1. The nasopharynx lies behind the nasal cavity and extends from the skull base to the soft palate. It communicates with the oropharynx through the velo-pharyngeal sphincter.
2. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma most commonly presents with neck lumps, ear symptoms like fullness and hearing loss, and nasal symptoms like bleeding. It can spread locally and through lymphatic routes.
3. Evaluation involves endoscopic examination, imaging tests like CT/MRI, and biopsy for histopathological examination. Immunological tests help establish association with Epstein-Barr virus.
this prsentation incluses HRCT temportal bone cross sectional anatomy images axial saggital and coronal with labelled diagram. This presentation help alot for radiology resident. Thanks.
the fascial planes of the neck is very important in the spread and containment of infections, as well as being surgical dissection plane during neck surgery.
infections are rare but need to be identified early and treated appropriately to reduce the mortality and morbidity
this is a slightly well illustrated ppt of the previously uploaded one in february 2015
this prsentation incluses HRCT temportal bone cross sectional anatomy images axial saggital and coronal with labelled diagram. This presentation help alot for radiology resident. Thanks.
the fascial planes of the neck is very important in the spread and containment of infections, as well as being surgical dissection plane during neck surgery.
infections are rare but need to be identified early and treated appropriately to reduce the mortality and morbidity
this is a slightly well illustrated ppt of the previously uploaded one in february 2015
the role of brachytherapy in oral cavity carcinoma.
physics of brachytherapy
radiobiology of brachytherapy
clinical application in tongue, buccal mucosa cancer
describes relationship between radiation dose and the fraction of cells that “survive” that dose
model of cell killing
target model
linear quadratic model
Energy Absorption in Radiobiology
Ionization vs. Excitation
Ionizing Versus Non-ionizing Radiation
Absorption Mechanisms
Ionization by alpha particle, Xray & neutron
General management
Management of low grade gliomas: overview
Pilocytic astrocytoma
non pilocytic/diffuse infiltrating gliomas
Management of high grade gliomas: overview
Anaplastic gliomas
Glioblastoma multiformae
Vocal cord paralysis and evaluation of hoarseness
Slides prepared and compiled by highly experienced ENT teacher, Dr. Krishna Koirala from Nepal, for teaching undergraduate and postgraduate ENT students in the field of otorhinolaryngology.
A clear and concise explanation of the basic concepts in the subject matter concerned.
He is the Head of department with a sound knowledge in the field of ENT to teach both undergraduate and postgraduate ENT students
Physical Models For Time Dose & FractionationIsha Jaiswal
Physical Models For Time Dose & Fractionation
Strandqvist Plot
Cohen’s Formula
Fowler Concepts
NSD Model
TDF model
Target Theory
L Q model
BED calculation of different fractionation regimen
Introduction
Time dose & fractionation
Therapeutic index
Four R’s Of Radiobiology
Radiation response
Survival Curves Of Early & Late Responding Cells
Various fractionation schedules
Clinical trials of altered fractionation
EBCTCG METAANALYSIS
INDICATION OF POST OP RADIOTHERAPY
Immobilization devices
Conventional planning
Alignment of the Tangential Beam with the Chest Wall Contour
Doses To Heart & Lung By Tangential Fields
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Nasopharynx
-Behind the nasal cavity
-Extends from skull
Base superiorly to the
soft palate inferiorly
- Communicates inferiorly with
the oropharynx through the
velo-pharyngeal sphincter
- The nasopharyngeal tonsil lies in
the roof
- The pharyngeal opening of ET
lies in the lateral wall
7. Posterior wall:.
Bounded by:
Atlas vertebra
Axis vertebra
Sup. Constrictor ms
Buccopharyngeal
fascia
Retropharyngeal
space
Prevertebral fascia
8. Lateral wall: contain openings of eustachian tube
bounded by elevation called as torus tubarius.
LATERAL VIEWMEDIAL VIEW
9. SINUS OF MORGAGNI
Space between base of
skull & sup.connstictor.
Through it enters-
Eustachian tube
Tensor &Levator veli
palatini muscle
Asc. Palatine
artery(facial artery)
a-mucosa
b-pharyngobasilar fascia
c-muscular coat
d-buccopharyngeal fascia
12. Arterial supply: External carotid artery
• Ascending pharyngeal
• Spheno palatine artery
• Facial arteries
Venous drainage
• The pterygoid venous plexus (superiorly)
• The pharyngeal plexus (inferiorly)
• Finally drain in int. jugular vein
Nerve supply:
Sensory -Ant. to ET opening: maxillary nerve (V2)
Post. to ET opening: glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Motor –pharyngeal plexus formed by IX,X & cranial part of XI
nerve.
15. MUCOSA OF NASOPHARYNX
respiratory type (ciliated pseudostratified
columnar with goblet cells) near the nasal
cavities
non-keratinising stratified squamous type
near the pharyngeal isthmus
25. Epidemology
NPC shows a distinct racial and geographical
distribution.
The annual incidence rate (per 100,000 per year)
ranged from <1 among whites to >20 among
Southern Chinese populations.
Incidence common in southern China and
Taiwan and they constitute high risk group. USA
& rest part of world constitute low risk group.
It is uncommon in India and constitutes 0.5% of
all cancers
26. AGE & SEX DISTRIBUTION
bimodal age distribution is observed in low
risk group. First peak incidence at 15 to
25years,second peak at 50 to 59 years of age
incidence in high-risk populations rises after
30 years of age, peaks at 40 to 60 years, and
declines thereafter.
Sex ratio; M:F= 2:1 to 3:1
28. GENETIC FACTORS
Chinese have higher genetic susceptibility for
NPC .
Genomic studies have revealed 3 HLA locus.
HLA A2; HLA B46; HLA B17 are associated with
increased risk of NPC
29. ENVIORMENTAL FACTOR
DIET: Chinese salted fish food contain
nitrosamines: carcinogen
Lack of vit C in diet
Burning of incense & woods: polyaromatic
hydrocarbon:carcinogen
Alcohol consumption & Cigarette smoking
occupational exposure to dust, smoke, and
chemical fumes
30. VIRUS
HPV associated with keratinizing type NPC???
EBV associated with NON keratinizing type NPC .
EBV-DNA or RNA presence in cell indicates that
the virus has entered the tumor cell before
clonal expansion.
EBV’s tumerogenic potential is due to two latent
genes: LATENT MEMBRANE PROTEINS (LMP)
EBV-NUCLEAR ANTIGEN (EBNA)
31. NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA-NATURAL HISTORY
Inception
silent period
Focal invasion
Primary lymph node
station
Genetic, environmental, viral
factors
Blood stained mucus, ET
blockage
Locoregional spread
retropharyngeal
Systemic spread
Paraphar
yngeal,
skull base
34. SYMPTOMSOF NPC
• Neck mass: may be due to primary tumour or
secondary neck nodes. Bilateral metastasis to
lymph node is common
Nasal : Discharge, bleeding, obstruction
Aural: tinnitus, hearing loss
Cranial nerve palsy : Most common 6th nerve
Weight loss
35. Clinical Manifestation
• Neck lump 60%
• Ear (s) plugging & fullness 41%
• Hearing loss 37%
• Nasal bleeding 30%
• Nasal obstruction 29%
• Head pain 16%
• Ear pain 14%
• Neck pain 13%
• Weight loss 10%
• Diplopia 8%
Symptom & sign of NPC frequency at diagnostic in Mayo clinic
series
47. RETROPAROTID SYNDROME :also called
as VILLARET SYNDROME. Occur due to
enlarged lateral retropharyngeal lymph node
metastasizing to retroparotid space.
Involves 9 to12 cranial nerve & cervical sympathetic
trunk.
Patient presents with difficulty in speech &swallowing,
Altered taste sensations in post.1/3 of tongue.
Weakness of
sternocleidomastoid & trapezius muscle.
Unlateral atrophy of tongue & horner’s syndrome
Ophthalmo-neurological SYMPTOMS:
48. PETROSPHENOID SYNDROME of JACOD:
tumour invasion to base of skull may involve II to VI
cranial nerve.
(II)nerve involvement lead to decreased vision,amurosis
VI nerve involvement results in squint and diplopia.
III, IV, VI nerve involvement results in
ophthalmoplegia.
V nerve involvement results in facial pain & absent
corneal reflex.
Ophthalmo-neurological SYMPTOMS:
52. Lateral spread:otologic symptoms
• Result from eustachian tube involvement
• Sensation of ear blockage
• Serous otitis media
• Conductive hearing loss
• Tinitus
62. The Olfactory nerve
(CN I) is simply tested
by offering
something familiar
for the patient to
smell and identify.
Olfactory nerve test
63. fundoscopy should be
performed on both eyes.
Visual reflexes comprise
direct and concentric
light reflexes. -
• OPTIC NERVE TESTING
64. Occulomotor, trochlear & abducens
nerve testing
• The Oculomotor
nerve ( III), Trochlear
nerve (IV) and
Abducent Nerve (VI)
are involved in
movements of the
eye. They supply the
extraocular muscles
of eye.
65. Trigeminal nerve (CN V) is involved in sensory
supply to the face and motor supply to the
muscles of mastication
66. Corneal reflex
The corneal reflex should
also be examined as the
sensory supply to the
cornea is from this nerve.
Do this by lightly touching
the cornea with the cotton
wool. This should cause the
patient to shut their
eyelids.
67. To test the motor supply, ask the patient to clench their
teeth together, observing and feeling the bulk of the
masseter and temporalis muscles.
perform the jaw jerk on the patient
by placing your left index finger on
their chin and striking it with a
tendon hammer. This should cause
slight protrusion of the jaw.
68. Crease up the forehead
The Facial nerve (CN VII) supplies motor branches
to the muscles of facial expression. -
Keep eyes closed against
resistance
Puff out the cheeks Reveal the teeth
69. Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve test
Rinne test - place
tuning fork on the
mastoid process .
Webers test - place the
tuning fork at centre of
the forehead -
Rinne test - place
tuning fork beside
the ear
70. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) test
• The Glossopharyngeal
nerve (CN IX) provides
sensory supply to the
palate. It can be tested
with the gag reflex or by
touching the arches of
the pharynx.
vagus nerve (CN X) provides motor supply to the pharynx.
Ask the patient to speak .The uvula should be observed
before and during the patient saying “aah”. Check that it
lies centrally and does not deviate on movement.
71. Spinal acessory nerve(XI) test
Sternocldeiomastoid ms.
test against resistance
Trapezius ms. test against
resistance
72. Hypoglossal nerve (XII) test
Ask the patient to
stick their tongue
out. If the tongue
deviates to either
side, it suggests a
weakening of the
muscles on that side.
73. Radiologic evaluation
• Nasopharyngoscopy
• X Ray head & neck
• CT scan head & neck ( for evaluation &
treatment planning )
• MRI ( if intracranial extension )
• Bone scan
• Pet scan
75. MRI
.
Advantages:
Superior in assessing
primary tumour, invasion into
surrounding soft tissue
pharyngobasilar fascia,
skull base invasion,
intracranial invasion, as
well as cavernous sinus
extension and
perineural disease
Advantages:
Superior to MRI and CT
for
assessing lymph node
metastasis, especially
cervical nodal
metastases,
and distant metastases,
especially occult
metastatic disease
PETCTImaging techniques
76. Histopathologic evaluation
• Biopsy
• Most common site are roof of nasophalynx
& Rosenmuller fossa
• Most common histological type:
squamous cell carinoma ( SCC)
KERATINIZING TYPE
NON KERATINIZING TYPE –diffretiated &
undiffentiated subtypes
BASALOID TYPE
77. Immunology
• Indirect immunofluorescence for IgG & IgA
antibodies to viral capsid antigen (VCA) &
early antigen (EA)
– Most specific test for diagnosis
– Highly predictive of the clinical
course:monitoring of EBV DNA in serum of
affected pt.using RTPCR is useful for
monitoring therapy.
– not yet commercially available