CXR and abdominal film interpretation for medical studentPatinya Yutchawit
1. The document provides guidance on interpreting chest x-rays and abdominal films through a systematic approach.
2. Key steps include evaluating technique and quality, checking for abnormalities in the airways, lungs, heart, diaphragm and other delicate areas. Common lung diseases and findings are described.
3. Interpreting abdominal films involves checking for bowel gas patterns, soft tissue masses, fluids, calcifications and bone abnormalities. Relating densities seen to different tissues helps with interpretation.
Budd-Chiari syndrome is caused by obstruction of the hepatic veins that drain the liver. It presents as either acute or chronic disease. Acute disease results from sudden thrombosis while chronic disease involves fibrosis. Imaging findings include enlarged caudate lobe, ascites, inability to visualize hepatic veins, and collateral vessel formation. Treatment involves identifying the underlying cause of obstruction and considering interventions like stenting or transplant to relieve pressure in severe cases.
This section introduces obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), including terminology, prevalence, and sequelae. OSA is characterized by partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep, resulting in oxygen desaturation and hypercapnia. It affects 2-17% of middle-aged adults and is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular diseases and neurocognitive issues. Common symptoms include habitual snoring, witnessed breathing interruptions, and daytime sleepiness.
introduction, causes, risk factors, symptoms, examination, investigations and management of peripheral arterial disease.
how to assess the patient and what will be the complications of PAD, physiotherapy treatment for PAD
CXR and abdominal film interpretation for medical studentPatinya Yutchawit
1. The document provides guidance on interpreting chest x-rays and abdominal films through a systematic approach.
2. Key steps include evaluating technique and quality, checking for abnormalities in the airways, lungs, heart, diaphragm and other delicate areas. Common lung diseases and findings are described.
3. Interpreting abdominal films involves checking for bowel gas patterns, soft tissue masses, fluids, calcifications and bone abnormalities. Relating densities seen to different tissues helps with interpretation.
Budd-Chiari syndrome is caused by obstruction of the hepatic veins that drain the liver. It presents as either acute or chronic disease. Acute disease results from sudden thrombosis while chronic disease involves fibrosis. Imaging findings include enlarged caudate lobe, ascites, inability to visualize hepatic veins, and collateral vessel formation. Treatment involves identifying the underlying cause of obstruction and considering interventions like stenting or transplant to relieve pressure in severe cases.
This section introduces obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), including terminology, prevalence, and sequelae. OSA is characterized by partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep, resulting in oxygen desaturation and hypercapnia. It affects 2-17% of middle-aged adults and is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular diseases and neurocognitive issues. Common symptoms include habitual snoring, witnessed breathing interruptions, and daytime sleepiness.
introduction, causes, risk factors, symptoms, examination, investigations and management of peripheral arterial disease.
how to assess the patient and what will be the complications of PAD, physiotherapy treatment for PAD
Cardiology 1.6. Heart Sounds and Murmurs - by Dr. Farjad IkramFarjad Ikram
This document provides an overview of heart sounds and murmurs for medical students. It begins with an introduction to heart sounds and auscultation. It then discusses normal heart sounds and abnormalities, including splitting of S2. Third and fourth heart sounds (S3 and S4) are described as well as gallop rhythms. Added heart sounds like ejection clicks, opening snaps, and pericardial knocks are explained. The document concludes with a definition and mechanisms of heart murmurs. Objectives, auscultation sites, and effects of maneuvers on murmurs are also mentioned.
This document discusses various methods for nutritional assessment, including anthropometric, clinical, biochemical, and dietary assessments. It focuses on anthropometric methods such as measuring height, weight, body mass index, skin fold thickness, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio. Clinical assessment involves taking a medical history and physical examination including checking for loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle wasting. The document also discusses using a subjective global assessment to classify a patient's nutritional status as severely, moderately, or well-nourished based on combining various assessment elements.
The document discusses acute cholangitis, including its pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, severity assessment, imaging, and management. Regarding diagnostic criteria, it summarizes that Charcot's triad has low sensitivity for diagnosing acute cholangitis compared to the Tokyo Guidelines 2007 and 2013 criteria. It also notes that the Tokyo Guidelines 2007 criteria for severity assessment were insufficient and have been revised in subsequent guidelines to better distinguish mild from moderate cases in the initial diagnosis.
Portal vein thrombosis can occur with or without underlying liver disease. It refers to the development of a thrombus in the portal vein or its branches.
Acute portal vein thrombosis presents with abdominal pain and may lead to complications like intestinal ischemia or infarction if not treated promptly with anticoagulation. Chronic portal vein thrombosis results in the formation of collateral vessels and portal hypertension over time. Common complications include bleeding from esophageal varices, recurrent thrombosis, and portal cavernoma cholangiopathy. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of both acute and chronic portal vein thrombosis.
1. The document discusses respiratory patterns in newborns, thermoregulation, causes of respiratory distress, and cyanosis in newborns.
2. It describes the irregular breathing patterns of newborns in the first few days after birth and signs of respiratory distress like tachypnea and chest retractions.
3. Common causes of respiratory distress discussed include transient tachypnea of the newborn, meconium aspiration syndrome, respiratory distress syndrome, and pneumonia. Differential diagnosis and investigations for these conditions are also provided.
This document defines different types of gastrointestinal bleeding and their associated symptoms. Upper GI bleeding originates from the esophagus, stomach or duodenum and can cause haematemesis (vomiting of blood) or coffee ground vomitus. Lower GI bleeding originates from the small bowel or colon and can cause melena (black tarry stools) or hematochezia (fresh blood in stool). The document notes that bright red haematemesis implies active upper GI bleeding, which is a major medical emergency. It also lists causes of upper GI bleeding and references management guidelines, with plans to cover differential diagnosis of GI bleeding in more detail later.
Cardiology 1.6. Heart Sounds and Murmurs - by Dr. Farjad IkramFarjad Ikram
This document provides an overview of heart sounds and murmurs for medical students. It begins with an introduction to heart sounds and auscultation. It then discusses normal heart sounds and abnormalities, including splitting of S2. Third and fourth heart sounds (S3 and S4) are described as well as gallop rhythms. Added heart sounds like ejection clicks, opening snaps, and pericardial knocks are explained. The document concludes with a definition and mechanisms of heart murmurs. Objectives, auscultation sites, and effects of maneuvers on murmurs are also mentioned.
This document discusses various methods for nutritional assessment, including anthropometric, clinical, biochemical, and dietary assessments. It focuses on anthropometric methods such as measuring height, weight, body mass index, skin fold thickness, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio. Clinical assessment involves taking a medical history and physical examination including checking for loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle wasting. The document also discusses using a subjective global assessment to classify a patient's nutritional status as severely, moderately, or well-nourished based on combining various assessment elements.
The document discusses acute cholangitis, including its pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, severity assessment, imaging, and management. Regarding diagnostic criteria, it summarizes that Charcot's triad has low sensitivity for diagnosing acute cholangitis compared to the Tokyo Guidelines 2007 and 2013 criteria. It also notes that the Tokyo Guidelines 2007 criteria for severity assessment were insufficient and have been revised in subsequent guidelines to better distinguish mild from moderate cases in the initial diagnosis.
Portal vein thrombosis can occur with or without underlying liver disease. It refers to the development of a thrombus in the portal vein or its branches.
Acute portal vein thrombosis presents with abdominal pain and may lead to complications like intestinal ischemia or infarction if not treated promptly with anticoagulation. Chronic portal vein thrombosis results in the formation of collateral vessels and portal hypertension over time. Common complications include bleeding from esophageal varices, recurrent thrombosis, and portal cavernoma cholangiopathy. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of both acute and chronic portal vein thrombosis.
1. The document discusses respiratory patterns in newborns, thermoregulation, causes of respiratory distress, and cyanosis in newborns.
2. It describes the irregular breathing patterns of newborns in the first few days after birth and signs of respiratory distress like tachypnea and chest retractions.
3. Common causes of respiratory distress discussed include transient tachypnea of the newborn, meconium aspiration syndrome, respiratory distress syndrome, and pneumonia. Differential diagnosis and investigations for these conditions are also provided.
This document defines different types of gastrointestinal bleeding and their associated symptoms. Upper GI bleeding originates from the esophagus, stomach or duodenum and can cause haematemesis (vomiting of blood) or coffee ground vomitus. Lower GI bleeding originates from the small bowel or colon and can cause melena (black tarry stools) or hematochezia (fresh blood in stool). The document notes that bright red haematemesis implies active upper GI bleeding, which is a major medical emergency. It also lists causes of upper GI bleeding and references management guidelines, with plans to cover differential diagnosis of GI bleeding in more detail later.
Chest CT can play an important role in evaluating patients with COVID-19 and detecting alternative diagnoses or complications. Common CT findings of COVID-19 include ground-glass opacities, vascular enlargement, bilateral lung involvement especially in the lower lobes, and a posterior predominance. CT may show normal findings early in infection but often demonstrates progressive abnormalities from ground-glass opacities to consolidation over the course of illness. Complications seen on CT include acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, superimposed pneumonia, heart failure, and pericardial effusions.
This document provides guidelines from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy on the role of endoscopy in evaluating patients with dyspepsia. It recommends that patients over 50 years old or those exhibiting alarm features should undergo endoscopic evaluation, while those under 50 without alarm features can be initially treated with noninvasive H. pylori testing and treatment if positive or a short course of PPIs. For patients who do not respond to or have recurring symptoms after these initial approaches, endoscopy is recommended to exclude structural diseases. The guidelines aim to optimize the use of endoscopy for diagnosing conditions like peptic ulcer disease or malignancy while avoiding unnecessary endoscopies.
Avascular necrosis, also known as osteonecrosis or bone infarction, is the death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply. It most commonly affects the femoral head. There are many potential causes including trauma, alcohol use, steroid use, and idiopathic cases. Diagnosis is made through imaging like x-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and bone scans. Treatment depends on the stage of necrosis and other factors, and may include observation, core decompression, vascularized bone grafts, partial or total hip replacement, or hip resurfacing. Staging is important for determining treatment and can range from pre-symptomatic changes visible only on MRI to complete femoral head destruction indistinguishable from osteo
This document summarizes various shoulder injuries including sprains, dislocations, tendinitis, fractures, and nerve injuries. It describes the mechanisms of injury, signs and symptoms, special tests used for diagnosis, and recommends referring patients to an orthopedist. Key details are provided for sternoclavicular joint sprains, acromioclavicular joint sprains, glenohumeral dislocations, rotator cuff injuries, bicep tendon injuries, clavicle and scapula fractures, and thoracic outlet syndrome.
Tokyo guidelines for cholangitis and cholecystitis Thorsang Chayovan
The document presents the Tokyo Guidelines for the management of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. It was created by an international working group to address the lack of standardized diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines for biliary infections. The working group conducted an extensive literature review, found little high-level evidence, and thus developed the guidelines through international consensus meetings. The Tokyo Guidelines provide evidence-based diagnostic criteria, severity assessments, and management recommendations for acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. They aim to establish international standards for evaluating and treating biliary infections.
The role of ercp in diseases of the biliary tract and pancreasThorsang Chayovan
This document provides guidelines from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) on the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in diseases of the biliary tract and pancreas. It was developed using an evidence-based methodology including a literature review. The guidelines are intended to apply to all physicians performing GI endoscopy. ERCP is described as useful for diagnosing and treating conditions like gallstones, biliary strictures, pancreatic disease, and leaks or injuries to the biliary tract. Outcomes of ERCP for various conditions are discussed along with appropriate patient selection and techniques.
This guideline discusses the appropriate use of endoscopy in evaluating patients with dyspepsia. It recommends that patients over 50 years old or those with alarm features should undergo endoscopy due to their higher risk of structural diseases like cancer or peptic ulcers. Younger patients without alarm features may initially receive noninvasive testing for H. pylori infection and be treated if positive, or try acid suppression therapy. If these approaches do not resolve symptoms, endoscopy is recommended to check for structural causes. The guideline aims to help clinicians determine which dyspepsia patients most need endoscopy versus other initial treatment strategies.
This document provides guidelines for the role of endoscopy in evaluating suspected choledocholithiasis (gallstones in the common bile duct). It recommends a risk-stratified approach based on initial evaluation. For low risk patients, only cholecystectomy is needed. For intermediate risk, additional imaging like EUS, MRCP or preoperative ERCP is recommended to further evaluate need for ductal stone removal. For high risk, preoperative ERCP or operative cholangiography is recommended due to frequent need for therapy. Non-endoscopic options like CT, MRCP, IOC and laparoscopic ultrasound are also discussed. The guidelines are meant to help endoscopists provide care while considering individual clinical factors.
This clinical guideline provides recommendations for diagnosing and treating pneumonia in children. Pneumonia is common in children under 2 years old and can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or mixed infections depending on the child's age. Clinical features like fever, cough, difficulty breathing, and fast breathing should prompt consideration of pneumonia. Chest x-rays are not needed for most cases but can help in complicated cases. Most children can be treated with oral antibiotics at home, while those with more severe symptoms require hospital admission and intravenous antibiotics. Complications like lung abscesses may occur and require longer treatment and follow up to ensure full recovery. Recurrent pneumonia may indicate underlying conditions that require further investigation.
This document provides guidelines for treating fever and neutropenia in children with cancer. It defines low-risk and high-risk patients based on their condition and symptoms. For low-risk patients, initial treatment with ceftazidime is recommended, while high-risk patients should receive ceftazidime and vancomycin. Treatment is modified based on blood culture results and patient stability. Persistent fever may warrant adding antifungal drugs or investigating non-bacterial causes.
Rectal procidentia, or rectal prolapse, is the full-thickness circumferential intussusception of the rectum through the anal verge. It can be incomplete involving just the mucosa, or complete involving the full rectal wall. Complete prolapse is classified as first degree if the prolapse remains outside the anus, second degree if it reduces spontaneously on lying down, or third degree if it requires manual reduction. Predisposing factors include constipation, pelvic floor weakness, rectocele, and increased intra-abdominal pressure. Treatment options include pelvic floor repair, rectopexy to elevate the rectum, and resection of redundant sigmoid colon.
The document discusses acute calculous cholecystitis, a complication of gallstones where the gallbladder becomes inflamed. It provides details on the pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment strategies. Regarding treatment strategies, it indicates that early laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 1 week of symptoms starting is considered the best treatment for most patients based on randomized trials showing shorter hospital stays compared to delayed surgery 2-3 months later. However, it notes the risk of bile duct injuries may be higher for early surgery on an inflamed gallbladder based on large registry studies, though randomized trials were too small to definitively assess this risk. It concludes that while early laparoscopy is usually best, open surgery or postponing surgery may
62. 62
ขั้นตอนการปฏิบัติ
Task analysis
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Sritharan, K., Elwell, A V. and Sivananthan S. (2008) Master Pass : Essential OSCE Topic for Medical and Surgical. London
: Radcliffe Publishin
World Health Cargonization (2003). Surgical Course at the District Hospital. Geneva:WHO
64. 64
ขั้นตอนการปฏิบัติ
Task analysis
3. ขั้นตอนการปฏิบัติ
3.1 (Sterile technique)
3.2
อลดความ
3.3 (Patient’s perineum
and thighs)
3.4
3.5
Labia
เครื่องมืออื่น
3.6 Urethral meatus and glans
Urethral meatus Anal area
3.7 Body of penis ตั้งฉากกับลําตัว
Syringe 5 -10 cc
3.8
3.9 5 cm
Urethral meatus ( resistance
External sphincter และ Prostate gland)
3.10
5-10 cm. Syringe 10 ml.
Balloon
3.11 Balloon 10 cm
3.12 Urine bag adhesive
band
3.13
3.14
4.
4.1
4.2 อธิบายถึงแผนการรักษาในอนาคต
4.3
4.4
4.5
65. 65
ขั้นตอนการปฏิบัติ
Task analysis
Sritharan, K., Elwell, A V. and Sivananthan S. (2008) Master Pass : Essential OSCE Topic for Medical and Surgical. London
: Radcliffe Publishin
World Health Cargonization (2003). Surgical Course at the District Hospital. Geneva:WHO
66. 66
Stoma Care
1.
2. อธิบายวิธีการทํา
3.
4.
a. ชุดทําแผล (set dressing)
b. Stoma bag 2 แบบ
i. Stoma bag แบบ 1 stoma (adhesive)
stoma bag ออกทั้งหมด
ii. Stoma bag แบบแยก 2 ชิ้น จะมี 2 ostomy ที่
ถุงครอบ
c. ถุงมือ
d. Sterile normal saline
5. และสวมถุงมือ
6. set dressing sterile technique
7. สังเกตสี ปริมาณ และลักษณะของ content ใน stoma bag สี mucosa
ostomy 1
8. ostomy มี prolapse ,retraction ,abscess ,paraostomy hernia ,paraostomy
abscess
9. แกะ ostomy bag เดิมออก และทําความสะอาด mucosa sterile normal saline
10. ทําความสะอาดบริเวณผิวหนังโดยรอบ mucosa sterile normal saline
11. sterile gauze เช็ดโดยรอบ mucosa
12. 1 ทา stoma paste
สนิทกับผิวหนัง
13. 2 stoma bag
14.
15.
69. 69
ขั้นตอนการปฏิบัติ
Task analysis
5.3 Gitter A., Bosker G.. Upper and lower extremity prosthetics.
Physical medicine and rehabilitation principles and practice, 4th
ed.
Philadelphia : Lippincott William&Wilkins, 2005 : 1325-54.
5.4 Uustal H., Baerga E. Prosthetics and orthotics. Physical medicine
and rehabilitation board review. New York : Demos medical, 2004
: 409-87.
5.5 Leonard E., McAnelly R., Lomba M., Faulkner V. Lower limb
prostheses. Physical medicine and rehabilitation, 2nd
ed.
Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders company, 2000 : 279-310.
5.6 Todd A., Miller L., Lipschutz R., Huang M., Rehabilitation of
people with lower limb amputation. Physical medicine and
rehabilitation, 3rd
ed.Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders company, 2007 :
283-324.