Histology: Epidermal tissues
•
1 like•714 views
This document provides information about epidermal tissues, trichomes, and stomata. It discusses that the epidermis forms the outer protective layer of leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits. It contains parenchyma cells and can form hair-like unicellular or multicellular trichomes that protect against water loss and other factors. The epidermis also contains numerous minute openings called stomata that allow for gas exchange between internal tissues and the atmosphere. Stomata come in different types defined by the number and arrangement of neighboring cells. Their main functions are transpiration and gas exchange to support respiration and photosynthesis.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Riccia ppt
Riccia is a genus of liverworts that includes both terrestrial and aquatic species. It has a small, flat, dorsiventral thalloid body that grows from an apical meristem and branches dichotomously. It reproduces both sexually and asexually. Sexually, it produces male antheridia and female archegonia that allow for fertilization to occur in water, forming a zygote. The zygote develops into a sporophyte embedded in the gametophyte thallus. The sporophyte produces haploid spores that are released and can germinate to form a new gametophyte, completing the life cycle with alternation of generations between the
Lycopodium
Lycopodium is a genus of small herbaceous or shrubby plants classified in the division Lycophyta. The modern representatives are small compared to related plants from the Carboniferous period that grew as large trees. Lycopodium species have small, simple leaves and produce homosporous sporangia. They have a heteromorphic life cycle with a subterranean gametophyte generation. Lycopodium species are found worldwide in tropical and subtropical forests. Some grow as epiphytes in the tropics. Traditional herbal medicine uses certain Lycopodium species.
Vegetative characters of equisetum
Equisetum popularly known a the ‘horse-tail’ or ‘scouring rush’.
It is now represented by nearly 30 species which are seen world wide except in Australia and New Zealand.
Some species prefer damp and shady places while others grow in marshes, ponds or stream banks
Some are found in xerophytic habitats
Gnetum: A Powerpoint Presentation on Gymnospems
The Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants (spermatophytes) that includes conifers (Pinophyta), cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones, or solitary as in Yew, Torreya, Ginkgo.
The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes or seed plants. The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla. Organisms that belong to the Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Pinophyta (also known as Coniferophyta) phyla are still in existence while those in the Pteridospermales and Cordaitales phyla are now extinct.
By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, gnetophytes (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo biloba (a single living species). Roots in some genera have fungal association with roots in the form of micorrhiza(Pinus), while in some others(Cycas) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria.
Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae and order Gnetales. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpion flies. Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater
Heterospory and seed habit
This document discusses heterospory and the seed habit in plants. It begins by introducing heterospory as the production of two different types of spores, microspores and megaspores, which is considered a prerequisite for seed formation in plants. It then describes how certain plant species like Selaginella show heterospory, with microsporangia producing many microspores and megasporangia containing just a few megaspores. The highest evolved species of Selaginella, S. apoda, has progressed towards characteristics of seed plants like retaining its single megaspore within the sporangium for fertilization. In summary, the key steps in the evolution of the seed habit involved the development
Funaria
Funaria is a genus of approximately 210 moss species, with 18 found in India. Funaria hygrometrica, or "cord moss", is the most common. It grows in dense patches in moist, shady areas during rainy seasons. The gametophyte stage is dominant and produces an erect, branched structure up to 3 cm tall with flat, spirally arranged leaves. It reproduces via spores and alternates between gametophyte and sporophyte generations. Internally, the stem has an epidermis, cortex and central cylinder providing structure and transport, while the leaves are one cell thick except for the midrib.
Types of stele and stelar evolution
1. The document discusses the different types of steles (vascular tissue arrangements) found in plants, including protostele, siphonostele, solenostele, dictyostele, eustele, and atactostele.
2. It describes the evolution of different stele types, with protostele considered the most primitive form that evolved into more complex arrangements. Protostele evolved into actinostele and plectostele in some plants. The appearance of a pith led to the development of siphonosteles.
3. Stele evolution followed two main paths - development of ectophloic then solenostele siphonosteles, and development of
THUJA.pptx
1. Thuja orientalis is an evergreen tree native to Central Asia that is commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant.
2. It can reach heights of 15 meters but is often trimmed in gardens to remain bushy.
3. The plant is dioecious, with male and female cones developing on separate branches. Female cones contain 1-3 wingless ovules that develop into seeds if fertilized by pollen from the male cones.
Recommended
Riccia ppt
Riccia is a genus of liverworts that includes both terrestrial and aquatic species. It has a small, flat, dorsiventral thalloid body that grows from an apical meristem and branches dichotomously. It reproduces both sexually and asexually. Sexually, it produces male antheridia and female archegonia that allow for fertilization to occur in water, forming a zygote. The zygote develops into a sporophyte embedded in the gametophyte thallus. The sporophyte produces haploid spores that are released and can germinate to form a new gametophyte, completing the life cycle with alternation of generations between the
Lycopodium
Lycopodium is a genus of small herbaceous or shrubby plants classified in the division Lycophyta. The modern representatives are small compared to related plants from the Carboniferous period that grew as large trees. Lycopodium species have small, simple leaves and produce homosporous sporangia. They have a heteromorphic life cycle with a subterranean gametophyte generation. Lycopodium species are found worldwide in tropical and subtropical forests. Some grow as epiphytes in the tropics. Traditional herbal medicine uses certain Lycopodium species.
Vegetative characters of equisetum
Equisetum popularly known a the ‘horse-tail’ or ‘scouring rush’.
It is now represented by nearly 30 species which are seen world wide except in Australia and New Zealand.
Some species prefer damp and shady places while others grow in marshes, ponds or stream banks
Some are found in xerophytic habitats
Gnetum: A Powerpoint Presentation on Gymnospems
The Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants (spermatophytes) that includes conifers (Pinophyta), cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones, or solitary as in Yew, Torreya, Ginkgo.
The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes or seed plants. The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla. Organisms that belong to the Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Pinophyta (also known as Coniferophyta) phyla are still in existence while those in the Pteridospermales and Cordaitales phyla are now extinct.
By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, gnetophytes (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo biloba (a single living species). Roots in some genera have fungal association with roots in the form of micorrhiza(Pinus), while in some others(Cycas) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria.
Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae and order Gnetales. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpion flies. Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater
Heterospory and seed habit
This document discusses heterospory and the seed habit in plants. It begins by introducing heterospory as the production of two different types of spores, microspores and megaspores, which is considered a prerequisite for seed formation in plants. It then describes how certain plant species like Selaginella show heterospory, with microsporangia producing many microspores and megasporangia containing just a few megaspores. The highest evolved species of Selaginella, S. apoda, has progressed towards characteristics of seed plants like retaining its single megaspore within the sporangium for fertilization. In summary, the key steps in the evolution of the seed habit involved the development
Funaria
Funaria is a genus of approximately 210 moss species, with 18 found in India. Funaria hygrometrica, or "cord moss", is the most common. It grows in dense patches in moist, shady areas during rainy seasons. The gametophyte stage is dominant and produces an erect, branched structure up to 3 cm tall with flat, spirally arranged leaves. It reproduces via spores and alternates between gametophyte and sporophyte generations. Internally, the stem has an epidermis, cortex and central cylinder providing structure and transport, while the leaves are one cell thick except for the midrib.
Types of stele and stelar evolution
1. The document discusses the different types of steles (vascular tissue arrangements) found in plants, including protostele, siphonostele, solenostele, dictyostele, eustele, and atactostele.
2. It describes the evolution of different stele types, with protostele considered the most primitive form that evolved into more complex arrangements. Protostele evolved into actinostele and plectostele in some plants. The appearance of a pith led to the development of siphonosteles.
3. Stele evolution followed two main paths - development of ectophloic then solenostele siphonosteles, and development of
THUJA.pptx
1. Thuja orientalis is an evergreen tree native to Central Asia that is commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant.
2. It can reach heights of 15 meters but is often trimmed in gardens to remain bushy.
3. The plant is dioecious, with male and female cones developing on separate branches. Female cones contain 1-3 wingless ovules that develop into seeds if fertilized by pollen from the male cones.
Salvinia
Salvinia is a free-floating fern that grows in still or slow-moving freshwater. It has horizontal stems with round to oblong leaves arranged in whorls of three. The leaves have "egg beater" hairs that help it float. It reproduces through sporocarps containing either microsporangia or megasporangia. While it helps purify water, large mats of Salvinia can smother other plants, reduce oxygen in the water, and negatively impact ecosystems and human activities. Control methods include biological control using weevils, mechanical removal, herbicides, and prevention of spreading.
Pentoxylon
Pentoxylales were small trees or shrubs that existed in the Jurassic period in India. They had long and short shoots resembling Ginkgo, with spirally arranged leaves and scales. The stems (Pentoxylon) had five triangular segments around a central tissue. Leaves (Nipaniophyllum) were strap-shaped with a midrib. Male cones (Sahnia) bore pollen sacs on short shoots. Female cones (Carnoconites) had ovules aggregated into strobili on short shoots. Stomata were syndetochelic. Wood was pycnoxylic, resembling conifers. Pentoxylales displayed features intermediate between ferns
Classification of brayophyta
Bryophytes are a division of nonvascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They were some of the earliest land plants, emerging around 485 million years ago. Bryophytes grow in habitats where water is periodically available, such as forest floors, tree trunks, and damp soil. They reproduce through an alternation of generations, where the dominant gametophyte generation produces sex organs and a dependent sporophyte generation that produces spores and fertilizes the eggs to form diploid zygotes. Bryophytes play important ecological roles in soil formation, moisture retention, and nutrient recycling in forests.
Economical importance of bryophytes
Bryophytes play important ecological, economic, and medicinal roles. Ecologically, they help form peat, provide seed beds and shelter for animals, recycle nutrients, indicate soil pH and acid rain levels, and conserve soil. Economically, bryophytes are used as fuel, horticultural additives, construction materials, household items, and in fiber, moss, and pharmaceutical industries. Medicinally, bryophytes are used to treat skin diseases, respiratory illnesses, wounds, and as herbal medicines.
Anthoceros ppt
This document summarizes the life cycle and reproduction of Anthoceros, a genus of hornworts. It describes the vegetative and sexual reproduction methods. Vegetative reproduction occurs through progressive thallus decay and regeneration, tubers, gemmae, and persistent growing apices. Sexual reproduction involves antheridia that produce antherozoids and archegonia that house eggs. Fertilization occurs when an antherozoid penetrates an egg within the archegonium. A sporogonium develops from the fertilized egg and undergoes meiosis to produce spores. The spores germinate to form a new gametophyte, completing the life cycle.
Notothylas by p.n
- Notothylas is a genus of hornworts classified in the division Bryophyta. It reproduces both sexually through spores and vegetatively through parts of the thallus.
- The life cycle involves an alternation of generations between a thalloid gametophyte generation that produces gametes and a sporophyte generation that is bullet-shaped and produces spores.
- Species of Notothylas are found worldwide in moist habitats and vary in characteristics of the thallus, sporophyte structure, and spore ornamentation. Rare species like N. yunannensis from China have unique traits that distinguish them from related species.
Oedogonium
Oedogonium is a freshwater, filamentous green alga identified by rings formed at the ends of cells during cell division. It reproduces through both sexual and asexual means. Asexual reproduction occurs through fragmentation, zoospore formation, or aplanospore formation. Sexual reproduction is oogamous and can be either macrandrous or nannandrous. Fertilization occurs when sperm enter an egg, forming a zygote. The zygote produces a thick-walled oospore which undergoes meiosis to produce haploid zoospores that germinate into new haploid filaments.
Life cycle of_funaria
1) Funaria is a terrestrial moss that grows in dense green patches in moist, shady areas like damp soil, tree trunks, and walls.
2) It has both underground protonemal filaments and above-ground leafy gametophores that produce rhizoids, a stem, and spirally arranged leaves.
3) Sexual reproduction involves the production of antheridia and archegonia on separate male and female branches that lead to fertilization and the growth of a sporophyte with foot, seta, and capsule containing spores.
Life cycle of gnetum
- Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms that are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs, and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in their xylem.
- There are approximately 35 species of Gnetum distributed mainly in tropical and humid regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. Five species are reported in India.
- Gnetum reproduces sexually as a dioecious plant. The male and female strobili (inflorescences) are compound structures composed of bracts and rings of male or female flowers. Pollen grains contain two nuclei that develop into the male gametophyte within the anther.
Fossil gymnosperms
The document discusses several types of gymnosperms from the fossil record, including Lyginopteris, Williamsonia, Glossopteris, and Pentoxylon. It provides details on their morphological features, reproductive structures, and fossil evidence. Key points include:
- Lyginopteris was a vine-like plant with large fronds that reproduced via Crossotheca male structures and ovules covered by cupules.
- Williamsonia was a tall, palm-like plant that bore spirally arranged ovules on a conical receptacle for female reproduction and bifid microsporophylls bearing synangia for male reproduction.
- Glossopteris had simple, reticulate-veined leaves and reproduced
Stelar evolution in Pteridophytes-BOTANY
Pteridophytes are vascular plants that reproduce via spores. They have a number of shared characteristics including lignified cell walls, tracheary elements, and an independent sporophyte generation. The stele, or central vascular cylinder, of pteridophytes can take several forms. The protostele is the simplest form, with a central xylem core surrounded by phloem. More advanced forms include the siphonostele, with a central pith, and the dictyostele, with overlapping leaf gaps. The eustele features a ring of vascular bundles around the edge of the pith.
General characters and clasification of gymnosperm
This document provides an overview of gymnosperms, including their general characters, classification, and examples. It discusses how gymnosperms are woody, vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed in fruits. They are classified into 5 orders - Cycadales, Coniferales, Ephadrales, Gnetales, and Ginkgoales. Examples like cycas, conifers, ephedra, gnetum, and ginkgo biloba are described. The classification system proposed by David Bierhost in 1971 is outlined.
Structure, reproduction, life history and systematic position of Lycopodium
This document provides information on the systematic position, morphology, anatomy, reproduction, and life cycle of Lycopodium. It discusses that Lycopodium has 400 species found in varied habitats worldwide, including in India. It has dichotomously branched stems and leaves without ligules. Reproduction occurs vegetatively and via spores. Spores form in structures called strobili and develop into homothallic gametophytes that produce both antheridia and archegonia for sexual reproduction. The life cycle involves a diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte generation.
cycas.pptx
This document provides information about the plant Cycas, including its systematic position as a gymnosperm in the division Cycadophyta. It describes key aspects of the Cycas plant body such as its short, tuberous stem covered in tough leaf bases that bears a crown of large fern-like leaves. The document outlines the structure and development of Cycas female cones and ovules, which have an erect structure with a micropyle opening and integument layer that becomes stony during seed formation. References on gymnosperms and the genus Cycas are also provided.
Pteridospermales(seed ferns).pptx
Pteridospermales are characteristic gymnosperm plants that bore fern like foliage and posses unprotected seeds.
Microsporogenisis
This document summarizes the process of microsporogenesis. It begins with a microsporocyte or pollen mother cell inside the microsporangia undergoing meiosis to form four haploid microspores. The microspores then develop into pollen grains with one nucleus each. Inside the pollen grain, the nucleus divides unequally forming a generative cell and tube cell. The generative cell further divides to form the male gametes while the tube cell forms the pollen tube. Overall, microsporogenesis involves meiosis within the anther to produce haploid microspores that develop into pollen grains containing the male gametophyte.
PHLOEM.pptx
The phloem is a living tissue that transports organic nutrients throughout the plant. It is composed of sieve elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and sometimes phloem fibers. Sieve elements include sieve tubes and sieve cells, which have perforated walls that allow nutrients to pass between cells. Companion cells are associated with and support the sieve elements. Phloem parenchyma stores nutrients and phloem fibers provide structure and strength. Together these components transport food from leaves to other plant parts.
Stelar evolution in Pteridophytes
The document discusses the evolution of steles, or vascular bundles, in pteridophytes. It describes the basic types as protostelic and siphonostelic. Protostelic steles have central xylem and surrounding phloem with no pith, while siphonostelic steles have a central pith. Specific protostelic types include haplostele, actinostele, and plectostele. Siphonostelic types include cladosiphonic, phyllosiphonic, ectophloic, amphiphloic, solenostele, dictyostele, and polycyclic steles. The origin of
Selaginella ppt
A beautiful presentation on selaginella plant .
SYSTEMIC POSITION
Division : pteridophyta
Class: lucopsida
Order: Selaginellales
Family: Selaginellaceae
Genus: Selaginella
Chara
1. Chara is a genus of macroscopic, multicellular, branched green algae that grows in freshwater. The plants have a main axis with nodes, internodes, and branches of either limited or unlimited growth.
2. Vegetative reproduction occurs through structures like amylum stars, bulbils, and secondary protenemas that form on the rhizoids. Sexual reproduction is oogamous, with male antheridia and female oogonia occurring either on the same plant or different plants.
3. Fertilization involves the release of biflagellate antherozoids from the antheridia that swim and penetrate the receptive egg cell within the oogonium,
Stomata
Stomata are small openings on plant leaves and young stems that allow for gas exchange with the atmosphere. Each stoma is surrounded by a pair of kidney-shaped guard cells that control the opening and closing of the pore. There are several types of stomata defined by the number and arrangement of neighboring subsidiary cells. The document discusses the definition, distribution, size, positioning and six main types (anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic, diacytic, gramineous, and coniferous) of stomata found across plant species.
Stomata ppt
This document provides information about stomata, including its structure, types, and functions. Stomata are microscopic pores found in plant leaves, stems and other surfaces that allow for gas exchange. They are bordered by a pair of specialized plant cells called guard cells that regulate the opening and closing of the pore. The structure includes the pore, guard cells, and sometimes subsidiary cells surrounding the guard cells. There are different types of stomata classified by the number and arrangement of subsidiary cells. Stomata are important as they allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit leaves, facilitating photosynthesis, while also allowing transpiration and maintaining water balance in plants.
More Related Content
What's hot
Salvinia
Salvinia is a free-floating fern that grows in still or slow-moving freshwater. It has horizontal stems with round to oblong leaves arranged in whorls of three. The leaves have "egg beater" hairs that help it float. It reproduces through sporocarps containing either microsporangia or megasporangia. While it helps purify water, large mats of Salvinia can smother other plants, reduce oxygen in the water, and negatively impact ecosystems and human activities. Control methods include biological control using weevils, mechanical removal, herbicides, and prevention of spreading.
Pentoxylon
Pentoxylales were small trees or shrubs that existed in the Jurassic period in India. They had long and short shoots resembling Ginkgo, with spirally arranged leaves and scales. The stems (Pentoxylon) had five triangular segments around a central tissue. Leaves (Nipaniophyllum) were strap-shaped with a midrib. Male cones (Sahnia) bore pollen sacs on short shoots. Female cones (Carnoconites) had ovules aggregated into strobili on short shoots. Stomata were syndetochelic. Wood was pycnoxylic, resembling conifers. Pentoxylales displayed features intermediate between ferns
Classification of brayophyta
Bryophytes are a division of nonvascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They were some of the earliest land plants, emerging around 485 million years ago. Bryophytes grow in habitats where water is periodically available, such as forest floors, tree trunks, and damp soil. They reproduce through an alternation of generations, where the dominant gametophyte generation produces sex organs and a dependent sporophyte generation that produces spores and fertilizes the eggs to form diploid zygotes. Bryophytes play important ecological roles in soil formation, moisture retention, and nutrient recycling in forests.
Economical importance of bryophytes
Bryophytes play important ecological, economic, and medicinal roles. Ecologically, they help form peat, provide seed beds and shelter for animals, recycle nutrients, indicate soil pH and acid rain levels, and conserve soil. Economically, bryophytes are used as fuel, horticultural additives, construction materials, household items, and in fiber, moss, and pharmaceutical industries. Medicinally, bryophytes are used to treat skin diseases, respiratory illnesses, wounds, and as herbal medicines.
Anthoceros ppt
This document summarizes the life cycle and reproduction of Anthoceros, a genus of hornworts. It describes the vegetative and sexual reproduction methods. Vegetative reproduction occurs through progressive thallus decay and regeneration, tubers, gemmae, and persistent growing apices. Sexual reproduction involves antheridia that produce antherozoids and archegonia that house eggs. Fertilization occurs when an antherozoid penetrates an egg within the archegonium. A sporogonium develops from the fertilized egg and undergoes meiosis to produce spores. The spores germinate to form a new gametophyte, completing the life cycle.
Notothylas by p.n
- Notothylas is a genus of hornworts classified in the division Bryophyta. It reproduces both sexually through spores and vegetatively through parts of the thallus.
- The life cycle involves an alternation of generations between a thalloid gametophyte generation that produces gametes and a sporophyte generation that is bullet-shaped and produces spores.
- Species of Notothylas are found worldwide in moist habitats and vary in characteristics of the thallus, sporophyte structure, and spore ornamentation. Rare species like N. yunannensis from China have unique traits that distinguish them from related species.
Oedogonium
Oedogonium is a freshwater, filamentous green alga identified by rings formed at the ends of cells during cell division. It reproduces through both sexual and asexual means. Asexual reproduction occurs through fragmentation, zoospore formation, or aplanospore formation. Sexual reproduction is oogamous and can be either macrandrous or nannandrous. Fertilization occurs when sperm enter an egg, forming a zygote. The zygote produces a thick-walled oospore which undergoes meiosis to produce haploid zoospores that germinate into new haploid filaments.
Life cycle of_funaria
1) Funaria is a terrestrial moss that grows in dense green patches in moist, shady areas like damp soil, tree trunks, and walls.
2) It has both underground protonemal filaments and above-ground leafy gametophores that produce rhizoids, a stem, and spirally arranged leaves.
3) Sexual reproduction involves the production of antheridia and archegonia on separate male and female branches that lead to fertilization and the growth of a sporophyte with foot, seta, and capsule containing spores.
Life cycle of gnetum
- Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms that are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs, and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in their xylem.
- There are approximately 35 species of Gnetum distributed mainly in tropical and humid regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. Five species are reported in India.
- Gnetum reproduces sexually as a dioecious plant. The male and female strobili (inflorescences) are compound structures composed of bracts and rings of male or female flowers. Pollen grains contain two nuclei that develop into the male gametophyte within the anther.
Fossil gymnosperms
The document discusses several types of gymnosperms from the fossil record, including Lyginopteris, Williamsonia, Glossopteris, and Pentoxylon. It provides details on their morphological features, reproductive structures, and fossil evidence. Key points include:
- Lyginopteris was a vine-like plant with large fronds that reproduced via Crossotheca male structures and ovules covered by cupules.
- Williamsonia was a tall, palm-like plant that bore spirally arranged ovules on a conical receptacle for female reproduction and bifid microsporophylls bearing synangia for male reproduction.
- Glossopteris had simple, reticulate-veined leaves and reproduced
Stelar evolution in Pteridophytes-BOTANY
Pteridophytes are vascular plants that reproduce via spores. They have a number of shared characteristics including lignified cell walls, tracheary elements, and an independent sporophyte generation. The stele, or central vascular cylinder, of pteridophytes can take several forms. The protostele is the simplest form, with a central xylem core surrounded by phloem. More advanced forms include the siphonostele, with a central pith, and the dictyostele, with overlapping leaf gaps. The eustele features a ring of vascular bundles around the edge of the pith.
General characters and clasification of gymnosperm
This document provides an overview of gymnosperms, including their general characters, classification, and examples. It discusses how gymnosperms are woody, vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed in fruits. They are classified into 5 orders - Cycadales, Coniferales, Ephadrales, Gnetales, and Ginkgoales. Examples like cycas, conifers, ephedra, gnetum, and ginkgo biloba are described. The classification system proposed by David Bierhost in 1971 is outlined.
Structure, reproduction, life history and systematic position of Lycopodium
This document provides information on the systematic position, morphology, anatomy, reproduction, and life cycle of Lycopodium. It discusses that Lycopodium has 400 species found in varied habitats worldwide, including in India. It has dichotomously branched stems and leaves without ligules. Reproduction occurs vegetatively and via spores. Spores form in structures called strobili and develop into homothallic gametophytes that produce both antheridia and archegonia for sexual reproduction. The life cycle involves a diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte generation.
cycas.pptx
This document provides information about the plant Cycas, including its systematic position as a gymnosperm in the division Cycadophyta. It describes key aspects of the Cycas plant body such as its short, tuberous stem covered in tough leaf bases that bears a crown of large fern-like leaves. The document outlines the structure and development of Cycas female cones and ovules, which have an erect structure with a micropyle opening and integument layer that becomes stony during seed formation. References on gymnosperms and the genus Cycas are also provided.
Pteridospermales(seed ferns).pptx
Pteridospermales are characteristic gymnosperm plants that bore fern like foliage and posses unprotected seeds.
Microsporogenisis
This document summarizes the process of microsporogenesis. It begins with a microsporocyte or pollen mother cell inside the microsporangia undergoing meiosis to form four haploid microspores. The microspores then develop into pollen grains with one nucleus each. Inside the pollen grain, the nucleus divides unequally forming a generative cell and tube cell. The generative cell further divides to form the male gametes while the tube cell forms the pollen tube. Overall, microsporogenesis involves meiosis within the anther to produce haploid microspores that develop into pollen grains containing the male gametophyte.
PHLOEM.pptx
The phloem is a living tissue that transports organic nutrients throughout the plant. It is composed of sieve elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and sometimes phloem fibers. Sieve elements include sieve tubes and sieve cells, which have perforated walls that allow nutrients to pass between cells. Companion cells are associated with and support the sieve elements. Phloem parenchyma stores nutrients and phloem fibers provide structure and strength. Together these components transport food from leaves to other plant parts.
Stelar evolution in Pteridophytes
The document discusses the evolution of steles, or vascular bundles, in pteridophytes. It describes the basic types as protostelic and siphonostelic. Protostelic steles have central xylem and surrounding phloem with no pith, while siphonostelic steles have a central pith. Specific protostelic types include haplostele, actinostele, and plectostele. Siphonostelic types include cladosiphonic, phyllosiphonic, ectophloic, amphiphloic, solenostele, dictyostele, and polycyclic steles. The origin of
Selaginella ppt
A beautiful presentation on selaginella plant .
SYSTEMIC POSITION
Division : pteridophyta
Class: lucopsida
Order: Selaginellales
Family: Selaginellaceae
Genus: Selaginella
Chara
1. Chara is a genus of macroscopic, multicellular, branched green algae that grows in freshwater. The plants have a main axis with nodes, internodes, and branches of either limited or unlimited growth.
2. Vegetative reproduction occurs through structures like amylum stars, bulbils, and secondary protenemas that form on the rhizoids. Sexual reproduction is oogamous, with male antheridia and female oogonia occurring either on the same plant or different plants.
3. Fertilization involves the release of biflagellate antherozoids from the antheridia that swim and penetrate the receptive egg cell within the oogonium,
What's hot (20)
General characters and clasification of gymnosperm
General characters and clasification of gymnosperm
Structure, reproduction, life history and systematic position of Lycopodium
Structure, reproduction, life history and systematic position of Lycopodium
Similar to Histology: Epidermal tissues
Stomata
Stomata are small openings on plant leaves and young stems that allow for gas exchange with the atmosphere. Each stoma is surrounded by a pair of kidney-shaped guard cells that control the opening and closing of the pore. There are several types of stomata defined by the number and arrangement of neighboring subsidiary cells. The document discusses the definition, distribution, size, positioning and six main types (anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic, diacytic, gramineous, and coniferous) of stomata found across plant species.
Stomata ppt
This document provides information about stomata, including its structure, types, and functions. Stomata are microscopic pores found in plant leaves, stems and other surfaces that allow for gas exchange. They are bordered by a pair of specialized plant cells called guard cells that regulate the opening and closing of the pore. The structure includes the pore, guard cells, and sometimes subsidiary cells surrounding the guard cells. There are different types of stomata classified by the number and arrangement of subsidiary cells. Stomata are important as they allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit leaves, facilitating photosynthesis, while also allowing transpiration and maintaining water balance in plants.
Tissue System in plant
amazing slides with clear images
epidermal tissue system
ground tissue system
vascular tissue system
Tissue system
There are three main tissue systems in plants: epidermal, fundamental (ground), and vascular. The epidermal tissue system includes the outer layer of cells and performs protective and regulatory functions. The fundamental tissue system constitutes the basic cellular framework and includes cells like cortex and pith. The vascular tissue system transports water and nutrients throughout the plant and is composed of xylem and phloem arranged in vascular bundles. Vascular bundles can be arranged collaterally, bicollaterally, or radially depending on the position of the xylem and phloem.
Plant tissue 1
This document summarizes the different types of plant tissues, including meristematic and permanent tissues. It discusses meristem tissue in plants, which are young, dividing cells capable of growth. There are four types of meristem tissue classified by plane of cell division, development, function, or position. The document also summarizes the three main types of permanent tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma - including their characteristics, distribution in plants, and functions in providing structure and support.
Introduction 5
The document summarizes the three main tissue types in plants: dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Dermal tissue covers the outer surface and is composed of epidermal cells that secrete a waxy cuticle. There are two types of plant tissues: meristematic tissues which are undifferentiated and can divide, as well as permanent tissues. Meristematic tissue includes apical and lateral meristem while permanent tissues include various ground tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma as well as vascular tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem contains tracheids and vessels that transport water and minerals upward while phloem contains sieve tubes and companion cells that
Different type of plant cell in tissue system of plant
different cell in plants like sclerenchyma collenchyma parenchyma etc classification of plants according to cell type
Plant anatomy
The document discusses plant anatomy and the different types of tissues that make up plant structures. It describes three main tissue systems - dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. Dermal tissue provides protection, ground tissue includes parenchyma cells, and vascular tissue contains xylem and phloem conducting elements. Tissues are further divided into meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues include apical and lateral meristems that allow for growth, while permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem have specialized functions.
Simple Tissue.pptx
Cells in plants gradually differentiate from meristems into permanent tissues with specialized functions. Permanent tissues can be simple, consisting of a single cell type, or complex. Simple permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma cells are living cells involved in storage and transport. Collenchyma provides support and flexibility. Sclerenchyma cells, including fibers and sclereids, provide structure and protection through thick lignified cell walls. These mature tissues perform crucial roles in plant structure and function.
Tissues science
Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions. There are four main types of animal tissues - epithelial, muscular, connective, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue forms protective layers like skin and lines body cavities. It consists of closely packed cells with little extracellular space. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue for growth and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Vascular tissues xylem and phloem transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Tissues are made of groups of cells that carry out important roles in living organisms.
Anatomy of flowering plants
The document provides information on the anatomy and tissues of flowering plants. It discusses the basic plant tissues like meristematic tissues, permanent tissues, simple tissues and complex tissues. It describes the primary tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. It also elaborates on the complex vascular tissues - xylem and phloem. Furthermore, it discusses the three tissue systems - epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems. Lastly, it compares the anatomical differences between monocot and dicot plants in roots, stems and leaves.
6. anatomy of flowering plants
The document summarizes the three main tissue systems in flowering plants:
1. The epidermal tissue system forms the outer covering of the plant and includes the epidermis, stomata, and epidermal appendages.
2. The ground tissue system lies below the epidermis and includes regions like the hypodermis, cortex, endodermis, and pith that are involved in storage.
3. The vascular tissue system comprises the conducting tissues xylem and phloem which occur in vascular bundles and transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Epidermis
The epidermis is the outermost cellular layer which covers the whole plant structure, i.e. it covers roots, stem, leaves.
It is composed of a single layer of living cells, although there are exceptions.
Epidermis is usually closely packed, without intercellular spaces or chloroplasts. Instead, the epidermis is like a clear spray coating whose sole purpose is to protect the plant from the elements, while still letting the sun shine in. That's particularly important for a leaf because their main job is to photosynthesize.
Composition of Epidermis:
Epidermal Proper Cells
Specialized cells
Stomatal Guard Cells
Trichomes
Epidermal Proper Cells:
These cells vary in thickness and shape
The outer walls, which are exposed to the atmosphere and usually thickened, and may be covered by a waxy, waterproof cuticle which are made up of cutin. Apart from the normal epidermal cells there are also stomata in the epidermis of leaves and stem.
Wax in the form of granules or rods may be deposited on the surface of cuticle as continuous.
Specialized Epidermal Cells:
In certain species of pteridophytes and gymnosperm, many species of Graminae and certain dicots, fiber-like epidermal cells are formed.
In Graminae and many other monocots ,bubble-like cells are formed called Bulliforms cells, these cells are larger then normal epidermal cells and are thin walled.
Function:
These cells are concerned with opening of rolled leaf as enclosed in bud.
Rolling and unrolling of mature leaves as a result of loss and uptake of water.
Stomatal cells:
A stoma is an opening (pore) which is bounded by two bean shaped cells called guard cells and two to four subsidiary cells that lack chloroplasts.
The guard cells differ from normal epidermal cells in that they have chloroplasts and the cell walls are thickening unevenly; the outer wall is thin and the inner wall (nearest the opening) is thick.
The leaf and stem epidermis is covered with pores called stomata (sing., stoma), part of a stoma complex consisting of a pore surrounded on each side by chloroplast-containing guard cells.
The epidermal cells protect the underlying cells.
The waxy cuticle prevents the loss of moisture from the leaves and stems.
The transparent epidermal cells allow sunlight (for photosynthesis) to pass through to the chloroplasts in the mesophyll tissue.
The stomata of leaves and stems allow gaseous exchange to take place which is necessary for photosynthesis and respiration.
Water vapour may be given off through the stomata during transpiration.
The root-hairs absorb water and dissolved ions from the soil.
Simple and complex tissue (permanent tissue)
This document describes the different types of plant tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem. It provides details on the characteristics, structure and functions of each type of tissue. Parenchyma is a simple living tissue made of thin-walled cells involved in plant metabolism. Collenchyma has elongated cells with thick non-lignified primary walls that provide support to growing organs. Sclerenchyma includes thick-walled and often lignified cells that provide mechanical strength. Xylem and phloem are complex tissues - xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant while phloem transports food.
PLANT TISSUES.pptx
The document discusses plant tissues and types of plant tissues. There are three main types of plant tissues: dermal tissue (epidermis), ground tissue (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), and vascular tissue (xylem and phloem). Meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells and is responsible for growth in plants. Meristematic tissue differentiates into permanent tissues, which include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex vascular tissues.
EDU246 BOTANY 2.pdf
1. The document discusses different types of plant tissues including meristematic tissue, permanent tissue, and complex tissues.
2. Meristematic tissue is dividing tissue located in certain regions that allows plant growth. Permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma provide structure and support and lose the ability to divide.
3. Complex tissues like xylem and phloem are made of multiple cell types and function in transport, with xylem transporting water and minerals upwards and phloem transporting food downwards.
Tissues and types of plant tissues
The document discusses the different types of plant tissues. There are three main types of plant tissues: dermal tissue (epidermis), ground tissue (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), and vascular tissue (xylem and phloem). Xylem tissue transports water and minerals throughout the plant. Phloem tissue transports sugars and nutrients. Meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells and is responsible for growth in plants. As cells differentiate, they take on specialized roles and functions as part of the permanent tissues that make up the main tissue systems in plants.
Anatomical adaptations in Xerophytes.pdf
This document discusses anatomical adaptations in xerophytic plants. It begins by introducing xerophytic plants as plants that grow in dry situations and develop adaptations to deal with water scarcity. It then classifies xerophytic plants into three categories based on their morphology and life cycles: ephemeral annuals, succulents, and non-succulent perennials. The document focuses on anatomical adaptations in the leaves, stems, and roots of xerophytic plants. Key adaptations discussed include thick cuticles, sunken stomata, succulent tissues for water storage, and modifications of leaves and stems that reduce surface area and transpiration.
self learning material on plant tissue
This document provides information about plant tissues. It discusses the two main types of plant tissues - meristems and permanent tissues. Meristems are tissues with cell division abilities and include apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems. Permanent tissues do not divide and include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. It also describes the functions and characteristics of epidermis, cork, and other specific plant tissue types. Various activities provide examples and questions to test understanding of plant tissue organization and functions.
Tissue class 9
Meristematic tissue is a plant tissue that is undifferentiated and can divide to form other tissues. It is found in three main regions: the apical meristem at the tips of stems and roots, the intercalary meristem at the bases of leaves and stems, and the lateral meristem or cambium responsible for increasing the girth of stems and roots. Permanent tissues are differentiated tissues that do not divide, such as parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Epithelial tissue forms protective layers in animals, such as the skin and lining of organs, while connective tissue binds and supports other tissues.
Similar to Histology: Epidermal tissues (20)
Different type of plant cell in tissue system of plant
Different type of plant cell in tissue system of plant
More from Anjali Naik
Plant Cytogenetics: Incomplete dominance ppt
Prepared for B. Sc. III Botany students, based on the syllabus prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.
Plant Cytogenetics:Codominace ppt
Prepared for B. Sc. III Botany students, based on the syllabus prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.
Plant Cytogenetics: Inheritance of Lethal genes.
Prepared for B. Sc. III Botany students, based on the syllabus prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.
Blood group inheritance
Prepared for B. Sc. III Botany students, based on the syllabus prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.
Plant Cytogenetics: Dihybrid Inheritance
Prepared for B. Sc. III Botany students, based on the syllabus prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.
Plant Cytogenetics: Nonepistatic genetic interaction comb shape in fowls
Prepared for B. Sc. III Botany students, based on the syllabus prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.
Monohybrid inheritance,laws of dominance and Law of segregation
Prepared for B. Sc. III Botany students, based on the syllabus prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.
Paper-V: Histology-Secretory glands
Prepared for B.Sc. I year Botany based on the prescribed syllabus of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University
Taxonomy of Angiosperms: Family-Acanthaceae
Based on the syllabus prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University for B. Sc.II Botany, paper: VII- Taxonomy of Angiosperms.
Taxonomy of Angiosperms: Family-Poaceae
Based on the syllabus prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University for B. Sc.II Botany, paper: VII- Taxonomy of Angiosperms.
Taxonomy of Angiosperms: Family Liliaceae
This document provides a taxonomy and description of plants in the Liliaceae family. It discusses the classification, distribution, botanical description, morphology, floral morphology and economic importance. Key points include that Liliaceae includes about 250 genera and 3700 species with a cosmopolitan distribution. Most are perennial herbs but some are shrubs, trees or climbers. Economically important plants include onions, garlic, lilies and medicinal plants like Aloe vera.
: Family Annonaceae
Based on the syllabus prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University for B. Sc.II Botany, paper: VII- Taxonomy of Angiosperms.
Taxonomy of Angiosperms: Family: Apocynaceae
B. Sc. II Botany, Paper- VII, based on the syllabus prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb Marathwada University
Fruits
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada university, Aurangabad, maharashtra, syllabus of B. Sc. Botany First year (Semester-I, paper-II
Flower
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada university, Aurangabad, maharashtra, syllabus of B. Sc. Botany First year (Semester-I, paper-II
Inflorescences
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada university, Aurangabad, maharashtra, syllabus of B. Sc. Botany First year (Semester-I, paper-II
Leaf
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada university, Aurangabad, maharashtra, syllabus of B. Sc. Botany First year (Semester-I, paper-II
Stem
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada university, Aurangabad, maharashtra, syllabus of B. Sc. Botany First year (Semester-I, paper-II
Chromosomes 1.02.23 pm
This document discusses chromosomes and their structure and function. It begins with the historical discovery of chromosomes in 1875 and defines them as stainable nuclear components that duplicate and are passed from parents to offspring. It describes the main types of chromosomes, including autosomes and sex chromosomes. It details the structure of chromosomes and their compaction into nucleosomes and higher order packaging. Key parts like the centromere and kinetochores are explained. The functions of chromosomes in heredity, growth, and determining sex are summarized. Special giant chromosome types like polytene and lampbrush chromosomes found in insect salivary glands and amphibian oocytes respectively are also outlined.
Chromosomal aberrations copy
Chromosomal aberrations refer to disruptions in the normal chromosomal content of a cell and are major causes of genetic conditions in humans. There are two main types of chromosomal aberrations: numerical abnormalities which involve an atypical number of chromosomes, and structural abnormalities which alter the structure of chromosomes. Examples of numerical abnormalities include aneuploidy, such as trisomy which is the presence of three copies of a chromosome instead of the normal two copies. Structural abnormalities include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations which involve portions of chromosomes being removed, duplicated, inverted, or transferred between chromosomes. Common genetic disorders associated with chromosomal aberrations include Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome
More from Anjali Naik (20)
Plant Cytogenetics: Nonepistatic genetic interaction comb shape in fowls
Plant Cytogenetics: Nonepistatic genetic interaction comb shape in fowls
Monohybrid inheritance,laws of dominance and Law of segregation
Monohybrid inheritance,laws of dominance and Law of segregation
Recently uploaded
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdTypes of Herbal Cosmetics its standardization.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Recently uploaded (20)
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Histology: Epidermal tissues
- 1. B.Sc. I yeae-Semester-II Paper-V Histology: Epidermal Tissues Dr. A.S. Naik, Head, Dept. of Botany SBES College of Science.
- 2. • Histology Part: II Epidermal Tissues
- 3. TRICHOMES AND STOMATA • The cells of epidermis are parenchymatous having protoplasm and nucleus without intercellular spaces. • In some plants, epidermal cells form uni/multicellular hair/trichomes. • Trichome-Protection against water loss, other biotic facters. • Epidermis possesses numerous minute openings called stomata. • Main function of stomata is exchange of gases between the internal tissues and the external atmosphere. • Cuticle is present on the outer wall of epidermis to check evaporation of water. • Epidermis forms a Protective layer in leaves, young roots, stem, flower, fruits etc.
- 4. Trichomes § Trichomes from Greek (trichōma) meaning "hair, are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants. § They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. § A covering of any kind of hair on a plant is an indumentum, and the surface bearing them is said to be pubescent. § Taxonomic character.
- 5. Morphology § Some of the epidermal cells of most plants grow out in the form of hairs or trichomes. They may be found singly or less frequently in groups. § They may be unicellular or multicellular and occur in various forms. § They vary from small protuberances of the epidermal cells to complex branched or stellate multicellular structures.
- 6. Drosera canepis-carnivorous trichomes Canabis Trichomes Rich In Canabinoids
- 8. Functions of trichomes 1. Generally a dense covering of woolly trichomes controls the rate of transpiration. 2. They also reduce the heating effect of sunlight. 3. They aid in the protection of plant body from outer injurious agencies/herbivores/pathogens.
- 9. ii) Stomata.
- 13. Types of stomata a. Anomocytic b. Anisocytic c. Paracytic d. Diacytic
- 14. Anisocytic/Cruciferous § i. Stoma remains surrounded by three subsidiary cells. § ii. Of the three subsidiary cells, one is distinctly- smaller than the other two. § iii. This type of stomata is also called unequal- celled type or Cruciferous type. § This types of stomata are seen commonly in genera such as Brassica, Sedum etc.
- 15. Anomocytic /Ranunculous § No subsidiary cells are present. § Stoma remains surrounded by several irregularly arranged ordinary epidermal cells. § This type is also called Ranunculaceous type or irregular-celled type. § This type of stomata are found commonly in several dicotyledons, including Tridax, Citrullus, Ranunulus, etc
- 16. Diacytic /Caryophyllaceous § Stoma remains surrounded by a pair of subsidiary cells. § Common walls of subsidiary cells remain at right angles to the long axis of the guard cells. § This type is also called cross-celled type or Caryophyilaceous type. § This type of stomata are commonly seen in Ocimum, Caryophyllaceae (e.g., Diantbus), etc.
- 17. Paracytic/Rubiaceous § One or more subsidiary cells are present. § Subsidiary cells flank the stoma parallel with the long axis of the guard cells. § This type of stomata are also called parallel- ceiled type or Rubiaceous type. § This type is commonly seen in members of Rubiaceae, and genera such as Vigna, etc.
- 18. Grass type of stomata/Gramineous: • The gramineous stoma possesses guard cells of which the middle portions are much narrower than the ends so that the cells appear in surface view like dumb-bells. • They are commonly found in Gramineae and Cyperaceae of monocotyledons.
- 19. Functions of Stomata § Two main functions: § Transpiration § Gaseous exchange: For i) Respiration and ii) photosynthesis
- 21. Transpiration