This document provides information on the systematic position, morphology, anatomy, reproduction, and life cycle of Lycopodium. It discusses that Lycopodium has 400 species found in varied habitats worldwide, including in India. It has dichotomously branched stems and leaves without ligules. Reproduction occurs vegetatively and via spores. Spores form in structures called strobili and develop into homothallic gametophytes that produce both antheridia and archegonia for sexual reproduction. The life cycle involves a diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte generation.
This is a detailed presentation on Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia spp. with high quality pics and eye capturing transitions and animations
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
This is a detailed presentation on Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia spp. with high quality pics and eye capturing transitions and animations
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
Gnetum: A Powerpoint Presentation on Gymnospemsshivduraigaran
The Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants (spermatophytes) that includes conifers (Pinophyta), cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones, or solitary as in Yew, Torreya, Ginkgo.
The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes or seed plants. The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla. Organisms that belong to the Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Pinophyta (also known as Coniferophyta) phyla are still in existence while those in the Pteridospermales and Cordaitales phyla are now extinct.
By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, gnetophytes (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo biloba (a single living species). Roots in some genera have fungal association with roots in the form of micorrhiza(Pinus), while in some others(Cycas) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria.
Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae and order Gnetales. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpion flies. Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater
It is called as “living fossil”
The whole order is extincted except one species Ginkgo biloba
This order was occurred in Triassic periods of Mesozoic age (200,000,000 years ago)
This order consists of 16 genera and many species (all in fossil forms except one)
Gnetum: A Powerpoint Presentation on Gymnospemsshivduraigaran
The Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants (spermatophytes) that includes conifers (Pinophyta), cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones, or solitary as in Yew, Torreya, Ginkgo.
The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes or seed plants. The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla. Organisms that belong to the Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Pinophyta (also known as Coniferophyta) phyla are still in existence while those in the Pteridospermales and Cordaitales phyla are now extinct.
By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, gnetophytes (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo biloba (a single living species). Roots in some genera have fungal association with roots in the form of micorrhiza(Pinus), while in some others(Cycas) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria.
Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae and order Gnetales. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpion flies. Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater
It is called as “living fossil”
The whole order is extincted except one species Ginkgo biloba
This order was occurred in Triassic periods of Mesozoic age (200,000,000 years ago)
This order consists of 16 genera and many species (all in fossil forms except one)
This is a Life Cycle of Shpagnum, A good content for Masters Students. (But this content is not made by me...but i thought that this will help many students who are in search for content)
Thank you 😊
Kingdom Plantae presented by Vrushali Gharat to Mr. Kailash vilegaveKailash Vilegave
Classification Of Kingdom Plantae, Classification Of Kingdom Plantae, Economic importance Algae.
Ulothrix
Reproduction
Mosses and Liverwort
life cycle of all plants.
Described about general characters of fungi which include sexual and asexual reproduction with diagram, so it will be easy for undergraduates to understand the various concepts
Describe in detail about fungi and general characters of fungi and different modifications and reproduction in fungi especially for undergraduate students
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
3. Systematic position
• Division – Lycophyta
• Class – Lycopsida (Eligulopsida)
• Order – Lycopodiales
• Family – Lycopodiadeae
• Genus - Lycopodium
4. Lycopodium
Distribution
• 400 spp. – found under varied habitats
• Some grow in cold climates of Arctic region
• Some inhabit tropical and sub-tropical regions
• In India – 33 spp. – mostly in Eastern Himalayas, South
Indian mountains
Habit
• Most are tropical spp., epiphytic – grow hanging from tree
trunks
• Temperate spp. – grow in wood-lands, on moist and acidic
soils
• Short creeping stems with erect strobilus bearing branches
5. Stem:
• Dichotomously branched
• Dichotomy – equal or unequal
• Unequal branches – one remains small and other grows
longer
• Small branches ultimately stop growth and bear strobili
• Unequal dichotomy Pseudomonopodial – e.g., L.
clavatum, L. densum, L. obscurum
Leaf:
• Simple, sessile, small, have single median vein – microphylls
• In some, leaves are scaly
• Eligulate
• Spirally arranged
• Isophyllous or anisophyllous
7. Anatomy
Stem:
• Epidermis – single layer – cutinized, stomata
present
• Cortex – 1) thin walled (intercellular spaces),
2) sclerenchymatous cells (no intercellular
spaces), 3) 3 zones – outer thick walled,
middle large and thin walled cells, inner thick
walled cells
• Pericycle – one or many layered
• Vascular region – protostele, actinostele (L.
selago), plectostele (L. clavatum), mixed
protostele (L. cernuum)
8. Leaf:
• Epidermis – single layer, cutinized, stomata
• Mesophyll – loosely arranged chlorophyllose cells
• Vascular region – single vascular strand, mesarch
9. Root:
• Epidermis – single layer, thin walled, root hairs
• Cortex – outer thick walled, inner parenchymatous
• Stele – polyarchy – many xylem and phloem bundles
10. REPRODUCTION:
• By vegetative means and by spores and sexually
1. Vegetative Reproduction:
(a) By Gemmae or Bulbils – modified vegetative structures – arise as lateral outgrowths
near stem apex.
(b) Fragmentation – branches gets separated from parent plant due to dead and decay of
older parts – grow into new individual plants.
(c) By Resting Buds – In some species, tip of the rhizome or branches store food material
and becomes thick with crowded leaves - resting buds. During unfavorable condition,
whole plant dies except resting buds – resumes growth at advent of favorable
condition, and produces a new individual.
(d) By Root Tubercles – originate from parenchymatous region of cortex. It consists of a
group of cells with stored food material and protected by thick walls – capable to
germinate into a new plant individual.
(e) By Adventitious Buds – developed from isolated bulbil leaves. It also develops in stem
near the apex
11.
12. 2. Spore Formation:
• Spores formed in specialized reproductive structure – strobili (singular :
Strobilus) or cone
• Strobilus – slender, sessile or stalked, simple, un-branched or dichotomously
branched, arising at apex of stem or branches, consists of central axis in
which fertile leaves or sporophylls are spirally arranged. Each sporophyll
bears a sporangium at base
• Sporangium – yellow or orange with sterile jacket layer of 2-3 layers of cells
thick. Within jacket layer is fertile sporogenous tissue with nutritive tissue
known as tapetum. Sporogenous tissue later differentiates into spore mother
cells, each of which by meiotic division produces spore-tetrad
• Lycopodium is homosporous, i.e., it produces only one type of spores. As
soon as the spores are developed, haploid (n) gametophytic generation begins
13.
14. Prothallus is homothallic – bears both male and female sex organs, i.e., antheridia
and archegonia in single gametophytic plant body
1. Antheridia – arise in several numbers in gametophytic plant body. They
remain either wholly embedded in gametophytic tissue or projected slightly.
Each antheridium is surrounded by a jacket layer of one-celled in thickness.
Inside jacket layer lies numerous sperm mother cells, which directly
metamorphosed into small, cubical, biflagellate sperm.
2. Archegonia – arise in numbers in gametophytic plant body . They also
remain sunken with only their neck projecting outwardly. A mature
archegonium consists of a neck, composed of 6-13 neck canal cells, and a
narrow venter, composed of one ventral canal cell and an egg cell.
15.
16.
17. References
• Vashishta BR. 2010. Botany for degree students:
Pteridophytes. S. Chand & company ltd.
• Pandey B.P. (2009). Botany for degree students: B.Sc. First
Year. S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.
