Blood group inheritance
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Prepared for B. Sc. III Botany students, based on the syllabus prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.
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ABO blood group system and history
The ABO blood group system was discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner. He found that mixing blood samples from different people caused some to clump together, and classified human blood into three main groups - A, B, and C. In 1901 he observed that blood would only agglutinate with certain other blood groups, not its own type. This led to the modern classification of A, B, AB, and O blood groups. The fourth type, AB, which contains both A and B antigens but no antibodies, was discovered by his students in 1902. The ABO antigens are carbohydrate residues added to the H substance on red blood cells by different alleles - A adds N-acetyl glactosamine, B adds d-
Rh Blood Group System
The document discusses the Rhesus blood group system, which was discovered in 1940 after testing human blood with rabbit antiserum against rhesus monkey red blood cells. It is one of the most polymorphic blood group systems, with over 45 antigens. The Rh system involves two closely linked genes, RHD and RHCE, which determine the presence of various antigens like D, C, c, E, and e. An Rh incompatibility during pregnancy can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn if a mother is Rh negative and carries an Rh positive baby.
Abo blood groups
This document discusses the ABO blood group system. It notes that there are over 20 known blood group systems that are genetically determined. The ABO and Rh systems are most important for blood transfusions. The ABO system involves antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in plasma. People are categorized into one of the main blood groups - A, B, AB, or O - depending on which antigens are present on their red blood cells and which antibodies are present in their plasma. The exact genetic basis and inheritance of the ABO system is also described.
Abo blood group system
ABO blood group system given by Karl Landsteiner.
Also includes details about Bombay Blood Group and Rh blood group System.
Inheritance and genetic of blood group
The document discusses the inheritance and genetics of blood group systems, focusing on the ABO and Rh blood group systems. The key points are:
1) The ABO and Rh blood group systems are the most important for blood transfusions. The blood group you belong to depends on what antigens you inherited from your parents.
2) The ABO system involves A, B, and O blood types which are determined by the presence or absence of A and B antigens. The Rh system involves Rh+ and Rh- blood types determined by the presence or absence of the Rh antigen.
3) Incompatible blood groups can cause agglutination if mixed, so it is important to understand blood group inheritance and compatibility for safe blood transf
Rh blood group ss
The Rh blood group system is complex, with over 45 antigens. The RhD gene encodes the highly immunogenic D antigen, which is the most important antigen of the Rh system. Approximately 85% of people are RhD positive, while 15% are RhD negative. The Rh system is the second most important blood group system after ABO in transfusion medicine due to the potential for alloimmunization against the D antigen during pregnancy or transfusion. Alloimmunization to the D antigen can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Bombay blood group
- The Bombay blood group is an extremely rare blood type where red blood cells lack the H, A, and B antigens and plasma contains antibodies against these antigens.
- It was first discovered in Bombay, India in 1952 in about 1 in 10,000 people in Mumbai. Worldwide prevalence is about 1 in 1 million.
- People with this blood group can only receive blood from other Bombay blood group donors, as their blood will hemolyze if receiving blood from other blood groups.
- It is important for those with the Bombay blood group to register with blood banks so their rare blood can be available in emergencies.
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a cytogenetic technique that can be used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes.
Recommended
ABO blood group system and history
The ABO blood group system was discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner. He found that mixing blood samples from different people caused some to clump together, and classified human blood into three main groups - A, B, and C. In 1901 he observed that blood would only agglutinate with certain other blood groups, not its own type. This led to the modern classification of A, B, AB, and O blood groups. The fourth type, AB, which contains both A and B antigens but no antibodies, was discovered by his students in 1902. The ABO antigens are carbohydrate residues added to the H substance on red blood cells by different alleles - A adds N-acetyl glactosamine, B adds d-
Rh Blood Group System
The document discusses the Rhesus blood group system, which was discovered in 1940 after testing human blood with rabbit antiserum against rhesus monkey red blood cells. It is one of the most polymorphic blood group systems, with over 45 antigens. The Rh system involves two closely linked genes, RHD and RHCE, which determine the presence of various antigens like D, C, c, E, and e. An Rh incompatibility during pregnancy can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn if a mother is Rh negative and carries an Rh positive baby.
Abo blood groups
This document discusses the ABO blood group system. It notes that there are over 20 known blood group systems that are genetically determined. The ABO and Rh systems are most important for blood transfusions. The ABO system involves antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in plasma. People are categorized into one of the main blood groups - A, B, AB, or O - depending on which antigens are present on their red blood cells and which antibodies are present in their plasma. The exact genetic basis and inheritance of the ABO system is also described.
Abo blood group system
ABO blood group system given by Karl Landsteiner.
Also includes details about Bombay Blood Group and Rh blood group System.
Inheritance and genetic of blood group
The document discusses the inheritance and genetics of blood group systems, focusing on the ABO and Rh blood group systems. The key points are:
1) The ABO and Rh blood group systems are the most important for blood transfusions. The blood group you belong to depends on what antigens you inherited from your parents.
2) The ABO system involves A, B, and O blood types which are determined by the presence or absence of A and B antigens. The Rh system involves Rh+ and Rh- blood types determined by the presence or absence of the Rh antigen.
3) Incompatible blood groups can cause agglutination if mixed, so it is important to understand blood group inheritance and compatibility for safe blood transf
Rh blood group ss
The Rh blood group system is complex, with over 45 antigens. The RhD gene encodes the highly immunogenic D antigen, which is the most important antigen of the Rh system. Approximately 85% of people are RhD positive, while 15% are RhD negative. The Rh system is the second most important blood group system after ABO in transfusion medicine due to the potential for alloimmunization against the D antigen during pregnancy or transfusion. Alloimmunization to the D antigen can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Bombay blood group
- The Bombay blood group is an extremely rare blood type where red blood cells lack the H, A, and B antigens and plasma contains antibodies against these antigens.
- It was first discovered in Bombay, India in 1952 in about 1 in 10,000 people in Mumbai. Worldwide prevalence is about 1 in 1 million.
- People with this blood group can only receive blood from other Bombay blood group donors, as their blood will hemolyze if receiving blood from other blood groups.
- It is important for those with the Bombay blood group to register with blood banks so their rare blood can be available in emergencies.
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a cytogenetic technique that can be used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes.
Blood Typing
A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system.
Multiple alleles
The document discusses multiple alleles in the context of ABO blood groups. It explains that ABO blood groups are controlled by a gene that has three allelic forms - IA, IB, and i - which produce different sugars and determine the presence of antigens and antibodies. Depending on the combination of alleles, an individual can have one of four blood types - A, B, AB, or O - which determines what blood types can be accepted in a transfusion.
ABO Blood Group System.pptx
This document discusses the importance of blood grouping and provides information about ABO and Rh blood group systems. It explains that blood grouping is done to ensure safe blood transfusions, as incompatible blood types can cause agglutination of red blood cells. ABO blood grouping identifies the presence of A and B antigens on red blood cells and corresponding anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma. Rh blood grouping identifies the presence of the RhD antigen. The document outlines the procedures for performing forward and reverse blood grouping to determine a person's blood type according to these systems. It also discusses some rare blood types like the Bombay phenotype.
HLA system and major histocompatibility complex
The document summarizes the HLA system and major histocompatibility complex. It discusses that MHC antigens are located on chromosome 6 and have 4 loci (A, B, C, D). MHC antigens are divided into 3 classes - Class I antigens regulate cytotoxic T cells, Class II antigens regulate helper T cells, and Class III antigens are components of the complement system but not associated with HLA expression. The HLA complex plays important roles in organ transplantation by matching donors and recipients, regulating the immune system through Class I and II antigens, and being associated with certain diseases.
Blood grouping
The document summarizes the history and science behind blood grouping and the ABO blood group system. It describes how Karl Landsteiner discovered the major ABO blood groups in 1901. It explains the antigens and antibodies present in each blood group according to Landsteiner's rule. The genetics and biochemistry of the ABO blood group system are covered, including how the H, A, and B antigens are synthesized on red blood cells. Common blood grouping techniques like forward and reverse grouping are also summarized.
ABO and RH group System
This presentation discusses the ABO and Rh blood group systems. It begins by introducing Karl Landsteiner, who discovered the main blood groups in 1900. The presentation then covers the antigens and antibodies involved in blood grouping, the genetics behind blood types, and frequencies of ABO types in the US. It provides detailed explanations of the synthesis of A, B, and H antigens, including the enzymes involved. Finally, it briefly discusses the Rh system and the Rh factor.
Abo blood group system
ABO blood group system was decover by Karal landsteine
which contain A, B, and o antigen on the surface of BC, WBC,s platatelet and other body tissue cells except brain cell, and anti A, antiB and Anti Ab natural occuring antibodies in plasma of B,A, and O blood group individual respectively
Blood group ppt
This document discusses multiple blood group systems including ABO and Rh factor. It explains that the ABO system has three alleles (IA, IB, i) which determine four blood types (A, B, AB, O). The Rh system involves the D antigen, with Rh+ possessing the antigen and Rh- lacking it. Compatible blood transfusions require matching both systems to avoid hemolysis from antigen-antibody reactions. A kit test can determine blood type through agglutination reactions between cell antigens and serum antibodies.
Sugar fermentation tests, Cetrimide agar medium, Hugh Leifson medium
1. The document discusses sugar fermentation, how to test for it using media like phenol red carbohydrate broth, and the interpretation of results.
2. Hugh Leifson medium and Cetrimide agar are described as media used to differentiate bacterial metabolism and isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively.
3. Key components, principles, preparation, and expected results are outlined for both Hugh Leifson medium and Cetrimide agar tests.
Nucleic acid hybridization
Nucleic acid hybridization is a technique where single-stranded nucleic acid molecules form double-stranded molecules through hydrogen bonding between complementary base sequences. This process can identify specific DNA or RNA sequences through the use of labeled probes. There are different types of hybridization including Southern blot, which uses probes to detect complementary DNA sequences separated by electrophoresis; Northern blot, which detects RNA sequences; and colony hybridization, which isolates plasmids containing a particular sequence.
History and overview of immunology
This document provides a history and overview of immunology, covering major discoveries and figures in the field from Edward Jenner in the late 18th century to recent developments in the late 20th century. It describes the innate and adaptive immune systems and cells of the immune system. Major contributors discussed include Jenner, Pasteur, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, Ehrlich, Milstein, Kohler, Tonegawa, and Doherty and Zinkernagel.
BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
This document discusses blood groups and blood transfusions. It begins with an introduction to blood groups, including the ABO and Rh blood grouping systems. It describes the antigens and antibodies involved, inheritance patterns, and population distributions. It covers hemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rh incompatibility. The document also discusses blood transfusions in detail, including indications, donor and recipient selection, hazards, and storage of blood. It provides an overview of blood groups and transfusions with clinical and medical applications.
Abo blood group system
The document discusses the ABO blood group system. Some key points:
- Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1900-1901. It identifies four main blood groups: A, B, AB, and O.
- The presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells determines an individual's blood group. Those without A or B antigens are group O.
- Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are naturally present in people's blood, developing after exposure to environmental antigens. These antibodies can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions if incompatible blood is transfused.
- The ABO blood groups are determined genetically based on inheritance of A, B, or O alleles. The A
Haptens
Haptens are small molecules that are antigenic but not immunogenic on their own. They are unable to induce an immune response because they cannot activate helper T cells due to their inability to bind MHC proteins or activate B cells directly as they are univalent. However, when haptens are covalently bound to a carrier protein, they form immunogenic conjugates that can induce an immune response by activating helper T cells and B cells. Pioneering work by Karl Landsteiner demonstrated that antibodies produced against hapten-carrier conjugates were specific for the hapten and carrier epitopes. Common examples of haptens include drug molecules, peptides, and steroids. Hapten-protein conjugates can cause drug
Precipitation Reaction
This document discusses various precipitation reactions and immunological techniques used to detect antigens and antibodies, including: Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion, single radial immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and rocket electrophoresis. It explains that precipitation reactions involve two soluble reactants forming an insoluble precipitate. These techniques use diffusion and electrophoresis of antigens and antibodies in semi-solid media like agar to form visible precipitin lines, rings, or rockets, allowing detection and sometimes quantification of proteins. The techniques have various applications in medicine and clinical laboratories.
Hla typing and its role in tissue transplantation
This document discusses HLA typing and its role in tissue transplantation. It begins by introducing the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and its role in transplant rejection. It then describes MHC polymorphism, HLA nomenclature, and various methods for HLA typing including serology and molecular techniques. The document concludes by discussing the applications of HLA typing in organ transplantation, including the mechanisms of allograft recognition and rejection.
Rh factor
The Rh blood group system is one of the most complex with over 50 antigens. The Rh factor refers to the presence (Rh positive) or absence (Rh negative) of the D antigen on red blood cells. The RHD gene encodes the D antigen, while the RHCE gene encodes the C, c, E, and e antigens. Rh proteins are integral membrane proteins that may function in ammonium or carbon dioxide transport. The Rh system was discovered in 1939 when a woman had an immune response after transfusion with her husband's Rh positive blood after delivering a stillborn infant. This led to the identification of the highly immunogenic Rh antigens which can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the newborn if a
Suppressor mutation
A suppressor mutation counters the effects of an original mutation by restoring the wild-type phenotype. There are two main types of suppressor mutations: intragenic mutations occur within the same gene and restore function through alternate amino acid substitutions, while intergenic mutations occur elsewhere in the genome and restore function through interacting gene products. Suppressor mutations are useful for studying protein-protein interactions and dissecting biological pathways.
Lymphoid organs
This document discusses the lymphatic system and its primary and secondary lymphoid organs. It describes that the lymphatic system consists of lymphatic organs and lymph fluid, and lymphoid organs are classified as primary or secondary. Primary lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, are the sites of lymphocyte development. Secondary lymphoid organs, including the spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT tissues, are where adaptive immune responses are initiated through interactions between immune cells and antigens. The document then provides more detailed descriptions of the structure and functions of the thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen as examples of primary and secondary lymphoid organs
Antibody: Structure and Function
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. ... This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.
1 BIOL 102 Lab 9 Simulated ABO and Rh Blood Typing.docx
1
BIOL 102: Lab 9
Simulated ABO and Rh Blood Typing
Objectives:
After completing this laboratory assignment, students will be able to:
• explain the biology of blood typing systems ABO and Rh
• explain the genetics of blood types
• determine the blood types of several patients
Introduction:
Before Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO human blood groups in 1901, it was thought that all blood was the
same. This misunderstanding led to fatal blood transfusions. Later, in 1940, Landsteiner was part of a team
who discovered another blood group, the Rh blood group system. There are many blood group systems known
today, but the ABO and the Rh blood groups are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. The
designation Rh is derived from the Rhesus monkey in which the existence of the Rh blood group was
discovered.
Although all blood is made of the same basic elements, not all blood is alike. In fact, there are eight different
common blood types, which are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens – substances that
can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body – on the surface of the red blood cells (RBCs
also known as erythrocytes).
ABO System:
The antigens on RBCs are agglutinating antigens or agglutinogens. They have been designated as A and B.
Antibodies against antigens A and B begin to build up in the blood plasma shortly after birth. A person
normally produces antibodies (agglutinins) against those antigens that are not present on his/her erythrocytes
but does not produce antibodies against those antigens that are present on his/her erythrocytes.
• A person who is blood type A will have A antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and will have
antibodies against B antigens (anti-B antibodies). See picture below.
• A person with blood type B will have B antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and will have antibodies
against antigen A (anti-A antibodies).
• A person with blood type O will have neither A nor B antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and has
BOTH anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
• A person with blood type AB will have both A and B antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and has
neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.
The individual’s blood type is based on the antigens (not the antibodies) he/she has. The four blood groups
are known as types A, B, AB, and O. Blood type O, characterized by an absence of A and B agglutinogens, is
the most common in the United States (45% of the population). Type A is the next in frequency, found in 39%
of the population. The incidences of types B and AB are 12% and 4%, respectively.
2
Table 1: The ABO System
Blood
Type
Antigens on
RBCs
Antibodies
in the Blood
Can GIVE Blood
to Groups:
Can RECEIVE
Blood from Groups:
A A Anti-B A, AB O, A
B B Anti-A B, AB O, B
AB A and B
Neither anti-A
nor anti-B
AB O, A, B, AB
O
Neither A nor
B
Both anti-A.
Multiple Alleles Lesson 4
The document discusses multiple alleles and uses blood type as an example. It notes that there are three main alleles (Ia, Ib, Io) that determine blood type. The possible genotypes are Ia Ia, Ia Ib, Ia Io, Ib Ib, Ib Io, and Io Io. The possible phenotypes are A, B, AB, and O.
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Blood Typing
A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system.
Multiple alleles
The document discusses multiple alleles in the context of ABO blood groups. It explains that ABO blood groups are controlled by a gene that has three allelic forms - IA, IB, and i - which produce different sugars and determine the presence of antigens and antibodies. Depending on the combination of alleles, an individual can have one of four blood types - A, B, AB, or O - which determines what blood types can be accepted in a transfusion.
ABO Blood Group System.pptx
This document discusses the importance of blood grouping and provides information about ABO and Rh blood group systems. It explains that blood grouping is done to ensure safe blood transfusions, as incompatible blood types can cause agglutination of red blood cells. ABO blood grouping identifies the presence of A and B antigens on red blood cells and corresponding anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma. Rh blood grouping identifies the presence of the RhD antigen. The document outlines the procedures for performing forward and reverse blood grouping to determine a person's blood type according to these systems. It also discusses some rare blood types like the Bombay phenotype.
HLA system and major histocompatibility complex
The document summarizes the HLA system and major histocompatibility complex. It discusses that MHC antigens are located on chromosome 6 and have 4 loci (A, B, C, D). MHC antigens are divided into 3 classes - Class I antigens regulate cytotoxic T cells, Class II antigens regulate helper T cells, and Class III antigens are components of the complement system but not associated with HLA expression. The HLA complex plays important roles in organ transplantation by matching donors and recipients, regulating the immune system through Class I and II antigens, and being associated with certain diseases.
Blood grouping
The document summarizes the history and science behind blood grouping and the ABO blood group system. It describes how Karl Landsteiner discovered the major ABO blood groups in 1901. It explains the antigens and antibodies present in each blood group according to Landsteiner's rule. The genetics and biochemistry of the ABO blood group system are covered, including how the H, A, and B antigens are synthesized on red blood cells. Common blood grouping techniques like forward and reverse grouping are also summarized.
ABO and RH group System
This presentation discusses the ABO and Rh blood group systems. It begins by introducing Karl Landsteiner, who discovered the main blood groups in 1900. The presentation then covers the antigens and antibodies involved in blood grouping, the genetics behind blood types, and frequencies of ABO types in the US. It provides detailed explanations of the synthesis of A, B, and H antigens, including the enzymes involved. Finally, it briefly discusses the Rh system and the Rh factor.
Abo blood group system
ABO blood group system was decover by Karal landsteine
which contain A, B, and o antigen on the surface of BC, WBC,s platatelet and other body tissue cells except brain cell, and anti A, antiB and Anti Ab natural occuring antibodies in plasma of B,A, and O blood group individual respectively
Blood group ppt
This document discusses multiple blood group systems including ABO and Rh factor. It explains that the ABO system has three alleles (IA, IB, i) which determine four blood types (A, B, AB, O). The Rh system involves the D antigen, with Rh+ possessing the antigen and Rh- lacking it. Compatible blood transfusions require matching both systems to avoid hemolysis from antigen-antibody reactions. A kit test can determine blood type through agglutination reactions between cell antigens and serum antibodies.
Sugar fermentation tests, Cetrimide agar medium, Hugh Leifson medium
1. The document discusses sugar fermentation, how to test for it using media like phenol red carbohydrate broth, and the interpretation of results.
2. Hugh Leifson medium and Cetrimide agar are described as media used to differentiate bacterial metabolism and isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively.
3. Key components, principles, preparation, and expected results are outlined for both Hugh Leifson medium and Cetrimide agar tests.
Nucleic acid hybridization
Nucleic acid hybridization is a technique where single-stranded nucleic acid molecules form double-stranded molecules through hydrogen bonding between complementary base sequences. This process can identify specific DNA or RNA sequences through the use of labeled probes. There are different types of hybridization including Southern blot, which uses probes to detect complementary DNA sequences separated by electrophoresis; Northern blot, which detects RNA sequences; and colony hybridization, which isolates plasmids containing a particular sequence.
History and overview of immunology
This document provides a history and overview of immunology, covering major discoveries and figures in the field from Edward Jenner in the late 18th century to recent developments in the late 20th century. It describes the innate and adaptive immune systems and cells of the immune system. Major contributors discussed include Jenner, Pasteur, von Behring, Kitasato, Metchnikoff, Ehrlich, Milstein, Kohler, Tonegawa, and Doherty and Zinkernagel.
BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
This document discusses blood groups and blood transfusions. It begins with an introduction to blood groups, including the ABO and Rh blood grouping systems. It describes the antigens and antibodies involved, inheritance patterns, and population distributions. It covers hemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rh incompatibility. The document also discusses blood transfusions in detail, including indications, donor and recipient selection, hazards, and storage of blood. It provides an overview of blood groups and transfusions with clinical and medical applications.
Abo blood group system
The document discusses the ABO blood group system. Some key points:
- Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1900-1901. It identifies four main blood groups: A, B, AB, and O.
- The presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells determines an individual's blood group. Those without A or B antigens are group O.
- Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are naturally present in people's blood, developing after exposure to environmental antigens. These antibodies can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions if incompatible blood is transfused.
- The ABO blood groups are determined genetically based on inheritance of A, B, or O alleles. The A
Haptens
Haptens are small molecules that are antigenic but not immunogenic on their own. They are unable to induce an immune response because they cannot activate helper T cells due to their inability to bind MHC proteins or activate B cells directly as they are univalent. However, when haptens are covalently bound to a carrier protein, they form immunogenic conjugates that can induce an immune response by activating helper T cells and B cells. Pioneering work by Karl Landsteiner demonstrated that antibodies produced against hapten-carrier conjugates were specific for the hapten and carrier epitopes. Common examples of haptens include drug molecules, peptides, and steroids. Hapten-protein conjugates can cause drug
Precipitation Reaction
This document discusses various precipitation reactions and immunological techniques used to detect antigens and antibodies, including: Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion, single radial immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and rocket electrophoresis. It explains that precipitation reactions involve two soluble reactants forming an insoluble precipitate. These techniques use diffusion and electrophoresis of antigens and antibodies in semi-solid media like agar to form visible precipitin lines, rings, or rockets, allowing detection and sometimes quantification of proteins. The techniques have various applications in medicine and clinical laboratories.
Hla typing and its role in tissue transplantation
This document discusses HLA typing and its role in tissue transplantation. It begins by introducing the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and its role in transplant rejection. It then describes MHC polymorphism, HLA nomenclature, and various methods for HLA typing including serology and molecular techniques. The document concludes by discussing the applications of HLA typing in organ transplantation, including the mechanisms of allograft recognition and rejection.
Rh factor
The Rh blood group system is one of the most complex with over 50 antigens. The Rh factor refers to the presence (Rh positive) or absence (Rh negative) of the D antigen on red blood cells. The RHD gene encodes the D antigen, while the RHCE gene encodes the C, c, E, and e antigens. Rh proteins are integral membrane proteins that may function in ammonium or carbon dioxide transport. The Rh system was discovered in 1939 when a woman had an immune response after transfusion with her husband's Rh positive blood after delivering a stillborn infant. This led to the identification of the highly immunogenic Rh antigens which can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the newborn if a
Suppressor mutation
A suppressor mutation counters the effects of an original mutation by restoring the wild-type phenotype. There are two main types of suppressor mutations: intragenic mutations occur within the same gene and restore function through alternate amino acid substitutions, while intergenic mutations occur elsewhere in the genome and restore function through interacting gene products. Suppressor mutations are useful for studying protein-protein interactions and dissecting biological pathways.
Lymphoid organs
This document discusses the lymphatic system and its primary and secondary lymphoid organs. It describes that the lymphatic system consists of lymphatic organs and lymph fluid, and lymphoid organs are classified as primary or secondary. Primary lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, are the sites of lymphocyte development. Secondary lymphoid organs, including the spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT tissues, are where adaptive immune responses are initiated through interactions between immune cells and antigens. The document then provides more detailed descriptions of the structure and functions of the thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen as examples of primary and secondary lymphoid organs
Antibody: Structure and Function
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. ... This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.
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Sugar fermentation tests, Cetrimide agar medium, Hugh Leifson medium
Sugar fermentation tests, Cetrimide agar medium, Hugh Leifson medium
Similar to Blood group inheritance
1 BIOL 102 Lab 9 Simulated ABO and Rh Blood Typing.docx
1
BIOL 102: Lab 9
Simulated ABO and Rh Blood Typing
Objectives:
After completing this laboratory assignment, students will be able to:
• explain the biology of blood typing systems ABO and Rh
• explain the genetics of blood types
• determine the blood types of several patients
Introduction:
Before Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO human blood groups in 1901, it was thought that all blood was the
same. This misunderstanding led to fatal blood transfusions. Later, in 1940, Landsteiner was part of a team
who discovered another blood group, the Rh blood group system. There are many blood group systems known
today, but the ABO and the Rh blood groups are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. The
designation Rh is derived from the Rhesus monkey in which the existence of the Rh blood group was
discovered.
Although all blood is made of the same basic elements, not all blood is alike. In fact, there are eight different
common blood types, which are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens – substances that
can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body – on the surface of the red blood cells (RBCs
also known as erythrocytes).
ABO System:
The antigens on RBCs are agglutinating antigens or agglutinogens. They have been designated as A and B.
Antibodies against antigens A and B begin to build up in the blood plasma shortly after birth. A person
normally produces antibodies (agglutinins) against those antigens that are not present on his/her erythrocytes
but does not produce antibodies against those antigens that are present on his/her erythrocytes.
• A person who is blood type A will have A antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and will have
antibodies against B antigens (anti-B antibodies). See picture below.
• A person with blood type B will have B antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and will have antibodies
against antigen A (anti-A antibodies).
• A person with blood type O will have neither A nor B antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and has
BOTH anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
• A person with blood type AB will have both A and B antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and has
neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.
The individual’s blood type is based on the antigens (not the antibodies) he/she has. The four blood groups
are known as types A, B, AB, and O. Blood type O, characterized by an absence of A and B agglutinogens, is
the most common in the United States (45% of the population). Type A is the next in frequency, found in 39%
of the population. The incidences of types B and AB are 12% and 4%, respectively.
2
Table 1: The ABO System
Blood
Type
Antigens on
RBCs
Antibodies
in the Blood
Can GIVE Blood
to Groups:
Can RECEIVE
Blood from Groups:
A A Anti-B A, AB O, A
B B Anti-A B, AB O, B
AB A and B
Neither anti-A
nor anti-B
AB O, A, B, AB
O
Neither A nor
B
Both anti-A.
Multiple Alleles Lesson 4
The document discusses multiple alleles and uses blood type as an example. It notes that there are three main alleles (Ia, Ib, Io) that determine blood type. The possible genotypes are Ia Ia, Ia Ib, Ia Io, Ib Ib, Ib Io, and Io Io. The possible phenotypes are A, B, AB, and O.
Blood Typing and Genetics (3).pptx
The document discusses blood typing and genetics. It explains that the ABO blood type is determined by alleles inherited from each parent. The A and B alleles are dominant, while O is recessive. A person's genotype refers to their specific allele combination, while their phenotype is their observable blood type. Careful blood type matching between donors and recipients is important to avoid immune reactions from mismatched antigens on red blood cells.
Blood groups
Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1900. He found that mixing blood samples together could cause agglutination, or clumping. Based on this, he identified the main blood groups: A, B, AB, and O. The presence of antigens A or B on red blood cells determines blood group. Rh factor is another important blood group - a person can be either RhD positive or negative. Blood typing involves testing blood against different antibodies to identify a person's blood group. Matching donor and recipient blood by ABO and RhD type is crucial for safe blood transfusions.
Moodle multiple alleles_codom
The ABO blood group system involves multiple alleles (IA, IB, i) that determine blood type and codominance. There are 3 alleles that produce A, B, or no antigens, resulting in 6 genotypes and 4 blood types. The IA and IB alleles are codominant because those with the IAIB genotype have both A and B antigens. Incorrect blood transfusions can cause clotting due to antibody reactions between donor and recipient red blood cells.
Multiple alleles-ABO Blood grouping.pptx
This document discusses multiple alleles and uses the ABO blood group system as an example. It explains that there are 3 alleles (IA, IB, and IO) that control the presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells. The IA allele produces the A antigen, IB produces the B antigen, and IO produces no antigens. These 3 alleles follow Mendelian inheritance patterns and can be used to determine parentage in disputed cases or identify criminals through blood evidence. Blood typing is also important for blood transfusions to match donors and recipients safely.
Genetics of human blood groups
There are four main blood types in the ABO blood group system defined by the presence or absence of antigens A and B. A person's blood type is determined by combinations of three alleles - IA produces the A antigen, IB produces the B antigen, and i produces no antigen. Both IA and IB are codominant, so someone with the genotype IAIB will have both the A and B antigens and have blood type AB.
Abo blood groups
The ABO blood group system was discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner, who identified three main blood types: A, B, and O. The fourth type, AB, was discovered later. People have antigens on their red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in their plasma. Blood type is inherited and determines compatibility for transfusions. Type O negative blood can be donated to all recipients, while type AB positive can receive from all donors.
BLOOD GROUP - by Dr. Amit Gehlot
There are over 30 known blood group systems that contain around 400 antigens. The most important systems for blood transfusions are ABO and Rh. The ABO system contains A, B, and H antigens. People are type A, B, AB, or O based on which antigens are present. Naturally occurring antibodies are directed against antigens not present on one's own red blood cells. The Rh system contains D and other antigens. Most people are Rh+ or Rh-. Rh incompatibility can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn.
MULTIPLE ALLOTS ( ALLELES ) AND BLOOD GROUPS OM VERMA 2023.pdf
This document discusses alleles, multiple alleles, and blood grouping. It explains that alleles are pairs of genes that control the same trait and occupy the same locus on a chromosome. Multiple alleles refer to three or more alleles for a particular gene. The ABO blood group system in humans is provided as an example of multiple alleles, with the alleles being IA, IB, and i. Phenotypes and genotypes are shown for the different blood groups. Examples of blood group inheritance from parents to children are also presented.
Blood Typing PPT.ppt
Karl Landsteiner discovered the main human blood groups (A, B, AB and O) in 1901. He found that mixing blood from two individuals can cause clumping of red blood cells. This occurs due to the presence of antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in plasma. Landsteiner's discovery made blood transfusions safer by allowing blood typing. There are over 20 blood group systems but ABO and Rh (Rhesus) are most important. ABO blood groups are determined by inheritance of A, B or O alleles while Rh status depends on presence/absence of the D antigen. Compatibility between donor and recipient blood is crucial to avoid dangerous immune reactions.
Mulltiple Alleles
This document summarizes multiple alleles and provides examples. It discusses:
1) The human ABO blood group system which has 3 alleles (IA, IB, I0) determining 4 blood groups.
2) Inheritance of coat color in rabbits which is controlled by 4 alleles of the C gene determining 5 coat patterns.
3) Inheritance of the Rh factor in human blood which has 2 types - Rh positive and Rh negative.
Answer The type O structure is found in all three glycosphingolip.pdf
Answer :
The type O structure is found in all three glycosphingolipids.
In both type A and type B, there is an added sugar; this sugar differs between type A and B.
explanation :
The focal rule of the ABO framework is that antigens – in this occasion, sugars physically
uncovered on the outside of red platelets – contrast between people, who have immunological
resistance just toward what happens in their own bodies. Therefore, numerous people express
isoantibodies – antibodies against isoantigens, common parts exhibit in the assemblages of
different individuals from similar species however not themselves. Isoantibodies might be
available against the An and additionally B antigens in individuals who don\'t themselves have
similar antigens in their own particular blood. These antibodies go about as haemagglutinins,
which cause platelets to bunch and break separated in the event that they convey the outside
antigens. This cruel reaction, however a versatile response valuable against disease, can bring
about death when a lot of such cells are experienced after a blood transfusion, a situation not
experienced in normal determination preceding present day history. Since An and B antigens are
artificially adjusted from an antecedent frame that is likewise present in sort O people,
individuals with sort An and B antigens can acknowledge blood from sort O people.
Hostile to An and against B antibodies (called isohaemagglutinins), which are not present in the
infant, show up in the primary years of life. Against An and hostile to B antibodies are generally
IgM sort, which are not ready to go through the placenta to the fetal blood course. O-sort people
can deliver IgG-sort ABO antibodies.
The forerunner to the ABO blood amass antigens, display in individuals of all regular blood
classifications, is known as the H antigen. People with the uncommon Bombay phenotype (hh)
don\'t express antigen H on their red platelets. As the H antigen serves as a forerunner for
delivering An and B antigens, the nonappearance of the H antigen implies that the people do not
have An or B antigens too (like O blood gather). Be that as it may, not at all like O gathering, the
H antigen is missing, thus the people create isoantibodies to antigen H and in addition to both An
and B antigens. In the event that they get blood from somebody with O blood gather, the counter
H antibodies will tie to the H antigen on the red platelets (\'RBC\') of the giver blood and
devastate the RBCs by supplement intervened lysis. In this manner, individuals with Bombay
phenotype can get blood just from other hh benefactors (in spite of the fact that they can give as
if they were sort O). A few people with the blood amass A1 may likewise have the capacity to
deliver against H antibodies because of the total change of all the H antigen to A1 antigen.
Creation of the H antigen, or its inadequacy in the Bombay phenotype, is controlled at the H
locus on chromosome 19. The H locus is not an indistinguish.
Multiple alleles
This document discusses multiple alleles and uses the ABO blood group system as an example. It explains that there are three alleles - IA, IB, and IO - that determine blood type. People can have the phenotypes A, B, AB, or O depending on which combination of these alleles they inherit. The alleles for A and B are codominant, so people with the genotype IAIB have the AB blood type.
Abo blood group system by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP.
SLO’s
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL REVIEW
EVOLUTION
CLASSIFICATION
ABOUT CLASSICAL ABO BLOOD GROUPING SYSTEM
AGGLUTINOGENS
AGGLUTININS
TYPES OF ABO BLOOD GROUPS
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
INHERITANCE
DETERMINATION
CLINICAL IMPRTANCE
A woman with type O blood gave birth to a baby, also with type O bloo.pdf
A woman with type O blood gave birth to a baby, also with type O blood. The woman states a
man with type AB blood was the father of the baby. The antigen determining gene for blood type
has three alleles I^A, I^B, i. a. How many phenotypes are possible? b. How many genes play a
factor in this phenotype? c. How is this example different from a typical Mendelian cross? What
extension is displayed? d. Is there any merit to her statement? Why?
Solution
The mother has O blood group, thus i, i would be the genotype of the mother as blood type O is
recessive. There are three genes that play a role in this cross.
A parent of blood type AB has the codominant IA and IB alleles.
When the parents would mate , there would be IA , IB crossing with i. As a result , out of the
four offsprings , two will contain IAi and two would contain IBi genotype, I.e. Half of the
children would have type A and half would have type B blood group.
For a woman with O blood group, the father should also have O blood group. Thus there is no
merit to her statement..
easylearningwithned.blogspot.com-BLOOD GROUP.pdf
This document discusses blood groups and blood typing. It explains that there are four main blood groups - A, B, AB, and O - which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells and antibodies in plasma. Group O blood is the universal donor as it lacks antigens, while Group AB blood is the universal recipient as it possesses both A and B antigens but lacks antibodies. The document also covers Rh factor blood typing and discusses issues that can arise during pregnancy when the mother's and baby's Rh factors are incompatible. It describes how blood grouping is performed using the agglutination of red blood cells and specific antisera to identify antigens.
abobloodgroupsystem-170121130000.pptx
The ABO blood group system is one of the most important blood group systems for transfusions. It is determined by the ABO gene which has three alleles - IA, IB, and i - that encode for the A, B, and O antigens, respectively. The ABO blood types are determined by which alleles are present: IAIA or IAi produce type A blood, IBIB or IBi produce type B, IAIB produces AB, and ii produces O. The Rh system, specifically the D antigen, is the second most important blood group and sensitization to the D antigen in Rh-negative pregnant women can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn if not prevented.
Blood typing ppt
Karl Landsteiner discovered the main human blood group systems in 1901 which allowed safer blood transfusions. He found that mixing blood from two individuals can cause clumping if they have incompatible blood types due to antigens and antibodies. There are four main blood types - A, B, AB and O based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells and the corresponding antibodies in plasma. The Rh system further divides blood into Rh+ and Rh- based on the presence of the Rh antigen. Understanding blood groups is crucial to ensure compatibility during transfusions.
Multiple alleles
Multiple alleles refers to inheritance patterns involving more than two alleles that determine a trait. The ABO blood group gene has three alleles that produce four blood types - A, B, AB, and O. Type O has no antigens and is the universal donor type. Type AB has both A and B antigens and is the universal recipient type. An individual's blood type is determined by the alleles they inherit from each parent.
Similar to Blood group inheritance (20)
1 BIOL 102 Lab 9 Simulated ABO and Rh Blood Typing.docx
1 BIOL 102 Lab 9 Simulated ABO and Rh Blood Typing.docx
MULTIPLE ALLOTS ( ALLELES ) AND BLOOD GROUPS OM VERMA 2023.pdf
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Answer The type O structure is found in all three glycosphingolip.pdf
Answer The type O structure is found in all three glycosphingolip.pdf
Abo blood group system by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP.
Abo blood group system by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP.
A woman with type O blood gave birth to a baby, also with type O bloo.pdf
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Blood group inheritance
- 1. B. Sc. III: Semester-VI Paper-XIX: Genetics and Biotechnology Blood group Inheritance Dr. Anjali Naik Head, Dept. of Botany, SBES College of Science
- 2. Inheritance of blood group. u It’s a variation of mendelian monohybrid inheritance. u The ABO blood group system in man provides an excellent illustration of a multiple allelic system. u Bernstein in 1924 found that the blood group antigens are controlled by an autosomal gene designated I (iso-haemaglutinin) which has 3 alleles IA, IB and IO. u So, instead of one gene with two alleles controlling the inheritance of one character, (as seen in mendelian monohybrid inheritance), here three alleles control the inheritance of blood group. u This also presents a case of variation of codominance. u IA and IB are codominant, and both express themselves in F1 as a third phenotype- Blood group AB
- 3. Explanation of inheritance of blood groups. u Human population has 4 blood groups—A, B, AB and O. u These are identified by a specific glycoprotein substance, called antigen on the surface of RBCs. u The blood group is determined by a gene “I” which has three forms or alleles viz., IA, IB, IO. u The genes IA and lB are dominant to gene IO but are co- dominant to each other and both are expressed when present together.
- 4. HOW BLOOD GROUPS ARE TESTED? u Antigens- Proteins present on the surfaces of RBCs. u Antibodies- Proteins present in the plasma. u Antibodies and antigens show clumping (Agglutination) when mixed indicating blood group. u Bl.gr. A persons have antigens A on RBCs and anti B antibodies in plasma. u Bl.gr. B persons have antigen B on RBCs and anti A antibodies in plasma. u Bl.gr. AB have both A and B antigens on their RBCs but no antibodies in plasma. u Blo.gr. O have no antigens but both anti A and anti B antibodies in plasma. u Bl.gr O: Universal donors and Bl gr AB are universal accepters.
- 6. Working of alleles u Blood group phenotype. Possible genotypes 1. Blood gr. A (Homozygous) IAIA 2. Blood gr. A (Heterozygous) IAIO 3. Blood gr. B (Homozygous) IBIB 4. Blood gr. B (Heterozygous) IBIO 5. Blood gr. AB IAIB 6. Blood gr. O IOIO IA = IB (Codominant)
- 8. Parents: Mother- Heterozygous for blood A: IAIO Father- Heterozygous for blood B: IBIO IAIO X IBIO Gametes of parents: IA and IO; IB and IO F2: Genotypic ratio: IAIB: IBIO : IAIO : IOIO in 1:1:1:1 proportion Phenotypic ratio: AB:A:B:O also in 1:1:1:1 proportion. Male Parent Female parent IA IO IB IAIB (Blood gr. AB) IBIO (Blood group B) IO IA IO (Blood gr. A) IO IO (Blood gr. O)
- 9. Assignment problems on blood group inheritance 1. List all the possible genotypes for each of the 4 blood types: 2. A man who has type B blood (genotype: BB) is married to a woman with type O blood. What blood type will their children have? 3. A woman with type A blood (genotype: AO) is married to a type B person (genotype: BO). What blood types will their children have? 4. A woman with type A blood is claiming that a man with type AB blood is the father of her child, who is also type AB. Could this man be the father? Show the possible crosses; remember the woman can have AO or AA genotypes.