Salvinia is a free-floating fern that grows in still or slow-moving freshwater. It has horizontal stems with round to oblong leaves arranged in whorls of three. The leaves have "egg beater" hairs that help it float. It reproduces through sporocarps containing either microsporangia or megasporangia. While it helps purify water, large mats of Salvinia can smother other plants, reduce oxygen in the water, and negatively impact ecosystems and human activities. Control methods include biological control using weevils, mechanical removal, herbicides, and prevention of spreading.
Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants an distinct category following a system of nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well established plan.
Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants an distinct category following a system of nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well established plan.
About 20,000 species.
Eukaryotic cell and contain all the membrane bound organelles.
Thallus is green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplast.
Pyrenoids embedded in chloroplast.
Cytoplasm contains vacuoles.
Motile cell of primitive forms contains eye spot or stigma.
Reserve carbohydrates are in the form of starch.
Cell wall invariably contains cellulose.
Produce motile reproductive bodies generally with two or four flagella.
Most are aquatic but some are subarial.
Several species of ulvales and siphonales are marine.
Some strains of chlorella are thermophilic.
Species of chlamydomonas and some chlorococcales occur in snow.
Coloechaete nitellarum is endophytic.
Cephaleuros is parasitic – cause ‘red rust of tea’.
Live epizoically on or endozoically within the bodies of lower animals – chlorella is found in hydra; chlorella beneath the scales of fish; characium on the antennae of mosquito.
Green algae in assosciation with the fungi constitute lichens.
Equisetum popularly known a the ‘horse-tail’ or ‘scouring rush’.
It is now represented by nearly 30 species which are seen world wide except in Australia and New Zealand.
Some species prefer damp and shady places while others grow in marshes, ponds or stream banks
Some are found in xerophytic habitats
economic importance of gymnosperms.Gymnosperms are simple and primitive seed-bearing plants without flowers.
The plant body is sporophytic and is differentiated into root,stem and leaves.
All gymnosperms are usually wind-pollinated.
Leaves have thick cuticle and sunken stomata.
Gymnosperms are heterosporous.magasporangia and microsporangia occur on mega and microsporophylls respectively.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
About 20,000 species.
Eukaryotic cell and contain all the membrane bound organelles.
Thallus is green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplast.
Pyrenoids embedded in chloroplast.
Cytoplasm contains vacuoles.
Motile cell of primitive forms contains eye spot or stigma.
Reserve carbohydrates are in the form of starch.
Cell wall invariably contains cellulose.
Produce motile reproductive bodies generally with two or four flagella.
Most are aquatic but some are subarial.
Several species of ulvales and siphonales are marine.
Some strains of chlorella are thermophilic.
Species of chlamydomonas and some chlorococcales occur in snow.
Coloechaete nitellarum is endophytic.
Cephaleuros is parasitic – cause ‘red rust of tea’.
Live epizoically on or endozoically within the bodies of lower animals – chlorella is found in hydra; chlorella beneath the scales of fish; characium on the antennae of mosquito.
Green algae in assosciation with the fungi constitute lichens.
Equisetum popularly known a the ‘horse-tail’ or ‘scouring rush’.
It is now represented by nearly 30 species which are seen world wide except in Australia and New Zealand.
Some species prefer damp and shady places while others grow in marshes, ponds or stream banks
Some are found in xerophytic habitats
economic importance of gymnosperms.Gymnosperms are simple and primitive seed-bearing plants without flowers.
The plant body is sporophytic and is differentiated into root,stem and leaves.
All gymnosperms are usually wind-pollinated.
Leaves have thick cuticle and sunken stomata.
Gymnosperms are heterosporous.magasporangia and microsporangia occur on mega and microsporophylls respectively.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
Title: Development of integrated rice-azolla-duck-fish farming systems with SRI methods for rice production in the Mekong River region, Vietnam
Presenter: Nghia Nguyen Soil Biology Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture & Applied Biology, Cantho University, Cantho City, Vietnam
Venue: Cornell University
Date: July 1, 2015
Poster at the 4th International Rice Congress
Authors: M. Bagayoko, G. Traoré, E. Styger, and D. Jenkins
Title: System of Intensification (SRI) - An Opportunity to Improve the Productivity and Resilience African Rice Production
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 28-31, 2014
Presentation at the Workshop on Crop Production Equipment for the System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Presenter: Gaoussou Traore
Title:The West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program / Direct Seeders for Pregerminated Seeds
Date: November 1, 2014
Venue: ACISAI, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, weeders
Presentation at the Workshop on Crop Production Equipment for the System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Presenter: Ram B. Khadka, Nepal Agricultural Research Council
Title: Performance of the USHA Weeder in Rice and Other Crops in Nepal
Date: November 1, 2014
Venue: ACISAI, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Speaker: MV Ashok
Title: NABARD - System of Rice Intensification in India
Venue: B75, Mann Library, IP/CALS Cornell University
Date: July 30, 2015
Sponsor: SRI-Rice and IP/CALS, Cornell University
Authors: Norman Uphoff, Vasilia Fasoula, Iswandi Anas, Amir Kassam and A.K. Thakur
Title: Improving the Phenotypic Expression of Rice Genotypes: Reasons to Rethink Selection Practices and ‘Intensification’ for Rice Production Systems
Oral presentation at: The 4th International Rice Congress
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Center, Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 31, 2014
Predictions of Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) petroleum soure rocks in the North Atlantic region (eastern Canada and the North Sea / northwest Europe), bsaed on plate tectonic and paleoceanographic reconstructions.
Presentation by Ram Bahadur Khadka
at the National SRI Nepal Network Meeting
Title: System of Rice Intensification Research Perspective in Nepal
Date: June 19, 2015
Venue: NARI Hall, Lalitpur, Nepal
Why did the Earth go from a hot, humid planet with forests all the way up to the North Pole and then suddenly convert to a more modern cooler climate around 47 million years ago?
Part one of a two part talk describing a remarkable event that occurred in the Arctic 50 million years ago, when a unique floating freshwater plant called Azolla repeatedly covered the surface of the ocean for almost a million years. Due to its phenomenal growth, Azolla sequestered enormous quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, and changed the Earth's climate from a greenhouse world towards our modern icehouse climate with its permanent ice and snow at both poles. 'The Arctic Azolla Event' was discovered by the Arctic Coring Expedition (ACEX) when it recovered sediments beneath the North Pole in 2004. The discovery was featured in the New York Times (November 20, 2004) and National Geographic (May 2005), and its validity has now been confirmed by international teams of scientists who have investigated and published on the cores, including a series of papers in the scientific journal ‘Nature’.
Presentation at the Workshop on Crop Production Equipment for the System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Presenter: Ashish Das, KGVKAgro
Title: KGVK Product Portfolio
Date: November 3, 2014
Venue: ACISAI, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Aquarium plant: Utility and propagationKartik Mondal
Being at the base of food chain, plants are important in any ecosystem. Plants help to provide the biological balance, besides creating bio-topic aquarium.
The presence of different aquatic plant provides a number of houses to the fishes inside the aquarium.
Most fresh water aquariums can be set up with live plants and whenever possible, it is recommended to do so.
The purpose of specialized lacunae are to provide structure to th.pdfmarketing413921
The purpose of specialized lacunae are to: provide structure to the rhizomes. carry oxygen to
plant parts provide buoyancy to the blade. both b and c In seagrasses the process of water-
insoluble fertilization is called hydroponic pollination. hygrophilous pollination. sperm
pollination. aquatic insemination. clonal growth. Salt marsh plants differ from seagrasses in
that they: are not fully marine plants. require freshwater to reproduce. are intolerant of full
strength seawater. are found throughout the world. have roots, while seagrasses do not. Salt
marsh plants play an important ecological role in recycling nutrients. stabilizing sediments.
filtering run-off from coastal areas. habitat for small animals. all of the above A mechanism in
many salt plants to control osmotic pressure is: to remain as some conformers. to have
succulent parts. to dry out. to go dormant during periods of high salinity. to drop leaves.
Mangroves typically occur in/on: tropical and subtropical areas. temperature areas. polar areas.
open coasts. sandy beaches. Mangrove trees have specialized to stabilize the plant in roots,
mud holdfast, rocks roots, rocks holdfast, mud roots, sand
Solution
7. The purpose of specialized lacunae are to carry oxygen to plant parts and provide buoyancy to
the blade.
8. In seagrasses, the process of water- insoluble fertilization is called hydrophilous pollination
9. Salt marsh plants differ from seagrasses in that they are not fully marine plants.
10.Salt marsh plants play an important ecological role in habitat for small animals
11.A mechanism in many salt plants to control osmotic pressure is to have succulent parts
12.Mangroves typically occur in/on tropical and subtropical areas.
13.Mangrove trees have specialized roots to stabilize the plant in mud..
As a requirement for our Field Study 3, I am asking for your help guys. Please leave a comment here, whether good or bad comments. thank you. i will truly appreciate your cooperation guys. <3
The Estuarine System consists of deepwater tidal habitats and adjacent tidal wetlands that are usually semienclosed by land but have open, partly obstructed, or sporadic access to the open ocean, and in which ocean water is at least occasionally diluted by freshwater runoff from the land. The salinity may be periodically increased above that of the open ocean by evaporation. Along some low-energy coastlines there is appreciable dilution of sea water. Offshore areas with typical estuarine plants and animals, such as red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), are also included in the Estuarine System.
A harmful algal bloom (HAB) is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms via production of natural toxins, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means. HABs are often associated with large-scale marine mortality events and have been associated with various types of shellfish poisonings.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
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3. Salvinia spp.
HABITAT:
Still and slow moving water of
lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rice
fields etc
Grow best- nutrient rich water
Can tolerate salinity, mild
temperature, frost But not
prolonged exposed.
4. Description:
Stems: Horizontal, dichotomously branched rhizomes, protostelic and aerenchymatous
Leaves: simple, dimorphic (fertile different from sterile), aerenchymatous, at maturity in whorls of three (2
floating, 1 submerged and root-like), blades round to oblong, entire with water repellent trichomes in upper
surface
Egg beater shaped hairs – diverge into 4 branches near the top and fuse together at the tips.
The egg beater
shaped hairs
5. Roots: No true roots,
submerged leaves—function as
roots, finely dissected into several
filaments, hair-like projections
along the length.
Acts as a balances, also absorbs
nourishment from water
roots short-High nutrient
water,
Roots long - nutrient deficient
water…
Associated with N2 fixing BGA
7. Reproductive structure:
• Some filaments of leaves may develop
chains or clusters of tiny ovoid spore
bearing structures (sporocarp)
• Sporocarps: sporocarp which is
interpreted as modified sorus with
the indusium functioning as
protective wall is globose,
heterosporous, each bearing either
one megasporangium or several
microsporangia at maturity.
9. LIFE CYCLE
1. Heterosporus
2. Keep sporangia in sporocarp covered by indusium
3. Sporocarp= 1.Megasporangia 2. Microsporangia
4. Megsporangia 8 microsporocytes---------32 megaspores only
one matures and viableenlarges,fills the whole megasporangia
5. Both types develops plasmodial tapetum—solidifies– lobed body
massulae above spore
6. No annulus.. Sporocarp wall degenerate– spores germinates
meiosis
10. Gametophyte:
EDOSPOROUS
1. Male gametophyte developed by microspore bear anthredia
in 2 groups
2. Female gametophyte floats to the surface and germinates.
-photosynthetic
-form several archegonia when embryos grows…
12. Economic Importance
• Use to remove excess nutrients ,other pollutants from
water. E.g S.molesta
• Dried plants mulching, fodder
• Paper-making, biofuel, sewage treatment
• Handicrafts
• Bio-gas regeneration, bio-fertilization
• S. natans, or water moss, is used as a free floating
ornamental plant for aquariums and ponds,
• helps to purify waste or contaminated waters remove
organic material from eutrophicated water.
13. • Reaserchers at Stephan F. Austin St. Nacogdoches, Texas
Extract of giant Salvinia
inhibit growth of Human Cancer cells without destroying
nearby healthy ones.
14. ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
• Cut off lights to Aquatic plants, animal
• Reduce Oxygen content and degrade water quality—fish,etc
• Prevents natural exchange of gases between the air and body of
water.
– Causes waterway— stagnant,
– Kill any plant, insects trapped under its growth
• Problem to migratory birds fail to recognize the infested waterway
• Ideal conditions for breeding mosquitos —cause diseases
15. • Problem to Humans---
– Causes flood
– Irrigation
– Conservation of endangered species.
16. CONTROL
1. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
A tiny weewil (Cyrtobagous salviniae) feeds on
it.
2. MECHANICAL CONTROL
Machines, By hand, Harvesting equipment.
once removed--- burnt, dried…
3. CHEMICAL CONTROL
Fluridon- use to kill the Salvinia.
4. PREVENTION
Selling, spreading, transportation etc
17. REFERENCES
1. Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of West, Joseph M. Ditomaso et
al., University of California., 2003
2. Aquatic pest control, University of California, 2001
3. The families and Genera of Vascular plants, K. Kubiizki, Vol I,
2000, Springer, UK
4. Cryptogamic Botany, Vol 2, Gilbert M. Smith, New Delhi, 1955
5. Pteridophyta,Sanjay Singh , 1st Edition, 2008
