lymph nodes.
The liver is the largest internal organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It has two surfaces - the diaphragmatic surface and visceral surface. The liver is divided into 8 segments based on the Couinaud classification which describes the functional anatomy and vascular supply. This allows for resection of individual segments without damaging other segments. The segments are delineated by the hepatic veins and portal scissurae into right, left, caudate and quadrate lobes.
describes about peritoneal cavity and clinical importance of it. it describes in deatils about lesser sac, greater sac, pouch of Morrison, pouch of Douglas.
The urethra is a passageway located in your body's pelvic region. The walls of the tube are thin and made up of epithelial tissue, smooth muscle cells and connective tissue. The urethra has two different types of sphincters, or muscles that act as valves that open or close
The prostate gland is located in the pelvis behind the pubic symphysis. It surrounds the urethra. The male urethra extends from the bladder neck to the tip of the penis, passing through the prostate. It has sphincter muscles to control urination and ejaculation. The female urethra is shorter and opens at the vestibule between the vaginal opening and clitoris. Both have sphincter muscles and epithelial lining changes along their course. Congenital anomalies like hypospadias can occur if the urethral folds fail to fuse during development.
During weeks 4-7 of development, the urogenital sinus divides into the urogenital sinus anteriorly and the anal canal posteriorly by the urorectal septum. The bladder develops from the upper part of the urogenital sinus and is connected to the allantois. The ureters initially develop as outgrowths from the mesonephric ducts and later enter the bladder separately, contributing to formation of the trigone. Malformations can occur if development of the bladder or attachment of the ureters is abnormal, such as urachal fistulas, urachal sinuses, urachal cysts, or abnormal ureter attachment.
The retroperitoneum is the compartmentalized space located behind the posterior abdominal wall. It is divided into three compartments - the anterior pararenal space, perirenal space, and posterior pararenal space. The perirenal space contains the kidney and related structures. A variety of pathologies can occur in the retroperitoneum including sarcomas like liposarcoma, neurogenic tumors, and benign lesions such as schwannomas or lipomas. Imaging plays an important role in characterizing these retroperitoneal masses.
The anal canal begins at the ano-rectal junction and extends downwards for approximately 4 cm, ending at the anal orifice. It is surrounded by two sphincter muscles - the internal and external sphincters. The pectinate line divides the anal canal into upper and lower regions with different anatomical features. Blood supply comes from the superior, middle, and inferior rectal arteries while drainage is through internal and external hemorrhoidal veins. Nerve supply is from the inferior hypogastric plexus and pudendal nerve. Anal fistulae are abnormal tracts that can develop connecting the anal canal to the perianal skin.
The peritoneum is a thin serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. It consists of a parietal layer lining the abdominal wall and a visceral layer covering the organs. Between these layers is a potential space filled with peritoneal fluid. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sacs, which are connected through the epiploic foramen. The peritoneum suspends organs, fixes some in place, stores fat, and secretes fluid to allow organs to glide easily. It is innervated by thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic nerves.
The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located below the bladder and above the urethra. It has an inverted cone shape with a base above and apex below. The prostate surrounds the urethra and produces fluid that comprises part of semen. It has four lobes - anterior, median, and two lateral lobes. The prostate contains the prostatic urethra, two ejaculatory ducts, and prostatic utricle. Blood supply comes from the inferior vesical artery and drains into the internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes.
Genitourinary system surgical antomy.pptxPradeep Pande
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation on anatomy. It recommends:
- Freely editing and modifying the slides
- Showing blank slides first to elicit student responses before presenting content
- Repeating this process of blank slides followed by content slides three times for active learning
- Using the presentation also for self-study
- Checking the notes for bibliographic references
It then provides an outline of slides on the urogenital system and its parts, with detailed slides on anatomy of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and male and female urethra.
This document provides detailed information on the anatomy, histology, development, blood supply, clinical features and evaluation of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It describes the prostate gland as being located below the bladder and surrounding the urethra. BPH involves non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate driven by hormones. It commonly causes lower urinary tract symptoms in older men. Evaluation involves assessing symptoms, prostate size on exam, PSA levels, urine testing and uroflowmetry. Treatment focuses on relieving obstruction and bothersome symptoms.
Applied anatomy of the prostate and seminal vesiclesPatrickMusita
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the prostate and related structures. It discusses the size and location of the prostate, its lobes and zones, and surrounding fascial structures. It also describes the histology of the prostate gland and relations to neighboring organs. Key clinical applications are noted, such as prostate volume calculation, MRI characteristics, TURP procedure limits, and implications for prostate cancer staging. The document provides a comprehensive review of prostate anatomy and its relevance to urologic procedures and disease.
The male reproductive system consists of both internal and external components. Internally, it includes the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate and part of the urethra. Externally it includes the scrotum and penis. Sperm are produced in the testes and travel through the epididymis, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct to mix with fluids from the seminal vesicles and prostate to form semen, which is ejaculated through the urethra. The scrotum houses the testes and maintains the optimal temperature for sperm production.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the intraperitoneum. It describes the peritoneum and peritoneal spaces, including the parietal and visceral layers. It outlines the greater and lesser sacs and peritoneal ligaments, mesenteries, and omenta. It details the intraperitoneal organs such as the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. It concludes with notes on vascular structures like the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter blood to produce urine, which travels down the ureters into the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, when urine exits the body through the urethra. Key structures include the renal cortex and medulla in the kidneys, and the trigone in the bladder where the ureters enter. The kidneys and ureters have retroperitoneal positions, while the bladder is located in the pelvis. Blood supply to the kidneys comes from renal arteries.
This document provides an overview of the female reproductive system, including descriptions of key structures like the uterus, vagina, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. It discusses the functions of the female reproductive system in formation of ova, reception of sperm, fetal development, childbirth, and lactation. Diagrams are included to illustrate the anatomy.
Prostate carcinoma is the most common cancer in men. It typically arises from the peripheral zone and spreads along the prostatic capsule. Diagnosis is usually made in the late 60s and treatment includes surgery, radiation, hormone therapy or active surveillance depending on staging. Having a family history, genetic factors, chronic inflammation and hormonal imbalances can increase risk.
The document describes the male reproductive system including the seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland, urethra, and penis. It details the structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and functions of these organs. In particular, it explains how the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands contribute secretions to the seminal fluid during ejaculation through the urethra.
The prostate is a conical gland that surrounds the urethra in males. It secretes fluid that is slightly acidic and contains substances like zinc that form part of semen. The prostate is located in the pelvis below the bladder and above the urethral sphincter. It has lobes including a median lobe and two lateral lobes. Structures like the urethra and ejaculatory ducts pass through it. The prostate receives blood supply from inferior vesical and internal pudendal arteries and drains into prostatic veins. It is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The size and structure of the prostate changes with age. Diseases of the prostate include prostat
Anatomy & embryology of urinary bladderDeepesh Kalra
The document summarizes the anatomy and embryology of the bladder. It describes the bladder as a hollow sac that acts as a reservoir for urine. During embryonic development, the bladder arises from the urogenital sinus and cloaca. It develops a trigone region where the ureters enter. The bladder has layers including urothelium, lamina propria, smooth muscle, and connective tissue. It is innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves and has blood supply from internal iliac arteries.
The document discusses the anatomy and derivatives of the peritoneum. It describes how the peritoneum consists of parietal and visceral layers that form the peritoneal cavity. It also discusses the intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs, and how the peritoneum forms mesenteries, omenta, ligaments, folds, recesses and pouches to support the abdominal organs. In conclusion, it restates that the peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and produces fluid to lubricate the abdominal viscera.
The urinary bladder is a muscular reservoir located in the pelvis that stores urine. It has a capacity of 120-320 ml normally. The internal structure includes rugae, the trigone, and the internal urethral orifice. The male urethra passes through the prostate, bulbus penis, and corpus spongiosum to the external urethral orifice. It is surrounded by internal and external sphincters. The female urethra is shorter and located above the vagina. Catheterization of the bladder is used to drain urine.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the female pelvis, including bones, ligaments, fascia, spaces, vasculature, nerves and muscles. Key points include:
- The pelvis is divided into the true and false pelvis by the iliopectineal line. The true pelvis contains the pelvic organs.
- Important ligaments supporting the pelvic organs include the sacrouterine, cardinal, and pubocervical ligaments.
- The levator ani muscles form the pelvic floor and support the pelvic organs.
- Arterial blood supply comes from the internal iliac arteries and venous drainage is into the internal iliac veins. Lymphatic drainage
The prostate gland is located in the male pelvis below the bladder and in front of the rectum. It is about 4cm wide, 3cm long, and 2cm thick, and weighs around 8 grams. The prostate surrounds the urethra as it exits the bladder. It has an apex, base, and surfaces. The prostate contains zones that are susceptible to different conditions - the peripheral zone is prone to cancer while benign prostatic hyperplasia arises in the periurethral transition zone. The prostate receives blood supply from inferior and middle rectal arteries and drains into internal iliac veins.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the genitourinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and reproductive organs. It describes the location and internal structure of the kidneys and notes their blood supply from the renal arteries. It then discusses the ureters, which drain urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Finally, it summarizes the anatomy of the bladder and urethra in both males and females.
This document provides a summary of the gross anatomy of the female pelvis and perineum. It describes the pelvic girdle as consisting of the right and left hip bones and sacrum. The pelvis is divided into the greater pelvis above the inlet and lesser pelvis below. The pelvic cavity contains pelvic organs like the bladder, uterus and rectum. The perineum lies below and includes the anus and external female genitalia. Key female internal organs are the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina.
This document provides a summary of the gross anatomy of the female pelvis and perineum. It describes the pelvic girdle as consisting of the right and left hip bones and sacrum. The pelvis is divided into the greater pelvis above the inlet and lesser pelvis below. The pelvic cavity contains pelvic organs like the bladder, uterus and rectum. The perineum lies below and includes the anus and external female genitalia. Key female internal organs are the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina.
Applied Anatomy of Orbit and Eyeball.pptxMathew Joseph
The eye sits in a protective bony socket called the orbit. Six extraocular muscles in the orbit are attached to the eye. These muscles move the eye up and down, side to side, and rotate the eye.
The extraocular muscles are attached to the white part of the eye called the sclera. This is a strong layer of tissue that covers nearly the entire surface of the eyeball.
Anatomy and Histology of Skin(Dermis & Epidermis).pptxMathew Joseph
Deep to the epidermis lies the dermis. It is a thick layer of connective tissue consisting of collagen and elastin which allows for skin's strength and flexibility, respectively. The dermis also contains nerve endings, blood vessels, and adnexal structures such as hair shafts, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
Anatomy of Female Reproductive System.pptxMathew Joseph
The female reproductive organs include several key structures, such as the ovaries, uterus, vagina, and vulva. The functions of these organs are involved in fertility, conception, pregnancy, and childbirth.
Histology/Micro Anatomy of Small Intestine.pptxMathew Joseph
The small intestine is an organ located in the gastrointestinal tract, between the stomach and the large intestine. It is, on average, 23ft long and is comprised of three structural parts; the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
Functionally, the small intestine is chiefly involved in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. It receives pancreatic secretions and bile through the hepatopancreatic duct which aid with its functions.
Gross Anatomy & Histology of Muscle Tissue.pptxMathew Joseph
Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue. Muscle tissue gives skeletal muscles the ability to contract. Muscle is formed during embryonic development, in a process known as myogenesis. Muscle tissue contains special contractile proteins called actin and myosin which interact to cause movement. Among many other muscle proteins present are two regulatory proteins, troponin and tropomyosin.
Muscle tissue varies with function and location in the body. In vertebrates the three types are: skeletal or striated; smooth muscle (non-striated) muscle; and cardiac muscle.[1] Skeletal muscle tissue consists of elongated, multinucleate muscle cells called muscle fibers, and is responsible for movements of the body. Other tissues in skeletal muscle include tendons and perimysium.[citation needed] Smooth and cardiac muscle contract involuntarily, without conscious intervention. These muscle types may be activated both through the interaction of the central nervous system as well as by receiving innervation from peripheral plexus or endocrine (hormonal) activation. Striated or skeletal muscle only contracts voluntarily, upon the influence of the central nervous system. Reflexes are a form of non-conscious activation of skeletal muscles, but nonetheless arise through activation of the central nervous system, albeit not engaging cortical structures until after the contraction has occurred.
Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage of Pelvis.pptxMathew Joseph
The rich vascular supply of the pelvis not only supports the structures contained within it, including the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs, but also extends to the lower extremities. For a complete understanding of vascular anatomy as it pertains into the endovascular procedures of interventional radiology, it is useful to discuss the vascular structures in sections, from the bifurcation of the aorta and the inferior vena cava to the level of the common femoral arteries and veins. We will also review the anatomy of the iliac vessels, including their branches, common variants, and various collateral pathways
Cell - Fundemental Unit of Life - MBBS.pptxMathew Joseph
The document discusses the cell and its organelles. It describes how the nucleus contains DNA and controls the cell's activities. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus work together to manufacture, modify, and transport proteins and lipids within the cell. Lysosomes help digest food particles and break down damaged cell components.
The small intestine or small bowel is an organ in the gastrointestinal tract where most of the absorption of nutrients from food takes place. It lies between the stomach and large intestine, and receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct to aid in digestion. The small intestine is about 5.5 metres (18 feet) long and folds many times to fit in the abdomen. Although it is longer than the large intestine, it is called the small intestine because it is narrower in diameter.
The small intestine has three distinct regions – the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum, the shortest, is where preparation for absorption through small finger-like protrusions called villi begins.[2] The jejunum is specialized for the absorption through its lining by enterocytes: small nutrient particles which have been previously digested by enzymes in the duodenum. The main function of the ileum is to absorb vitamin B12, bile salts, and whatever products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jejunum.
The sciatic nerves branches from your lower back through your hips and buttocks and down each leg. Sciatica refers to pain that travels along the path of the sciatic nerve
Nerve roots: L4-S3.
Motor functions:
Innervates the muscles of the posterior thigh (biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus) and the hamstring portion of the adductor magnus (remaining portion of which is supplied by the obturator nerve).
Indirectly innervates (via its terminal branches) all the muscles of the leg and foot.
Sensory functions: No direct sensory functions. Indirectly innervates (via its terminal branches) the skin of the lateral leg, heel, and both the dorsal and plantar surfaces of the foot.
Genetic Series Chromosomal Aberrations.pptxMathew Joseph
This document provides information on chromosomal aberrations:
1. It classifies chromosomal aberrations into structural aberrations, which alter chromosomal structure, and numerical aberrations, which involve missing, extra, or irregular chromosomes.
2. Structural aberrations include deletions, translocations, inversions, and duplications. Numerical aberrations result from errors in chromosome separation during cell division called nondisjunction.
3. Common chromosomal disorders that result from aberrations include Down syndrome from trisomy 21, Turner syndrome from X chromosome monosomy, and Klinefelter syndrome from XXY. Each syndrome has distinct physical and developmental features.
Genetics Series Prenatal Diagnosis.pptxMathew Joseph
This document provides information on various methods of prenatal diagnosis, including noninvasive, minimally invasive, and invasive methods. It focuses on amniocentesis and chorionic villus biopsy, describing their indications, processes, and disadvantages. Amniocentesis involves extracting amniotic fluid through the abdomen at 14-20 weeks gestation to test for genetic abnormalities. Chorionic villus sampling extracts placental tissue through the cervix or abdomen at 10-12 weeks for early genetic testing, but carries a higher miscarriage risk than amniocentesis. Both aim to detect conditions like Down syndrome but cannot find all structural defects.
Genetics Series Genetic Counselling.pptxMathew Joseph
This document describes the principles and process of genetic counseling. Genetic counseling involves assessing a person's risk of inherited conditions based on family history and diagnostic testing. The counselor provides information on genetic disorders, diagnoses conditions, assesses inheritance patterns, and offers medical, psychological and reproductive support. The process of genetic counseling involves taking a clinical history, constructing a pedigree chart, making diagnoses using various tests, explaining the risk assessment, providing advice and support, and following up as needed. The goal is to educate patients and help prevent transmission of genetic diseases.
Karyotyping involves growing cells in culture, arresting them in metaphase using colchicine, staining the chromosomes, and arranging them into a standardized pattern for analysis. The main steps are sample collection, cell culture, harvesting metaphase cells, staining (typically using Giemsa banding), and arranging the chromosomes into a karyotype based on length, centromere position, and banding pattern. Karyotyping is used for clinical diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities, prenatal testing, and research applications like identifying cancer-related translocations.
Chromosomes are visible structures that contain DNA. They exist in two forms - as chromatin during interphase and as condensed structures during cell division. Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes so they can be seen under a microscope during mitosis and meiosis. Chromosomes contain DNA, are found in cell nuclei, and their number and structure is consistent within each species. During cell division, chromosomes condense further and separate into sister chromatids attached at the centromere.
The document summarizes the major blood vessels of the upper limb, including both arteries and veins. It describes the five main arterial vessels that supply blood from proximal to distal as the subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries. It then provides details on each of these vessels, including branches, parts, and clinical relevance such as sites for measuring blood pressure and potential complications from occlusion. It also outlines the superficial and deep venous systems that drain the upper limb, noting key veins like the basilic and cephalic as well as the median cubital vein which is a common site for blood draws.
On the front of the thorax the most important vertical lines are the midsternal, the middle line of the sternum; and the mammary, or, better midclavicular, which runs vertically downward from a point midway between the center of the jugular notch and the tip of the acromion
Karyotyping is the process by which photographs of chromosomes are taken in order to determine the chromosome complement of an individual, including the number of chromosomes and any abnormalities.
The term is also used for the complete set of chromosomes in a species or in an individual organism and for a test that detects this complement or measures the number.
The main artery of the lower limb is the femoral artery. It is a continuation of the external iliac artery (terminal branch of the abdominal aorta). The external iliac becomes the femoral artery when it crosses under the inguinal ligament and enters the femoral triangle.
In the femoral triangle, the profunda femoris artery arises from the posterolateral aspect of the femoral artery. It travels posteriorly and distally, giving off three main branches:
Perforating branches – Consists of three or four arteries that perforate the adductor magnus, contributing to the supply of the muscles in the medial and posterior thigh.
Lateral femoral circumflex artery – Wraps round the anterior, lateral side of the femur, supplying some of the muscles on the lateral aspect of the thigh.
Medial femoral circumflex artery – Wraps round the posterior side of the femur, supplying its neck and head. In a fracture of the femoral neck this artery can easily be damaged, and avascular necrosis of the femur head can occur.
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"AlexandraDiaz101
In a world overflowing with diet trends and conflicting nutrition advice, it’s easy to get lost in misinformation. This article cuts through the noise to debunk common nutrition myths that may be sabotaging your health goals. From the truth about carbohydrates and fats to the real effects of sugar and artificial sweeteners, we break down what science actually says. Equip yourself with knowledge to make informed decisions about your diet, and learn how to navigate the complexities of modern nutrition with confidence. Say goodbye to food confusion and hello to a healthier you!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
3. Sagittal View of the Prostate
Rectum
Seminal vesicle
Denonvillier's fascia
Deep transverse
perineal muscle
Puboprostatic
ligament
Plexus of
Santorini
Anterior
lobe Posterior lobe
Middle
lobe
Pubic bone
Urethra
Base of
prostate
Apex of prostate
Penis and
5. • The prostate (prostate gland)
is partly glandular and partly
fibromuscular
–Glandular tissue (1/2)
–Involuntary (smooth)
muscle(1/4)
–Fibrous tissue(1/4)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. Size & shape
• It resembles the size and shape of a chestnut which
lies below the bladder and above urogenital
diaphragm & surrounds 1st part of urethra.
• Broader than longer. 4x3x2 cm
• THE OTHER ORGAN HAVING BREADTH MORE THAN LENGTH IS CAECUM
15.
16. The prostate
The prostate has
A base,
An apex, and
4 surfaces
• Posterior ,
• Anterior , and
• 2 inferolateral surfaces).
17. • The prostate looks like an inverted cone having its
'base' above and its 'apex' below'.
• Its shape resembles - in general - the shape of the
urinary bladder in having 4 surfaces
– Anterior or superior(base)
– 2 inferolateral and
– Posterioinferior or posterior
but in stead of the urinary bladder having its apex in front
and base behind prostate its base above (its superior
surface) and its apex below.
• All surfaces merge indistinctly into one
another with no sharp borders between
them.
The prostate
18. 1. The base (or superior surface) lies below the bladder and is
continuous with its neck and is separated from it by a circular groove.
2. The posteroinferior or posterior surface Iies on the rectum (rectal
ampulla) but is separated from it by the fascia of Denonvielliers. This
surface can be easily palpated on per rectum (P.R.) examination.
3. The 2 inferelateral surfaces lion the anterior fibres of the levator ani
and are separated from each other the rounded anterior aspect of
the prostate.
4. The apex lies where the 2 inferolateral surfaces meet the
posteroinferior surface; the apex abuts against perineal memberane
and between the anterior borders of the levator ani and is separated
from the anal canal by perineal body.
5. Anterior surface rounded where two inferolateral surfaces meet
behind pubic symphysis & retroperitoneal fat in retropubic space.
Surfaces
19.
20.
21.
22. • The urethra enters the base (or upper surface) of the
prostate near its anterior border; passes downwards
forwards and emerges from its anterior aspect a little
above its apex(anteriosuperior to apex)
• Two ejaculatory ducts (one on each side of the median
plane) enter the upper part of the posterior aspect the
prostate to open into the prostatic urethra.
• The anterior aspect of the prostate is separated from the
posterior surface of the symphysis pubis by the
retropubic space (of Retzius)
• * Two cord-like condensations of fibrous tissue called the pubo-prostatic
ligaments lie close together one on each side of the median plane, connect the
upper part of the anterior aspect of the prostate with Iower end of the
symphysis pubis (and adjacent posterior aspect of the pubic bone).
24. * The retropubic space
• * The retropubic space is filled with pad of fat
which extend posterolaterally.
• Inferiorly,the space is limited by puboprostatic in
males & pubovesicle ligament in female.
• Superiorly it is continuous with extraperitoneal
tissue of anterior abdominal wall lateral to
umbilical ligament.
25. Rectovesical septum
• Rectovesical septum or prostatoperitoneal
membrane or Denovillier’s fascia
• A dense condensation of pelvic fascia which
develops by obliteration of the rectovesical
peritoneal pouch. It is obliterated from below
upwards as fetal life progresses so that at
birth this fascia separates the prostate, the
seminal vesicles and the ampullae of the vasa
deferentia from the rectum.
• Contents: in upper part contain seminal vesicles.
26. RELATIONS
• Base.
– Continuous with neck of bladder, a groove intervening in which are
veins.
• Apex.
– Rests on upper surface of superior layer of the urogenital diaphragm.
• Posterior.
– Rests on anterior wall of rectum and can be felt by a finger in the
rectum.
• Inferolateral. (2).
– Related to and supported by that part of the levator ani called the
levator prostate.
• Anterior Border or Surface.
– Behind the symphysis and connected with it by puboprostatic
ligaments.
27. The Base of the Prostate
• The base of the prostate (its vesicular
surface) is closely related to the neck
of the urinary bladder.
• The prostatic urethra enters the
middle of the base near its anterior
surface.
28. The Apex of the Prostate
• The apex of the prostate is inferior and is
related to the superior fascia of the
urogenital diaphragm.
• It rests on the sphincter urethrae muscle
and is embraced by the medial margins
of the levator ani muscles.
29. The Posterior Surface of the Prostate
• This is triangular and flattened transversely.
• It faces posteriorly and slightly inferiorly toward the urogenital
diaphragm.
• It rests on the ampulla of the rectum.
– This surface can be palpated by a digit in the rectum.
• Usually, the posterior surface has a shallow median groove,
demarcating the lateral lobes.
• The lateral lobes are often fused and clinicians often refer to them as
the posterior lobe.
• Superiorly on the posterior surface, there is a shallow groove where
the ejaculatory ducts enter the prostate.
• This groove indicates the middle lobe, the small section of the
prostate between the ejaculatory ducts and the urethra.
• The middle lobe lies posterior to the uvula vesica of the urinary
bladder.
• The prostatic utricle is located in the substance of the middle lobe.
30. The Anterior Surface of the Prostate
•This is transversely narrow
and convex and extends
from the apex to the base.
31. The Inferolateral Surfaces of the Prostate
• These meet anteriorly with
the convex anterior surface
and rests on the fascia
covering the levator ani
muscles.
32. The Prostatic Ductules or Ducts
• There are 20 to 30 of these in number.
• They open chiefly into the prostatic sinuses on
each side of the urethral crest on the posterior
wall of the prostatic urethra.
• This occurs because most glandular tissue is
located posterior and lateral to the prostatic
urethra.
• The prostatic secretion, a thin milky fluid, is
discharged into the prostatic part of the urethra
by contraction of the smooth muscle.
• Prostatic fluid provides about 20% of the volume
of the semen.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38. Prostatic urethra
•
• Widest and most dilatable part, 3 t0 4 cm long.
• The most prominent feature of the prostatic urethra is the urethral
crest, a median ridge between bilateral grooves, the prostatic sinuses
.
– The secretory ducts of the prostate, the prostatic ducts, open into the prostatic
sinuses.
• The seminal colliculus is a rounded eminence in the middle of the
urethral crest with a slit-like orifice that opens into a small cul-de-sac,
the prostatic utricle.
(The prostatic utricle is the vestigial remnant of the embryonic uterovaginal
canal, the surrounding walls of which, in the female, constitute the primordium of
the uterus and a part of the vagina)
• The ejaculatory ducts open into the prostatic urethra via minute, slit-
like openings located adjacent to and occasionally just within the
orifice of the prostatic utricle. Thus urinary and reproductive tracts
merge at this point.
• Verumontanum is term used to describe urethral crest(RJL) or
seminal colliculus (Gray’s)
39.
40.
41.
42.
43. • The prostate gland was initially thought to be
divided into five anatomical lobes, but it is now
recognized that five lobes can only be distinguished
in the fetal gland
• The glandular tissue may be subdivided into three
distinct zones, peripheral (70% by volume), central
(25% by volume), and transition (5% by volume)
• Non-glandular tissue (fibromuscular stoma) fills up
the space between the peripheral zones anterior to
the preprostatic urethra Non-glandular tissue
(fibromuscular stoma) fills up the space between
the peripheral zones anterior to the preprostatic
urethra
44.
45. Lobes of the Prostate
• Anterior lobe
• Median lobe
• Lateral lobe(2)
• Posterior lobe
The prostate is divided into lobes.
•The anterior lobe
• the portion of the gland that lies in front of the urethra. It contains no glandular
tissue but is made up completely of fibromuscular tissue.
•The median or middle lobe
• situated between the two ejaculatory ducts and the urethra.
•The lateral lobes
•make up the main mass of the prostate. They are divided into a right and left
lobe and are separated by the prostatic urethra.
•The posterior lobe
• the medial part of the lateral lobes and can be palpated through the rectum
during digital rectal exam (DRE).
46. The isthmus of the prostate
• The isthmus of the prostate (anterior
muscular zone; historically, the anterior
lobe) lies anterior to the urethra.
• It is primarily muscular and represents
the superior continuation of the urethral
sphincter muscle.
47. zones
• Some authors, especially urologists and
sonographers, divide the prostate into
peripheral and central (internal) zones. The
central zone is comparable to the middle lobe.
Within each lobe are four lobules, which are
defined by the arrangement of the ducts and
connective tissue.
48. • The prostate is now considered to consist of
– A central zone approximately 25% of the glandular substance
– A peripheral zone, 75% of the glandular substance
The central zone is wedge-shaped and forms the base of the gland
with its apex at the verumontanum ; it surrounds the ejaculatory
ducts as they course through the gland.
The peripheral zone surrounds the central zone from behind and
below, but does not reach up to the base; it extends downwards
to form the lower part of the gland. The ducts of the central zone
open on the verumontanum around the orifices of the
ejaculatory ducts. The ducts of the peripheral zone open into the
prostatic sinuses.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia occurs in the central zone. The peripheral
zone is almost exclusively the site of origin for carcinoma of the
prostate.
– There is very little glandular tissue anterior to the prostatic urethra, the
anterior part of the prostate being mainly fibromuscular; it is overlapped
from above by the detrusor muscle of the bladder and from below by the
striated muscle of the urethral sphincter.
49. Lymphatic Drainage of the Prostate
• The lymph vessels terminate chiefly in
the internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes.
• Some vessels from its posterior surface
pass with the lymph vessels of the
bladder to the external iliac lymph
nodes.
50. Innervation of the Prostate
• Parasympathetic fibres arise from the pelvic
splanchnic nerves (S2, S3, and S4).
• The sympathetic fibres are from the inferior
hypogastric plexuses.
51. Prostatic sheath
• It is enveloped in a thin, dense fibrous capsule (true
capsule), which is enclosed within a loose sheath derived
from the pelvic fascia called the prostatic sheath (false
capsule).
• It is continuous inferiorly with the superior fascia of the
urogenital diaphragm.
• Posteriorly, the prostatic sheath is part of the rectovesical
septum.
• This separates the bladder, seminal vesicles, and prostate
from the rectum.
52. Prostatic capsules
• Normally the prostate has 2 capsules: one false and one true
• Pathologically a third prostatic capsule may be found.
• 1. False capsule (prostatic fascia): this is a dense envelope of the pelvic fascia
surrounding the prostate(similar to fascia to all other organs which lie in the pelvis:
bladder, rectum, seminal vesicles etc)
• The fascial 'envelope' of the prostate is continuous with the fascia covering the
bladder and is anchored to the back of the symphysis pubis and pubic bones by the
2 puboprostatic ligaments.
• **The posterior part of the envelope of prostatic fascia forms a broad strong sheet
called the fascia of Denonvilliers which can be easily separated from the loose
rectal fascia behind.
• 2. True capsule: this is a thin fibrous sheath which forms the outermost part of
the prostate.
• * On each side of the prostate the false and true
capsules are separated from each other by a
prostatic venous plexus.
53. Prostatic capsules
• ◊◊The pathological capsule — when benign
‘adenomatous’ hypertrophy of the prostate takes
place, the normal peripheral part of the gland
becomes compressed into a capsule around this
enlarging mass.
• In performing an enucleation of the prostate, the
plane between the adenomatous mass and this
compressed peripheral tissue is entered, the
‘tumour’ enucleated and a condensed rim of
prostate tissue, lying deep to the true capsule, left
behind.
– The prostatic venous plexus, lying external to this, is thus undisturbed.
54.
55.
56.
57. The prostatic venous plexus
• In all operations on the prostate, the surgeon
regards the prostatic venous plexus with respect.
• The veins have thin walls, are valveless, and are
drained by several large trunks directly into the
internal iliac veins.
• Damage to these veins can result in a severe
hemorrhage.
58. Features of prostatic venous plexus
• Veins are thin walled
• Veins are valveless
• Veins end in internal iliac vein
• The venous plexus is connected with vertebral
veins(skeletal metastases in prstatic Ca)
59. Blood supply of the male internal genital
organs: prostate and others
• All the structures which lie between the bladder and rectum (prostate, seminal vesicles,
ampullae of vas deferens on either side as well as the lower ends of the 2 ureters) are
supplied by the inferior vesical with a little help of the middle rectal artery.
• * The branch to the prostate enters the gland on each side at its lateral extremity.
• * The artery to vas deferens arises from the inferior vesical artery and runs in close
relation with Vas from the base of the bladder to the epididymis (where it anastomoses
with the testicular artery)
• The prostatic venous plexus (a) receives the deep dorsal vein of the in front, (b)
drains into the internal iliac vein... behind and (c) communicates with the vesical venous
plexus... above. ,
• As the radicles from the prostatic. plexus run backwards to drain into the internal iliac
vein they pass lateral to the seminal vesicle and below the ureter.
• The pudendal plexus of veins (prostatic) lies between the
two capsules and receives in front the deep dorsal vein
of the penis.
60. Structures within the prostate
1. Prostatic urethra
2. Ejaculatory ducts(2)
3. Prostatic utricle
61. •Prostatic fluid, a thin, milky fluid, provides
approximately 20% of the volume of semen (a mixture
of secretions produced by the testes, seminal glands,
prostate, and bulbourethral glands) and plays a role in
activating the sperms.
62. PROSTATE EXAMINATION
&
PROSTATE ACTIVITY AND DISEASE
PROSTATE EXAMINATION
• The prostate can be examined clinically by palpation by performing
a rectal examination. The examiner's gloved finger can feel the
posterior surface of the prostate through the anterior rectal wall.
PROSTATE ACTIVITY AND DISEASE
• It is now generally believed that the normal glandular activity of
the prostate is controlled by the androgens and estrogens
circulating in the bloodstream. The secretions of the prostate are
poured into the urethra during ejaculation and are added to the
seminal fluid. Acid phosphatase is an important enzyme present in
the secretion in large amounts. When the glandular cells producing
this enzyme cannot discharge their secretion into the ducts, as in
carcinoma of the prostate, the serum acid phosphatase level of the
blood rises.
• The specific protein level can be measured by a simple laboratory
test called the PSA (prostatic-specific antigen) test.
63. BENIGN ENLARGEMENT OF THE PROSTATE
• Benign enlargement of the prostate is common in men
older than 50 years. The cause is possibly an
imbalance in the hormonal control of the gland.
• The median lobe of the gland enlarges upward and
encroaches within the sphincter vesicae, located at
the neck of the bladder.
• The enlargement of the median and lateral lobes of
the gland produces elongation and lateral
compression and distortion of the urethra so that the
patient experiences difficulty in passing urine and the
stream is weak. backpressure effects on the ureters
and both kidneys are a common complication.
• The enlargement of the uvula vesicae (owing to the
enlarged median lobe) results in the formation of a
pouch of stagnant urine behind the urethral orifice
within the bladder. The stagnant urine frequently be-
comes infected, and the inflamed bladder (cystitis)
adds to the patient's symptoms.
64. PROSTATE CANCER AND THE PROSTATIC
VENOUS PLEXUS
• Many connections between the prostatic venous
plexus and the vertebral veins exist.
• During coughing and sneezing or abdominal
straining, it is possible for prostatic venous blood
to flow in a reverse direction and enter the
vertebral veins.
• This explains the frequent occurrence of skeletal
metastases in the lower vertebral column and
pelvic bones of patients with carcinoma of the
prostate.
• Cancer cells enter the skull via this route by
floating up the valveless prostatic and vertebral
veins.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69. The primary cancer sites which give rise to
skeletal metastasis
• Prostate (typically osteoblastic
metastases)
• Breast
• Kidney
• Bronchus
• Thyroid
70. Prostate -- CS Mets
Brain
Lung
Adrenal
Liver
Common
iliac nodes
Bone
Specific distant lymph nodes
(except common iliac)
71. Valveless vertebral veins of Beteson:
• Some of venous drainage from prostate passes to plexus of veins
lying in front of bodies of vertebrae & within neural canal. These
veins between prostate & vertebral bodies contain no valves &
are called Valveless vertebral veins of Beteson. It may explain
spread of Ca prostate to vertebrae.
Prostatectomy :
•i.e. enucleation
Approaches:
• 1. Transvesical
• 2. Retropubic
• 3. Perineal
• 4. Transurethral via cystoscope
72.
73. RISK OF PROSTATE CANCER BY AGE*
• < 39 years
• 40-59 years
• 60-79 years
• Lifetime
1 in 10,100
1 in 38
1 in 14
1 in 6
*American Cancer Society 2006
77. WHAT IS BRACHYTHERAPY?
• BRACHYTHERAPY IS A FORM OF
RADIOTHERAPY WHERE A RADIOACTIVE
SOURCE IS PLACED INSIDE OR NEXT TO THE
AREA BEING TREATED.
• BRACHYTHERAPY IS COMMONLY USED TO
TREAT LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER.
78. • Brachytherapy involves
injecting radioactive seeds
into the prostate gland.
• They give off their
radiation at a low dose
rate over several months.
• The seeds remain in the
prostate gland
permanently.
80. Endocrine Procedures: Prostate
• Orchiectomy
– Removal of testes to suppress testosterone
production effecting tumor growth
– Removal must be bilateral