Plant Cytogenetics: Nonepistatic genetic interaction comb shape in fowls
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Prepared for B. Sc. III Botany students, based on the syllabus prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.
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SIGNALLING MOLECULE
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- Mendel's laws of inheritance include the law of dominance, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment. Deviations from simple Mendelian patterns can occur through gene interactions like incomplete
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This document discusses Mendelian genetics and how ratios from monohybrid and dihybrid crosses can be modified. It explains different types of gene interactions including incomplete dominance, codominance, lethal genes, and epistasis. Epistasis refers to interaction between alleles at different loci that modifies phenotypic ratios. Several examples are given to illustrate different types of epistatic interactions like recessive epistasis, dominant epistasis, and duplicate gene interactions. The document also provides tables comparing standard Mendelian ratios to ratios resulting from these various genetic modifications.
Gene action and modification of mendelian
This document discusses several types of gene action and inheritance patterns, including complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, overdominance, gene interactions, epistasis, pleiotropy, sex-linked genes, penetrance, and essential genes. It provides examples for each type, such as ABO blood groups showing codominance and coat color in mice demonstrating epistasis.
Biology 103 Laboratory Exercise – Genetic Problems .docx
Biology 103 Laboratory Exercise – Genetic Problems
Introduction
Although the science of genetics has become a highly sophisticated discipline dealing
with the interactions of hereditary factors at the molecular level, it has its roots in the
basic laws of heredity initially discovered and presented by Gregor Mendel more than
one hundred years ago. Mendel's success in discovering these laws was due largely to his
application of the simple rules of mathematical probability - the laws of chance - to his
observations concerning the inheritance of certain characteristics in the garden pea plant.
Reginald Punnett and the Punnett Square
The Punnett square is a diagram used by biologists to determine genotypic probability
within the offspring from a particular genetic cross. The Punnett square shows every
possible genotypic combination of maternal alleles with the paternal alleles for a genetic
cross. Punnett squares only give probabilities for genotypes, not phenotypes. The square
diagram was designed by the British geneticist, Reginald Punnett (1865-1967) and first
presented to the science community in 1905. Punnett’s Mendelism (1905) is considered
the first popular science book to introduce genetics to the public.
Solving Genetic Problems
R
R'
R
RR RR'
R'
RR' R'R'
Maternal alleles
A
A
a
Aa
Aa
Paternal
Alleles
a
Aa
Aa
The first step in solving a genetic problem is to establish the genetic symbols you will use
in your problem solution. Stay consistent by using these same symbols throughout the
problem solving process.
Represent dominant and recessive alleles (different forms of a gene) using traditional
genetic symbols. Dominant alleles should be represented with the capital version of an
alphabetic letter while using the lower case version to show recessiveness. For example:
B = black color, b = white color.
Each individual gene or trait is diploid (2n) in nature and therefore, must be represented
with two alleles. Continuing with the alleles mentioned previously, an individual may
have the genetic makeup BB, Bb, or bb when using those alleles.
Remember that gametes (sperm and egg) are haploid (n) and can only provide one allele
per trait. For example: B or b
An individual’s genotype contains the possible gametes that can be expected to be
produced by that individual. Much of genetics revolves around the probability of the
makeup of gametes. If the individual is homozygous, all of the gametes produced will
possess the same kind of allele. For example, an individual with the genotype BB would
be expected to produce only B gametes and individuals with genotype bb would produce
only b gametes.
If the individual is heterozygous, that is the individual’s genotype contains one dominant
allele and one recessive allele (Bb), the gametes produced will possess one or the other of
the two forms of the gene – B or b. ...
Linkageandcrossingover 101216024248-phpapp01
1. Morgan's experiments with Drosophila showed that genes located close together on the same chromosome (linked genes) tend to be inherited together more often than expected by Mendel's law of independent assortment.
2. Crossing over during meiosis can lead to new combinations of linked genes, with the frequency of crossing over determining how far apart genes are on the genetic map.
3. Sturtevant used recombination frequencies between traits to construct the first genetic map, with map units called centimorgans representing a 1% chance of crossing over.
lecture 6th.pptx
The document discusses several examples of gene interactions:
1) In peppers, genes for red pigment (R) and chlorophyll decomposition (C) interact to produce red, brown, yellow, or green peppers depending on the genotype.
2) In chickens, genes for comb shape (R, r and P, p) interact to determine walnut, rose, pea, or single comb types.
3) Gene interactions can produce novel phenotypes that are not predictable from single-gene effects alone, as seen in these examples where specific combinations of alleles result in unique characteristics.
General Biology 2 W3L3 Inheritance and Variations.ppt
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance. It introduces key genetic concepts such as alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, homozygous and heterozygous. It summarizes Mendel's three laws of inheritance: dominance, segregation and independent assortment. It explains how to use genetic crosses, including homozygous crosses that result in heterozygous offspring, and heterozygous crosses that result in a 3:1 ratio. It also describes how to use a test cross to determine if an organism with a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous. Non-Mendelian inheritance patterns are briefly mentioned.
4.5 Theoretical Genetics
This document provides an overview of theoretical genetics concepts including:
1) It defines key genetics terms and concepts discovered by Gregor Mendel through his pea plant experiments, including genes, alleles, dominance, segregation, and Punnett squares.
2) It explains Mendel's principles of inheritance including segregation and independent assortment of alleles and how this determines genotype and phenotype probabilities.
3) It discusses extensions of Mendelian genetics including co-dominance, multiple alleles, genetic linkage, sex-linkage, and examples like blood types and hemophilia.
Linkage-GBR.pdf
1) Linkage refers to the tendency of genes located near each other on the same chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis. It was first reported by Bateson and Punnett in 1906 while studying traits in sweet peas.
2) There are different types of linkage based on factors like crossing over, genes involved, and chromosomes. Complete linkage occurs when genes are so close there is no crossing over, while incomplete linkage allows some crossing over. Coupling refers to dominant alleles being inherited together and recessive together.
3) Mapping gene locations based on linkage analysis helped scientists like Morgan produce the first chromosome maps and better understand inheritance patterns that violate Mendel's law of independent assortment. Linkage is an exception that
Mendel punett squares2traitcrosses
Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. Females need two X chromosomes because one of the two X chromosomes in each cell of a female is randomly inactivated very early in development. This process, called X-inactivation or lyonization, ensures that females, like males, have only one active X chromosome per cell. It balances gene expression between males and females.
Principles of inheritance & variation III
The topic of discussion is Other inheritance pattern such as Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, Linkage & chromosomal theory of inheritance, sex determination in organisms
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Modification of Normal Mendelian ratios with Lethal gene effcets and Epistasis
Modification of Normal Mendelian ratios with Lethal gene effcets and Epistasis
Biology 103 Laboratory Exercise – Genetic Problems .docx
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General Biology 2 W3L3 Inheritance and Variations.ppt
General Biology 2 W3L3 Inheritance and Variations.ppt
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- 1. B.SC. III: SEMESTER-VI PAPER-XIX: GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY GENETIC INTERACTIONS (A) NONEPISTATIC DR. ANJALI NAIK HEAD, DEPT. OF BOTANY, SBES COLLEGE OF SCIENCE.
- 2. GENETIC INTERACTIONS • Two types of genetic interactions: Intra-allelic and inter-allelic or non- allelic. • Mendelian genetics is unable to explain all kinds of inheritance for which the phenotypic ratios in some cases are different from Mendelian ratios. An allele may be partially or equally dominant to the other or due to existence of more than two alleles or there may be present, lethal alleles.These kinds of genetic interactions between the alleles of a single gene are referred to as allelic or intra- allelic interactions. • Non-allelic or inter-allelic interactions occur where the development of single character is due to two or more genes affecting the expression of each other in various ways.Thus, the expression of gene is not independent of each other and dependent on the presence or absence of other gene or genes;These kinds of deviations from Mendelian one gene-one trait concept is known as Interaction of Genes.
- 3. NON-ALLELIC NON-EPISTATIC GENETIC INTERACTIONS: EXAMPLE- COMB SHAPE IN FOWLS • The different varieties of chickens possess distinctive combs. For instance, Wyandottes have a "rose" comb, Brahmas have a "pea" comb, and Leghorns have a "single" comb. In this case, two non-allelic gene pairs affect the same character. • The dominant allele of each of the two factors produces separate phenotypes when they are alone. When both the dominant alleles are present together, they produce a distinct new phenotype. The absence of both the dominant alleles gives rise to yet another phenotype. • Two genes, R and P along with their recessive alleles determine the comb shapes. R gene gives rise to rose comb and P gene gives rise to pea comb; both are dominant over single comb; the presence of both the dominant genes results in walnut comb.
- 4. R- (Rose) > r (Single), P-(Pea) > p (single) Parents: RRpp (Rose) X rrPP (Pea) Gametes of parents: Rose combed parent- R and p; and Pea combed parent: r and P F1 : RrPp (Walut combed)------------------------- Selfed RrPp X RrPp Gametes of F1 : RP, Rp, rP, rp F2 : Punnett square Working out the genetic interaction for comb shapes in fowls
- 5. NON-ALLELIC, NON-EPISTATIC GENETIC INTERACTIONS COMB SHAPE IN FOWLS
- 6. RRPP-1 RrPP-2 RRPp-2 RrPp-4 RRpp-1 Rrpp-2 rrPP-1 rrPp-2 Rrpp-1 9 - walnut 3-Rose 3- Pea 1- single Genotypes, phenotypes and their proportions. F2 : phenotypic ratio:
- 7. ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS 1. In poultry, gene for Rose comb (R) and Pea comb (P) together produce Walnut comb. The recessive alleles homologous for both these genes (rrpp) produce a condition of Single type of comb. Determine the proportion of phenotypes expected from the following crosses. • (a) RRPp X rrPp (d) RrPp X RrPP • (b) RrPp X RrPp (e) RRPP X rrpp • (c) rrpp X RrPp (f) Rrpp X rrPp 2. Note: As above- • In a cross of Rose combed fowl with walnut combed fowl, the offspring appeared in the following proportion: • Walnut ¾: Rose ¾: Pea ¼: Single ¼ • What are the genotypes of the parents?