The document provides information on the anatomy and tissues of flowering plants. It discusses the basic plant tissues like meristematic tissues, permanent tissues, simple tissues and complex tissues. It describes the primary tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. It also elaborates on the complex vascular tissues - xylem and phloem. Furthermore, it discusses the three tissue systems - epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems. Lastly, it compares the anatomical differences between monocot and dicot plants in roots, stems and leaves.
This document discusses plant anatomy and the internal structures of flowering plants. It describes the two main types of plant tissues as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are zones of active cell division, while permanent tissues are specialized and lose the ability to divide. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant, while phloem transports food materials. The document also discusses tissue systems like the epidermal, ground, and vascular systems and provides examples of anatomical structures in dicotyledonous stems, monocotyledonous stems,
The document summarizes the three main tissue systems in flowering plants:
1. The epidermal tissue system forms the outer covering of the plant and includes the epidermis, stomata, and epidermal appendages.
2. The ground tissue system lies below the epidermis and includes regions like the hypodermis, cortex, endodermis, and pith that are involved in storage.
3. The vascular tissue system comprises the conducting tissues xylem and phloem which occur in vascular bundles and transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
This document summarizes the anatomy of flowering plants. It describes the main tissue types found in plants including meristematic tissue, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem. It also discusses the structure and locations of different tissue systems like epidermal tissue, ground tissue and vascular tissue. Modifications of epidermal cells like stomata and root hairs are also outlined. The organization of vascular bundles as open or closed, radial or conjoint is summarized.
This is a power point presentation made by me "JIGYASA SHARMA" . It has whole content included in NCERT as well as some other topics too which are not a part of NCERT (very little part) .
The document discusses the transport system in flowering plants. It describes the two main transport tissues - xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves. It consists of dead cells with thickened lignified walls. Phloem transports sucrose and amino acids from leaves to other plant parts. It consists of sieve tubes with companion cells. The document outlines the processes of water and nutrient absorption by root hairs, and the movement of water up the stem via transpiration pull, root pressure, and capillary action. It also discusses the importance and factors affecting transpiration.
Plants eliminate waste through various processes like stomata, hydathodes, formation of heartwood, and abscission of leaves. Stomata excrete oxygen and carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and respiration. Hydathodes are small pores on plant leaves that excrete excess water. As plants age, some waste products accumulate in the inner xylem and contribute to the formation of heartwood. When leaves fall, plants absorb nutrients back from the leaves so that the falling leaves only contain waste materials.
Plant anatomy is the study of internal plant structure and organization. There are two main tissue types: meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are made of actively dividing cells found in growth zones, and can be classified based on position, origin, function, and plane of division. Permanent tissues develop from meristematic tissues and lose the ability to divide. The two types of permanent tissues are simple tissues composed of one cell type (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), and complex tissues with multiple cell types. Parenchyma is the most common simple tissue and can be storage, aeration or photosynthetic. Collenchyma and sclerenchyma provide
Ch 08 - Cell : The unit of Life || Class 11 ||SAQIB AHMED
- Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 when examining a slice of cork under a microscope. He saw small compartments separated by walls, which he called cells.
- The Cell Theory, developed by Schleiden and Schwann, states that the cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things, new cells arise from existing cells, and all organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane and other membrane-bound structures.
This document discusses plant anatomy and the internal structures of flowering plants. It describes the two main types of plant tissues as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are zones of active cell division, while permanent tissues are specialized and lose the ability to divide. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant, while phloem transports food materials. The document also discusses tissue systems like the epidermal, ground, and vascular systems and provides examples of anatomical structures in dicotyledonous stems, monocotyledonous stems,
The document summarizes the three main tissue systems in flowering plants:
1. The epidermal tissue system forms the outer covering of the plant and includes the epidermis, stomata, and epidermal appendages.
2. The ground tissue system lies below the epidermis and includes regions like the hypodermis, cortex, endodermis, and pith that are involved in storage.
3. The vascular tissue system comprises the conducting tissues xylem and phloem which occur in vascular bundles and transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
This document summarizes the anatomy of flowering plants. It describes the main tissue types found in plants including meristematic tissue, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem. It also discusses the structure and locations of different tissue systems like epidermal tissue, ground tissue and vascular tissue. Modifications of epidermal cells like stomata and root hairs are also outlined. The organization of vascular bundles as open or closed, radial or conjoint is summarized.
This is a power point presentation made by me "JIGYASA SHARMA" . It has whole content included in NCERT as well as some other topics too which are not a part of NCERT (very little part) .
The document discusses the transport system in flowering plants. It describes the two main transport tissues - xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves. It consists of dead cells with thickened lignified walls. Phloem transports sucrose and amino acids from leaves to other plant parts. It consists of sieve tubes with companion cells. The document outlines the processes of water and nutrient absorption by root hairs, and the movement of water up the stem via transpiration pull, root pressure, and capillary action. It also discusses the importance and factors affecting transpiration.
Plants eliminate waste through various processes like stomata, hydathodes, formation of heartwood, and abscission of leaves. Stomata excrete oxygen and carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and respiration. Hydathodes are small pores on plant leaves that excrete excess water. As plants age, some waste products accumulate in the inner xylem and contribute to the formation of heartwood. When leaves fall, plants absorb nutrients back from the leaves so that the falling leaves only contain waste materials.
Plant anatomy is the study of internal plant structure and organization. There are two main tissue types: meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are made of actively dividing cells found in growth zones, and can be classified based on position, origin, function, and plane of division. Permanent tissues develop from meristematic tissues and lose the ability to divide. The two types of permanent tissues are simple tissues composed of one cell type (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), and complex tissues with multiple cell types. Parenchyma is the most common simple tissue and can be storage, aeration or photosynthetic. Collenchyma and sclerenchyma provide
Ch 08 - Cell : The unit of Life || Class 11 ||SAQIB AHMED
- Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 when examining a slice of cork under a microscope. He saw small compartments separated by walls, which he called cells.
- The Cell Theory, developed by Schleiden and Schwann, states that the cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things, new cells arise from existing cells, and all organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane and other membrane-bound structures.
This document provides information about different kingdoms of plants. It begins by listing the main kingdoms - Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms, and Algae. It then focuses on describing Algae in more detail, including their characteristics, reproduction methods, economic importance, and classification into three main classes: Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyceae. Brief descriptions are also provided for Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms.
This chapter was really heavy
Divided it in three parts ,
1. Roots, Stem , leaves
2.Flowers, Fruits ,seed
Two parts are included, third part will be uploaded soon.
~Please comment ~ Feel free to Suggest~♥
There are three main types of transport in plants: passive transport (diffusion and osmosis), facilitated transport, and active transport. Passive transport involves diffusion of substances down their concentration gradient through cell membranes and osmosis of water. Facilitated transport uses membrane proteins to transport specific substances. Active transport pumps substances against their concentration gradient using energy. Water and minerals are transported long distances through xylem and phloem tissues using processes like transpiration pull, root pressure, and the mass flow hypothesis for phloem transport.
This document discusses the morphology and modifications of plant roots, stems, and flowering. It begins by defining plant morphology and classifying plants as annuals, biennials, or perennials. It then describes the typical structure and regions of a root, including the root cap, meristematic region, region of elongation, region of root hairs, and region of maturation. It discusses modifications like taproots and adventitious roots, and modifications for storage, respiration, and support. The document next describes the characteristics and modifications of stems, including underground, sub-aerial, and aerial modifications like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, and others. It concludes by discussing the primary and secondary functions of roots.
It explains about what is plant tissue & both the types i.e meristem & permanent tissue. It also explains about the general characteristic, and how it has been classified based on origin, position, function and plane. It also furnish further information regarding the above
This document provides an overview of plant anatomy and the organization of tissues and tissue systems in flowering plants. It discusses the three main tissue types - meristematic, permanent and complex permanent tissues. It describes the different meristem types and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. It also summarizes the two complex tissues - xylem and phloem that make up the vascular system. Finally, it outlines the three main tissue systems in plants - the epidermal, vascular and ground tissue systems and their components and functions.
The document provides details on the syllabus for a Botany course covering Angiosperm Systematics, Anatomy, and Embryology. The syllabus is divided into 6 units that will examine topics such as the classification and evolution of angiosperms, important plant families, plant tissue structure, anatomy of roots, stems, and leaves, and plant reproduction through embryology. Key concepts that will be discussed include plant tissue types, vascular bundle structure, leaf anatomy related to photosynthesis, and plant development from megasporogenesis through embryogenesis.
Stems of many plants are modified to perform different functions such as storage, protection, photosynthesis, support, propagation and perennation. Modifications help in better adaptation and survival.
Stems develop from the plumule of the germinating seed. It bears leaves, fruits, flowers, etc. The characteristic feature of a stem is nodes and internodes. The main function of the stem is to support other parts of the plant and conduction of food, water and minerals.
In some plants, stems are modified, which can be aerial, subaerial or underground modifications. They are modified to perform other functions, which are not normally associated with the stem.
Dicot roots have an internal structure with different tissues. The root is made up of a pith in the center surrounded by xylem and phloem vascular tissues that transport water and nutrients radially outward from the center. Surrounding these vascular tissues is the cortex and on the very outermost layer is the epidermis, which protects the inner tissues and absorbs water and minerals from the soil.
1. Multicellular plants need transport systems to move water, minerals, and sugars throughout their large structures since single cells rely on diffusion.
2. Xylem tissue transports water and minerals up from the roots through the stem and into leaves. Phloem tissue transports sugars made in leaves to other plant parts.
3. In roots, xylem forms a cross-shape in the center with phloem between the arms. In stems, xylem and phloem bundles are arranged around the edges. In leaves, xylem is closer to the top surface and phloem is below.
Vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem and evolved to transport water and nutrients in land plants. Xylem is composed of tracheids and vessel elements that form tubes to transport water and minerals from roots to leaves. Phloem is made of sieve tube cells and companion cells that transport sugar and nutrients in the opposite direction from leaves to other plant parts. Together, xylem and phloem allow for circulation of water, minerals and organic compounds throughout the plant.
A group of cells which are similar in Origin and function but of more than One type in structure.
Water conducting tissue
Along with phloem make vascular tissue
Provide support to plants
1)Tracheary elements
These are nonliving cells, provide support and conduct water. Two types,
(a)Tracheids: elongate, tube like cell, tapering, rounded or oval ends, hard lignified walls.
(b)Vessels members: long, cylindrical, tube-like structures with lignified walls.
(2)Fibres: thick walls, evolve from tracheids and provide mechanical strength. Two types,
(a)Fibre-tracheids: medium thickness walls, have reduced boardered pits.
(b)Libriform fibres: very thick walls, have reduced simple pits.
Parenchyma cells: living cells, in woody plants, store of food in starch form. Two types:
(a)Axial parenchyma: derived from fusiform initials, have tracheary elements and fibres.
(b)Ray parenchyma: derived from ray initials of cambium, xylem ray cells.
Developmentally, xylem have two types
(1)Primary xylem: derived from procambium, developing from embryo, non-woody plants.
(2)Secondary xylem: from vascular cambium, second stage of plant development, in woody plants.
This document summarizes the diversity of plants in the kingdom Plantae. It describes the key characteristics of plants, including being eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic organisms that undergo photosynthesis. Plants are classified into five subgroups: Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms, based on characteristics like their body structure, vascular system, and seed formation. Angiosperms are the largest and most diverse group, having well-differentiated structures and seeds enclosed in fruits.
Here are the answers to the exercise questions:
Q1- Tissue is a group of cells having similar origin, structure and function.
Q2- Meristematic tissues are actively dividing tissues found in growing regions of plants. Permanent tissues are formed from meristematic tissues and do not divide further.
Q3- Xylem components are- tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibers. Phloem components are- sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibers.
Q4-
a. Parenchyma tissue has loosely packed thin walled cells with intercellular spaces. Some contain chlorophyll.
b.
This document describes the different types of plant tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem. It provides details on the characteristics, structure and functions of each type of tissue. Parenchyma is a simple living tissue made of thin-walled cells involved in plant metabolism. Collenchyma has elongated cells with thick non-lignified primary walls that provide support to growing organs. Sclerenchyma includes thick-walled and often lignified cells that provide mechanical strength. Xylem and phloem are complex tissues - xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant while phloem transports food.
- The document discusses plant structure, reproduction, and development. It describes the major plant tissues and cells, including parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, tracheids, vessel elements, and sieve-tube members.
- Plant growth occurs through primary and secondary growth. Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots through apical meristems. Secondary growth increases thickness through the vascular cambium.
- Plant organs are composed of three tissue systems - dermal, vascular, and ground tissues. The dermal system covers and protects, vascular contains xylem and phloem, and ground contains parenchyma and supportive cells.
The document discusses plant anatomy and the different types of tissues that make up plant structures. It describes three main tissue systems - dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. Dermal tissue provides protection, ground tissue includes parenchyma cells, and vascular tissue contains xylem and phloem conducting elements. Tissues are further divided into meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues include apical and lateral meristems that allow for growth, while permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem have specialized functions.
This document provides information about different kingdoms of plants. It begins by listing the main kingdoms - Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms, and Algae. It then focuses on describing Algae in more detail, including their characteristics, reproduction methods, economic importance, and classification into three main classes: Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyceae. Brief descriptions are also provided for Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms.
This chapter was really heavy
Divided it in three parts ,
1. Roots, Stem , leaves
2.Flowers, Fruits ,seed
Two parts are included, third part will be uploaded soon.
~Please comment ~ Feel free to Suggest~♥
There are three main types of transport in plants: passive transport (diffusion and osmosis), facilitated transport, and active transport. Passive transport involves diffusion of substances down their concentration gradient through cell membranes and osmosis of water. Facilitated transport uses membrane proteins to transport specific substances. Active transport pumps substances against their concentration gradient using energy. Water and minerals are transported long distances through xylem and phloem tissues using processes like transpiration pull, root pressure, and the mass flow hypothesis for phloem transport.
This document discusses the morphology and modifications of plant roots, stems, and flowering. It begins by defining plant morphology and classifying plants as annuals, biennials, or perennials. It then describes the typical structure and regions of a root, including the root cap, meristematic region, region of elongation, region of root hairs, and region of maturation. It discusses modifications like taproots and adventitious roots, and modifications for storage, respiration, and support. The document next describes the characteristics and modifications of stems, including underground, sub-aerial, and aerial modifications like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, and others. It concludes by discussing the primary and secondary functions of roots.
It explains about what is plant tissue & both the types i.e meristem & permanent tissue. It also explains about the general characteristic, and how it has been classified based on origin, position, function and plane. It also furnish further information regarding the above
This document provides an overview of plant anatomy and the organization of tissues and tissue systems in flowering plants. It discusses the three main tissue types - meristematic, permanent and complex permanent tissues. It describes the different meristem types and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. It also summarizes the two complex tissues - xylem and phloem that make up the vascular system. Finally, it outlines the three main tissue systems in plants - the epidermal, vascular and ground tissue systems and their components and functions.
The document provides details on the syllabus for a Botany course covering Angiosperm Systematics, Anatomy, and Embryology. The syllabus is divided into 6 units that will examine topics such as the classification and evolution of angiosperms, important plant families, plant tissue structure, anatomy of roots, stems, and leaves, and plant reproduction through embryology. Key concepts that will be discussed include plant tissue types, vascular bundle structure, leaf anatomy related to photosynthesis, and plant development from megasporogenesis through embryogenesis.
Stems of many plants are modified to perform different functions such as storage, protection, photosynthesis, support, propagation and perennation. Modifications help in better adaptation and survival.
Stems develop from the plumule of the germinating seed. It bears leaves, fruits, flowers, etc. The characteristic feature of a stem is nodes and internodes. The main function of the stem is to support other parts of the plant and conduction of food, water and minerals.
In some plants, stems are modified, which can be aerial, subaerial or underground modifications. They are modified to perform other functions, which are not normally associated with the stem.
Dicot roots have an internal structure with different tissues. The root is made up of a pith in the center surrounded by xylem and phloem vascular tissues that transport water and nutrients radially outward from the center. Surrounding these vascular tissues is the cortex and on the very outermost layer is the epidermis, which protects the inner tissues and absorbs water and minerals from the soil.
1. Multicellular plants need transport systems to move water, minerals, and sugars throughout their large structures since single cells rely on diffusion.
2. Xylem tissue transports water and minerals up from the roots through the stem and into leaves. Phloem tissue transports sugars made in leaves to other plant parts.
3. In roots, xylem forms a cross-shape in the center with phloem between the arms. In stems, xylem and phloem bundles are arranged around the edges. In leaves, xylem is closer to the top surface and phloem is below.
Vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem and evolved to transport water and nutrients in land plants. Xylem is composed of tracheids and vessel elements that form tubes to transport water and minerals from roots to leaves. Phloem is made of sieve tube cells and companion cells that transport sugar and nutrients in the opposite direction from leaves to other plant parts. Together, xylem and phloem allow for circulation of water, minerals and organic compounds throughout the plant.
A group of cells which are similar in Origin and function but of more than One type in structure.
Water conducting tissue
Along with phloem make vascular tissue
Provide support to plants
1)Tracheary elements
These are nonliving cells, provide support and conduct water. Two types,
(a)Tracheids: elongate, tube like cell, tapering, rounded or oval ends, hard lignified walls.
(b)Vessels members: long, cylindrical, tube-like structures with lignified walls.
(2)Fibres: thick walls, evolve from tracheids and provide mechanical strength. Two types,
(a)Fibre-tracheids: medium thickness walls, have reduced boardered pits.
(b)Libriform fibres: very thick walls, have reduced simple pits.
Parenchyma cells: living cells, in woody plants, store of food in starch form. Two types:
(a)Axial parenchyma: derived from fusiform initials, have tracheary elements and fibres.
(b)Ray parenchyma: derived from ray initials of cambium, xylem ray cells.
Developmentally, xylem have two types
(1)Primary xylem: derived from procambium, developing from embryo, non-woody plants.
(2)Secondary xylem: from vascular cambium, second stage of plant development, in woody plants.
This document summarizes the diversity of plants in the kingdom Plantae. It describes the key characteristics of plants, including being eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic organisms that undergo photosynthesis. Plants are classified into five subgroups: Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms, based on characteristics like their body structure, vascular system, and seed formation. Angiosperms are the largest and most diverse group, having well-differentiated structures and seeds enclosed in fruits.
Here are the answers to the exercise questions:
Q1- Tissue is a group of cells having similar origin, structure and function.
Q2- Meristematic tissues are actively dividing tissues found in growing regions of plants. Permanent tissues are formed from meristematic tissues and do not divide further.
Q3- Xylem components are- tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibers. Phloem components are- sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibers.
Q4-
a. Parenchyma tissue has loosely packed thin walled cells with intercellular spaces. Some contain chlorophyll.
b.
This document describes the different types of plant tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem. It provides details on the characteristics, structure and functions of each type of tissue. Parenchyma is a simple living tissue made of thin-walled cells involved in plant metabolism. Collenchyma has elongated cells with thick non-lignified primary walls that provide support to growing organs. Sclerenchyma includes thick-walled and often lignified cells that provide mechanical strength. Xylem and phloem are complex tissues - xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant while phloem transports food.
- The document discusses plant structure, reproduction, and development. It describes the major plant tissues and cells, including parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, tracheids, vessel elements, and sieve-tube members.
- Plant growth occurs through primary and secondary growth. Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots through apical meristems. Secondary growth increases thickness through the vascular cambium.
- Plant organs are composed of three tissue systems - dermal, vascular, and ground tissues. The dermal system covers and protects, vascular contains xylem and phloem, and ground contains parenchyma and supportive cells.
The document discusses plant anatomy and the different types of tissues that make up plant structures. It describes three main tissue systems - dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. Dermal tissue provides protection, ground tissue includes parenchyma cells, and vascular tissue contains xylem and phloem conducting elements. Tissues are further divided into meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues include apical and lateral meristems that allow for growth, while permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem have specialized functions.
This document summarizes the different types of plant tissues. It describes two main categories of plant tissues - meristematic and permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are further divided into simple and complex tissues. Simple tissues include epidermis, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and cork. Complex tissues include xylem and phloem. Each tissue type is then defined and their structure and functions are explained.
This document discusses plant tissues. There are two main categories of tissues - plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue, which is responsible for plant growth, and permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are either simple, with cells of one type, or complex. The three types of simple permanent plant tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma cells are living, thin-walled cells that serve storage, metabolic, and mechanical functions. Collenchyma cells have thickened walls that provide strength and flexibility. Sclerenchyma cells are not discussed further in this summary.
1. Plant tissues are classified as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are dividing tissues located at specific regions that allow plant growth.
2. Meristematic tissues are further classified as apical, lateral, and intercalary. Permanent tissues are formed when meristematic cells differentiate and take up permanent roles.
3. Common permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, epidermal tissues, xylem and phloem. Epidermal tissues form the plant outer layer and regulate gas exchange through stomata. Xylem and phloem transport water and nutrients.
This document summarizes different types of plant tissues. It discusses permanent tissues, which stop growing but can sometimes become meristematic again. Within permanent tissues it focuses on three simple tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. For each tissue, it describes their key characteristics, functions, and origins, including that parenchyma is a primitive tissue involved in various plant organs, collenchyma provides early support to growing organs, and sclerenchyma cells have thick lignified walls that provide mechanical support.
This document provides information about plant tissues. It discusses the main types of plant tissues as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are dividing tissues found in growing regions that help the plant grow. Permanent tissues do not divide and include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients. Xylem transports water and minerals upward while phloem transports food in all directions. The document also describes different cell types, functions, and locations of tissues in plants.
This document summarizes the key types of tissues found in plants and animals. In plants, there are two main types of tissues - meristematic tissues which continuously divide, and permanent tissues which have specialized structures and functions. Meristematic tissues include apical, lateral, and intercalary meristem. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem. In animals, the main tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissues. Epithelial tissue covers the internal and external surfaces, and includes several cell types arranged in layers.
Plant Tissues and its Type Part II.pptxDilip Gavande
This document discusses different types of plant tissues. It focuses on permanent tissues, which include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma is a living tissue composed of thin-walled cells involved in plant structure and storage. Collenchyma provides support to growing organs and has elongated cells with unevenly thickened primary walls. Sclerenchyma consists of thick-walled, often lignified cells that provide mechanical support and protection; it includes fibers, which are elongate dead cells, and sclereids, which are usually not elongate.
This PPT explores the different type of plant tissue systems and their good coordination for the sake of structural and functional integrity along with other attributes.
slide1- introduction
slide2-Plant Tissue
Plant tissues are of two types :-
Meristematic tissue
Permanent tissue
slide3-Meristematic Tissue
Meristematic tissues continuously form a number of new cells and helps in growth and are generally made up live cells . Meristematic tissues are the group of cells that have the ability to divide. These tissues in a plant consist of small, densely packed cells that can keep dividing to form new cells. Meristems give rise to permanent tissues and have the following characteristics:
the cells are small,
the cells walls are thin,
cells have large nuclei,
vacuoles are absent or very small
there are no intercellular spaces.
Types of Meristematic Tissue
Apical Meristem:- Apical meristem is present on root apex, stem apex, leaf buds and flower buds. They are responsible for growth in length, i.e. primary growth.
Lateral Meristem: Lateral meristem is present along the side of the stem. They are responsible for growth in girth, i.e. secondary growth.
Intercalary Meristem: Intercalary meristem is present at the base of leaf or internodes. They are present on either side of the node.
slide4-Permanent Tissue [Plant Tissue]
Once the cells of meristematic tissue divide to a certain extent, they become specialized for a particular function. This process is called differentiation. Once differentiation is accomplished, the cells lose their capability to divide and the tissue becomes permanent tissue. Permanent tissues are of two types, simple permanent tissue and complex permanent tissue.
Permanent tissue gives support and are generally made up of dead cells . The cells of permanent tissues do not have the ability to divide. These cells are already differentiated in different tissue types and is now specialized to perform specific functions. They are subdivided into two groups, simple tissues consisting of cells which are more or less similar, e.g. epidermis, parenchyma, chlorenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and complex tissues consisting of different kinds of cells, e.g. xylem and phloem.
slide5-Parenchyma tissue
The cells of parenchyma have thin cell wall. They are loosely packed; with lot of intercellular spaces between them. Parenchyma makes the largest portion of a plant body. Parenchyma mainly works are packing material in plant parts. The main function of parenchyma is to provide support and to store food.
It is loosely packed and inter cellular spaces are there .
In aquatic plants , air is filled in parenchyma tissue , so they are called Arenchyma .
Parenchyma in which chlorophyll is present is called chlorenchyma .
slide6- Collenchyma tissue
In collenchyma tissue , the cells are generally elongated and are circular , oval or polygonal in cross- section. Cell wall is evenly thickened with cellulose at the corners . It is present on internodes of the plant . It is closely packed and intercellular spaces are generally absent. It is a living cell and vacuo
A tissue is a group of cells which have a common origin, similar shape, size and structure and perform the same function. Cells in a tissue are usually held together by a cementing substance and form a tissue system.
Different types of tissues are : Tissue present in plant and Tissue present in animal.
https://thegeneralscience.com/study-of-tissue/
Cells in plants gradually differentiate from meristems into permanent tissues with specialized functions. Permanent tissues can be simple, consisting of a single cell type, or complex. Simple permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma cells are living cells involved in storage and transport. Collenchyma provides support and flexibility. Sclerenchyma cells, including fibers and sclereids, provide structure and protection through thick lignified cell walls. These mature tissues perform crucial roles in plant structure and function.
The cells derived from root apical and shoot-apical meristems and cambium differentiate and mature to perform specific functions. This act leading to maturation is termed as differentiation. During differentiation, cells undergo few to major structural changes both in their cell walls and protoplasm. The living differentiated cells, that by now have lost the capacity to divide can regain the capacity of division under certain conditions. This phenomenon is termed as dedifferentiation. For example, formation of meristems – interfascicular cambium and cork cambium from fully differentiated parenchyma cells. While doing so, such meristems / tissues are able to divide and produce cells that once again lose the capacity to divide but mature to perform specific functions, i.e., get redifferentiated.
Plant tissues can be divided into meristematic tissue, permanent tissue, and epidermis. Meristematic tissue includes apical, lateral and intercalary meristems that allow for growth. Permanent tissues are divided into simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients. Parenchyma is the most common ground tissue while sclerenchyma provides structure. Xylem transports water and minerals upward and phloem transports food downward. The epidermis forms the outer protective layer of leaves, stems and roots.
The cells derived from root apical and shoot-apical meristems and cambium differentiate and mature to perform specific functions. This act leading to maturation is termed as differentiation. During differentiation, cells undergo few to major structural changes both in their cell walls and protoplasm. The living differentiated cells, that by now have lost the capacity to divide can regain the capacity of division under certain conditions. This phenomenon is termed as dedifferentiation. For example, formation of meristems – interfascicular cambium and cork cambium from fully differentiated parenchyma cells. While doing so, such meristems / tissues are able to divide and produce cells that once again lose the capacity to divide but mature to perform specific functions, i.e., get redifferentiated.
- The document discusses plant and animal tissues. It describes the four levels of tissue organization from cells to organisms.
- Plant tissues include meristematic tissues, permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem.
- Animal tissues include epithelial tissues, connective tissues, and muscle tissues. Epithelial tissues cover the body and include squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and ciliated cells. Connective tissues connect and support organs.
This document provides information about tissues in multi-cellular organisms. It explains that in multi-cellular organisms, cells specialize to perform specific functions. Groups of specialized cells that perform a particular function together are called tissues. The document discusses the main types of plant tissues, including meristematic tissue, permanent tissues like parenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem. It also discusses the four main types of animal tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues - and provides examples to illustrate each tissue type.
Cell specialization allows multicellular organisms to grow larger while dividing labor across specialized cell types and tissues. Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a common function. There are four main types of plant tissues - meristematic tissue which facilitates growth, permanent tissues including parenchyma for storage and transport, collenchyma for support and flexibility, and sclerenchyma for protection and strength. Animal tissues also specialize, with connective tissue binding other tissues, muscular tissue enabling movement, nervous tissue coordinating signals, and epithelial tissue covering and protecting organs.
Microbes play an important role in human welfare. They are used to produce foods like curd, bread, cheese and beverages like wine and beer through fermentation. They are also used industrially to produce antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes and other bioactive molecules. Microbes help treat sewage by reducing biochemical oxygen demand and generating biogas from sludge. They act as biocontrol agents for pests and help increase soil fertility as biofertilizers by fixing nitrogen or solubilizing phosphorus.
Aging is a permanent irreversible change, but can be reversed and even stop by following some healthy practices. Practicing yoga, a proper antioxidant food, keeping the mind cool and calm, avoiding worries can slow down aging processes.
Animal husbandry, dairy and poultry farming, fisheries, and apiculture are important for enhancing food production. Breeding techniques like artificial insemination and embryo transfer aim to increase yield. Plant breeding techniques include cross-breeding crops to combine desirable traits and increase resistance to diseases and pests. Biotechnologies such as tissue culture and genetic engineering further aid in improving food quality and production. Overall, strategic animal and plant breeding combined with innovative technologies can boost agricultural output.
Working from home sounds like an ideal solution to them. Many of these dissatisfied souls will
quit their jobs and plunge head-first into internet marketing with no preparation, no knowledge of
what they are doing, no education, and no hope of success. Failure is their only option and they
don’t even suspect.
The fact is that according to many sources, more than 90% (Ninety percent) of all Internet
business start-ups end in failure within the first 120 (one hundred twenty) days. Yes, you read
that right. NINETY PERCENT!
In a writing manual that the great Stephen King wrote, he talked about
writers needing a toolbox for their chosen career. As an e-book writer, you
will have a need of many of the various tools that King talked about (e.g.
knowledge of proper grammar and punctuation, et al), but you will also
need a few extras because you are targeting a new and specific breed of
readers.
This is one of the major chapters for the examination NEET. A few questions are expected from this chapter and carry more weight as per the NEET syllabus.
The number of people with diabetes rose from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014.
Prevalence has been rising more rapidly in low and middle-income countries than in
high-income countries.
Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke, and lower
limb amputation.
Between 2000 and 2016, there was a 5% increase in premature mortality from diabetes.
In 2019, an estimated 1.5 million deaths were directly caused by diabetes. Another 2.2 million deaths were attributable to high blood glucose in 2012.
A healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a normal body weight, and avoiding tobacco use are ways to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes can be treated and its consequences avoided or delayed with diet, physical activity, medication, and regular screening and treatment for complications
This is the second chapter under the Unit-1 of NEET examination syllabus. It is specially prepared to make the students of the NEET examination score all the possible questions for the chappter.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
2. INTRODUCTION
❑ This chapter introduces you to the internal structure and
functional organization of higher plants.
❑ Study of internal structure of plants is called anatomy.
❑ Plants have cells as the basic unit, cells are organized into
tissues and in turn the tissues are organized into organs.
❑ Different organs in a plant show differences in their internal
structure.
❑ Within angiosperms, the monocots and dicots are also seen to
be anatomically different.
❑ Internal structures also show adaptations to diverse
environments.
3. THE TISSUES
A tissue is a group of cells having a common origin
and usually performing a common function
THE TISSUES
Meristematic Permanent
Capable of dividing
Cannot divide
Permanent Tissues
Meristematic
4. Meristematic Tissues
The region of plant where active growth
taken place by cell division is called meristem
MERISTEM
Primary Meristem
❖ Appear early in the
life of plant
❖ Produce primary
plant body
Secondary Meristem
Meristem appear later in
the life of plants and also
called lateral meristem
5. PRIMARY MERISTEMS
Apical Meristem
➢ The meristems which occur at the tips of roots and shoots and produce primary tissues
are called apical meristems
➢ Root apical meristem occupies the tip of a root while the shoot apical meristem occupies
the distant most region of the stem axis.
Axillary Bud
➢ During the formation of leaves and elongation of stem, some cells ‘left behind’ from shoot
apical meristem, constitute the axillary bud.
➢ Such buds are present in the axils of leaves and are capable of forming a branch or a
flower.
Intercalary Meristem
➢ The meristem which occurs between mature tissues is known as intercalary meristem.
➢ They occur in grasses and regenerate parts removed by the grazing herbivores.
8. INTER CALARY MERISTEM
❑ They are cylindrical meristems. Fascicular
vascular cambium, interfascicular cambium and
cork-cambium are examples of lateral meristems.
❑ These are responsible for producing the
secondary tissues.
9. Permanent tissues
✓ The newly formed cells become structurally and
functionally specialized and lose the ability to
divide. Such cells are termed permanent or
mature cells and constitute the permanent
tissues.
✓ During the formation of the primary plant body,
specific regions of the apical meristem produce
dermal tissues, ground tissues and vascular
tissues.
Permanent tissues
Simple Tissues Complex Tissues
10. Simple Permanent Tissues
Made up of only one type of cells
❖ Forms the major component
within organs.
❖ The cells of the parenchyma are
generally isodiametric.
❖ They may be spherical, oval,
round, polygonal or elongated in
shape.
❖ Their walls are thin and made
up of cellulose.
❖ They may either be closely
packed or have small
intercellular spaces.
❖ The parenchyma performs
various functions like
photosynthesis, storage,
secretion.
Parenchyma
▪ Occurs in layers below the epidermis in most
of the dicotyledonous plants.
▪ It is found either as a homogeneous layer or in
patches.
▪ It consists of cells which are much thickened
at the corners due to a deposition of cellulose,
hemicellulose and pectin.
▪ Collenchymatous cells may be oval, spherical
or polygonal and often contain chloroplasts.
▪ These cells assimilate food when they contain
chloroplasts.
▪ Intercellular spaces are absent.
▪ They provide mechanical support to the
growing parts of the plant such as young stem
and petiole of a leaf.
Collenchyma
❑ It consists of long, narrow cells with thick
and lignified cell walls having a few or
numerous pits.
❑ They are usually dead and without
protoplasts.
❑ On the basis of variation in form, structure,
origin and development, sclerenchyma may
be either fibres or sclereids.
❑ The fibres are thick-walled, elongated and
pointed cells, generally occurring in groups,
in various parts of the plant.
❑ The sclereids are spherical, oval or
cylindrical, highly thickened dead cells with
very narrow cavities (lumen).
❑ These are commonly found in the fruit walls
of nuts; pulp of fruits like guava, pear and
sapota; seed coats of legumes and leaves of
tea.
❑ Sclerenchyma provides mechanical support
to organs.
Sclerenchyma
13. XYLEM
❑Xylem functions as a conducting tissue for water and minerals from roots to the stem and leaves.
❑It also provides mechanical strength to the plant parts.
❑It is composed of four different kinds of elements, namely, tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres and xylem
parenchyma.
❑Gymnosperms lack vessels in their xylem.
❑Tracheids are elongated or tube like cells with thick and lignified walls and tapering ends. These are dead and
are without protoplasm. The inner layers of the cell walls have thickenings which vary in form. In flowering
plants, tracheids and vessels are the main water transporting elements.
❑Vessel is a long cylindrical tube-like structure made up of many cells called vessel members, each with
lignified walls and a large central cavity. The vessel cells are also devoid of protoplasm. Vessel members are
interconnected through perforations in their common walls. The presence of vessels is a characteristic feature
of angiosperms.
❑Xylem fibres have highly thickened walls and obliterated central lumens. These may either be septate or
aseptate.
❑Xylem parenchyma cells are living and thin-walled, and their cell walls are made up of cellulose. They store
food materials in the form of starch or fat, and other substances like tannins. The radial conduction of water
takes place by the ray parenchymatous cells. Primary xylem is of two types – protoxylem and metaxylem.
❑The first formed primary xylem elements are called protoxylem and the later formed primary xylem is called
metaxylem.
❑In stems, the protoxylem lies towards the centre (pith) and the metaxylem lies towards the periphery of the
organ. This type of primary xylem is called endarch.
❑In roots, the protoxylem lies towards periphery and metaxylem lies towards the centre. Such arrangement of
primary xylem is called exarch.
14. PHLOEM
❖Phloem transports food materials, usually from leaves to other parts of the plant.
❖Phloem in angiosperms is composed of sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.
❖Gymnosperms have albuminous cells and sieve cells.
❖They lack sieve tubes and companion cells.
❖Sieve tube elements are also long, tube-like structures, arranged longitudinally and are associated with the companion
cells. Their end walls are perforated in a sieve-like manner to form the sieve plates. A mature sieve element possesses a
peripheral cytoplasm and a large vacuole but lacks a nucleus. The functions of sieve tubes are controlled by the nucleus
of companion cells.
❖The companion cells are specialized parenchymatous cells, which are closely associated with sieve tube elements. The
sieve tube elements and companion cells are connected by pit fields present between their common longitudinal walls.
The companion cells help in maintaining the pressure gradient in the sieve tubes.
❖ Phloem parenchyma is made up of elongated, tapering cylindrical cells which have dense cytoplasm and nucleus. The
cell wall is composed of cellulose and has pits through which plasmodesmata connections exist between the cells. The
phloem parenchyma stores food material and other substances like resins, latex and mucilage. Phloem parenchyma is
absent in most of the monocotyledons.
❖Phloem fibres (bast fibres) are made up of collenchymatous cells. These are generally absent in the primary phloem but
are found in the secondary phloem. These are much elongated, unbranched and have pointed, needle like apices. The cell
wall of phloem fibres is quite thick. At maturity, these fibres lose their protoplasm and become dead. Phloem fibres of
jute, flax and hemp are used commercially.
❖The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes and is referred to as protophloem and the later formed
phloem has bigger sieve tubes and is referred to as meta phloem.
15. The Tissue System
On the basis of their structure and location, there are three types of tissue systems
Epidermal tissue system
Ground or fundamental tissue system
Vascular or conducting tissue system
16. Epidermal Tissue System
It comprises epidermal cells, stomata and the epidermal appendages –
the trichomes and hairs
The epidermis
❑ It is the outermost layer of the primary plant body.
❑ It is made up of elongated, compactly 2021-arranged cells, which form a continuous
layer.
❑ Epidermis is usually single layered.
❑ Epidermal cells are parenchymatous with a small amount of cytoplasm lining the cell
wall and a large vacuole.
❑ The outside of the epidermis is often covered with a waxy thick layer called the cuticle
which prevents the loss of water.
❑ Cuticle is absent in roots.
17. STOMATA
➢ Stomata are structures present in the epidermis of leaves.
➢ Stomata regulate the process of transpiration and gaseous exchange.
➢ Each stoma is composed of two bean shaped cells known as guard cells which enclose stomatal pore.
➢ In grasses, the guard cells are dumb-bell shaped.
➢ The outer walls of guard cells (away from the stomatal pore) are thin and the inner walls (towards the stomatal pore)
are highly thickened.
➢ The guard cells possess chloroplasts and regulate the opening and closing of stomata.
➢ Sometimes, a few epidermal cells, in the vicinity of the guard cells become specialized in their shape and size and are
known as subsidiary cells.
➢ The stomatal aperture, guard cells and the surrounding subsidiary cells are together called stomatal apparatus
18. EPIDERMAL HIARS
The cells of epidermis bear a number of hairs.
Root hairs
These are unicellular elongations of the epidermal cells
and help absorb water and minerals from the soil.
Trichomes
❖ On the stem the epidermal hairs are called trichomes.
❖ The trichomes in the shoot system are usually
multicellular.
❖ They may be branched or unbranched and soft or stiff.
❖ They may even be secretory.
❖ The trichomes help in preventing water loss due to
transpiration.
Root Hairs
19. The Ground Tissue System
✓ All tissues except epidermis and vascular
bundles constitute the ground tissue.
✓ It consists of simple tissues such as
parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
✓ Parenchymatous cells are usually present in
cortex, pericycle, pith and medullary rays, in
the primary stems and roots.
✓ In leaves, the ground tissue consists of thin-
walled chloroplast containing cells and is
called mesophyll.
20. The Vascular Tissue System
❑ The vascular system consists of complex tissues-
phloem and xylem.
❑ The xylem and phloem together constitute vascular
bundles
❑ In dicotyledonous stems, cambium is present
between phloem and xylem. Such vascular bundles
are called open vascular bundles.
❑ In the monocotyledons, the vascular bundles have no
cambium present in them. Hence, they are referred
to as closed.
❑ When xylem and phloem within a vascular bundle
are arranged in an alternate manner along the
different radii, the arrangement is called radial such
as in roots.
❑ In conjoint type of vascular bundles, the xylem and
phloem are jointly situated along the same radius of
vascular bundles. Such vascular bundles are
common in stems and leaves.
❑ The conjoint vascular bundles usually have the
phloem located only on the outer side of xylem.
21. ANATOMMY OF DICOT& MONOCOT PLANTS
DICOTYLEDNOUS ROOT
1. Epiblem
The outermost layer is epiblem. Many of the cells of epiblem protrude in the form of unicellular root hairs.
2. Cortex
The cortex consists of several layers of thin-walled parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces.
3. Endodermis
The innermost layer of the cortex is called endodermis. It comprises a single layer of barrel-shaped cells
without any intercellular spaces. The
tangential as well as radial walls of the endodermal cells have a deposition of water-impermeable, waxy
material suberin
in the form of Casparian strips.
4. Pericycle
Next to endodermis lies a few layers of thick-walled parenchymatous cells referred to as pericycle. Initiation of
lateral roots and vascular cambium during the secondary growth takes place in these cells.
5. Pith
The pith is small or inconspicuous. The parenchymatous cells which lie between the xylem and the phloem are
called conjunctive tissue. There are usually two to four xylem and phloem patches. Later, a cambium ring
develops between the
6. Xylem and Phloem.
All tissues on the inner side of the endodermis such as pericycle, vascular bundles and pith constitute the
stele.
23. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS ROOT
❑ The anatomy of the monocot root is
similar to the dicot root in many
respects.
❑ It has epidermis, cortex, endodermis,
pericycle, vascular bundles and pith.
❑ As compared to the dicot root which
have fewer xylem bundles, there are
usually more than six (Polyarch) xylem
bundles in the monocot root.
❑ Pith is large and well developed.
Monocotyledonous roots do not
undergo any secondary growth
24. Dicotyledonous Stem
Epidermis
Epidermis is the outermost protective layer of the stem Covered with a thin layer of cuticle, it may bear trichomes and
a few stomata.
Cortex
The cells arranged in multiple layers between epidermis and pericycle constitute the cortex. It consists of three sub-zones.
Hypodermis
The outer hypodermis, consists of a few layers of collenchymatous cells just below the
epidermis, which provide mechanical strength to the young stem.
Cortical layers
It lies below hypodermis consist of rounded thin walled parenchymatous cells with conspicuous intercellular spaces.
Endodermis
The innermost layer of the cortex is called the endodermis. The cells of the endodermis are rich in starch grains and the layer is also referred to as
the starch sheath.
Pericycle
Pericycle is present on the inner side of the endodermis and above the phloem in the form of semi-lunar patches of sclerenchyma. In between the
vascular bundles there are a few layers of radially placed parenchymatous cells, which constitute medullary rays.
Vascular Bundle
A large number of vascular bundles are arranged in a ring ; the ‘ring’ arrangement of vascular bundles is a characteristic of dicot stem.
Each vascular bundle is conjoint, open, and with endarch protoxylem.
Pith
A large number of rounded, parenchymatous cells with large intercellular spaces which occupy the central portion of the stem constitute the pith.
25. Monocotyledonous Stem
❑ The monocot stem has a sclerenchymatous hypodermis
❑ A large number of scattered vascular bundles, each surrounded by a
sclerenchymatous bundle sheath
❑ A large, conspicuous parenchymatous ground tissue
❑ Vascular bundles are conjoint and closed.
❑ Peripheral vascular bundles are generally smaller than the centrally
located ones.
❑ The phloem parenchyma is absent, and water-containing cavities are
present within the vascular bundles.
28. Dicotyledonous Leaf(Dorsiventral leaf)
The dorsiventral leaf shows three main parts, namely, epidermis, mesophyll and vascular system.
Epidermis
The epidermis which covers both the upper surface (adaxial epidermis) and lower surface (abaxial
epidermis) of the leaf has a conspicuous cuticle. The abaxial epidermis generally bears more stomata
than the adaxial epidermis. The latter may even lack stomata.
Mesophyll
The tissue between the upper and the lower epidermis is called the mesophyll. Mesophyll, which
possesses chloroplasts and carry out photosynthesis, is made up of parenchyma. It has two types of
cells – the palisade parenchyma and the spongy parenchyma. The adaxially placed palisade
parenchyma is made up of elongated cells, which are arranged vertically and parallel to each other.
The oval or round and loosely arranged spongy parenchyma is situated below the palisade cells and
extends to the lower epidermis. There are numerous large spaces and air cavities between these
cells.
Vascular Tissues
Vascular system includes vascular bundles, which can be seen in the veins and the midrib. The size
of the vascular bundles are dependent on the size of the veins. The veins vary in thickness in the
reticulate venation of the dicot leaves. The vascular bundles are surrounded by a layer of thick
walled bundle sheath cells.
30. Monocotyledonous leaf (Isobilateral Leaf)
The anatomy of isobilateral leaf is similar to that of the dorsiventral leaf in many ways.
❑ In an isobilateral leaf, the stomata are present on both the surfaces of the epidermis;
❑ The mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma
❑ In grasses, certain adaxial epidermal cells along the veins modify themselves into
large, empty, colourless cells. These are called bulliform cells. When the bulliform
cells in the leaves have absorbed water and are turgid, the leaf surface is exposed.
When they are flaccid due to water stress, they make the leaves curl inwards to
minimize water loss.
❑ The parallel venation in monocot leaves is reflected in the near similar sizes of
vascular bundles (except in main veins) as seen in vertical sections of the leaves.
32. Secondary Growth
❑ The increase in girth of dicotyledonous plants is called the secondary growth.
❑ The tissues involved in secondary growth are the two lateral meristems: vascular
cambium and cork cambium.
Vascular cambium
The meristematic layer that is responsible for cutting off vascular tissues – xylem and
phloem – is called vascular cambium. In the young stem it is present in patches as a
single layer between the xylem and phloem. Later it forms a complete ring.
Formation of cambial ring
In dicot stems, the cells of cambium present between primary xylem and primary
phloem is the intrafascicular cambium. The cells of medullary rays, adjoining these
intrafascicular cambium become meristematic and form the interfascicular
cambium. Thus, a continuous ring of cambium is formed.
33. Activity of cambial ring
❖ The cambial ring becomes active and begins to cut off new cells, both
towards the inner and the outer sides.
❖ The cells cut off towards pith, mature into secondary xylem and the
cells cut off towards periphery mature into secondary phloem.
❖ The cambium is generally more active on the inner side than on the
outer.
❖ As a result, the amount of secondary xylem produced is more than
secondary phloem and soon forms a compact mass.
❖ The primary and secondary phloem get gradually crushed due to the
continued formation and accumulation of secondary xylem.
❖ The primary xylem however remains more or less intact, in or around
the centre.
❖ At some places, the cambium forms a narrow band of parenchyma,
which passes through the secondary xylem and the secondary phloem in
the radial directions.
❖ These are the secondary medullary rays
35. Spring wood and autumn wood
❑ In temperate regions, the climatic conditions are not uniform through the
year.
❑ In the spring season, cambium is very active and produces a large number
of xylary elements having vessels with wider cavities. The wood formed
during this season is called spring wood or early wood.
❑ In winter, the cambium is less active and forms fewer xylary elements that
have narrow vessels, and this wood is called autumn wood or late wood.
❑ The spring wood is lighter in colour and has a lower density whereas the
autumn wood is darker and has a higher density.
❑ The two kinds of woods that appear as alternate concentric rings,
constitute an annual ring. Annual rings seen in a cut stem give an
estimate of the age of the tree.
36. Heart wood and sap wood
❑ In old trees, the greater part of secondary xylem is dark brown due to
deposition of organic compounds like tannins, resins, oils, gums,
aromatic substances and essential oils in the central or innermost
layers of the stem.
❑ These substances make it hard, durable and resistant to the attacks
of microorganisms and insects. This region comprises dead elements
with highly lignified walls and is called heartwood.
❑ The heartwood does not conduct water but it gives mechanical
support to the stem.
❑ The peripheral region of the secondary xylem, is lighter in colour and
is known as the sapwood.
❑ It is involved in the conduction of water and minerals from root to
leaf.
37. Cork cambium
❑ As the stem continues to increase in girth due to the activity of vascular
cambium, the outer cortical and epidermis layers get broken and need
to be replaced to provide new protective cell layers.
❑ Hence, sooner or later, another meristematic tissue called cork
cambium or phellogen develops, usually in the cortex region.
❑ Phellogen is a couple of layers thick.
❑ It is made of narrow, thin-walled and nearly rectangular cells.
❑ Phellogen cuts off cells on both sides.
❑ The outer cells differentiate into cork or phellem
❑ While the inner cells differentiate into secondary cortex or phelloderm.
❑ The cork is impervious to water due to suberin deposition in the cell
wall.
❑ The cells of secondary cortex are parenchymatous.
❑ Phellogen, phellem, and phelloderm are collectively known as periderm.
Due to activity
38. Activity of Cork Cambium
❖ Due to activity of the cork cambium, pressure builds up on the remaining
layers peripheral to phellogen and ultimately these layers die and slough off.
❖ Bark is a non-technical term that refers to all tissues exterior to the vascular
cambium, therefore including secondary phloem.
❖ Bark refers to a number of tissue types, viz., periderm and secondary phloem.
❖ Bark that is formed early in the season is called early or soft bark.
❖ Towards the end of the season, late or hard bark is formed.
❖ At certain regions, the phellogen cuts off closely arranged parenchymatous
cells on the outer side instead of cork cells.
❖ These parenchymatous cells soon rupture the epidermis, forming a lens
shaped openings called lenticels.
❖ Lenticels permit the exchange of gases between the outer atmosphere and the
internal tissue of the stem. These occur in most woody trees
40. Secondary Growth in Roots
❑ In the dicot root, the vascular cambium is completely secondary
in origin.
❑ It originates from the tissue located just below the phloem
bundles, a portion of pericycle tissue, above the protoxylem
forming a complete and continuous wavy ring, which later
becomes circular.
❑ Further events are similar to those already described above for a
dicotyledon stem.
❑ Secondary growth also occurs in stems and roots of
gymnosperms.
❑ However, secondary growth does not occur in monocotyledons.