Paper-V: Histology-Secretory glands
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Prepared for B.Sc. I year Botany based on the prescribed syllabus of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University
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This document summarizes the components of xylem and phloem in vascular plants. It describes that xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres which help conduct water and minerals. Tracheids and vessels are hollow tubes, while xylem parenchyma stores food and helps conduct water. Phloem consists of sieve elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibres. Sieve elements conduct organic food, companion cells maintain pressure gradients, and phloem fibres provide mechanical strength. Both xylem and phloem work together to conduct water, minerals and food throughout vascular plants.
xylem and phloem
Xylem contains tracheids and vessels which are dead cells with lignified walls that transport water and minerals throughout the plant. Tracheids are elongated cells with thickened walls, while vessels are formed from rows of cells with dissolved walls to form continuous channels. Phloem contains sieve tubes, companion cells, bast fibers, and parenchyma. Sieve tubes are long thin-walled cells joined end to end to transport food, while companion cells are associated with sieve tubes and remain connected via pores. Bast fibers are dead sclerenchyma fibers in phloem, while parenchyma is ordinary plant tissue.
Xylem and phloem
Vascular tissue is found in vascular plants and contains the two primary components of xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant and is composed of tracheids, tracheae, fibers and parenchyma cells. Phloem transports nutrients and is composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, parenchyma and fibers. Both xylem and phloem are complex tissues with specialized cell types that facilitate their roles in conduction.
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The document compares and contrasts the structure and function of xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals up the plant and has non-living tubular cells. Phloem transports food and nutrients bidirectionally using living sieve tube elements and companion cells. Xylem provides mechanical strength while phloem forms vascular bundles. The document includes a chart comparing the key differences between xylem and phloem in terms of function, direction of movement, location in the plant, additional functions, structure, and whether the tissue is living or non-living.
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Tracheid and vessel elements
This document compares and contrasts tracheids and vessel elements, which are both elongated, dead cells that form the xylem tissue. Tracheids are long tubular cells with tapering ends, while vessel elements are shorter cells. A key difference is that vessel elements have perforations at their ends where the secondary walls are lacking, allowing them to be interconnected, whereas tracheids only have pit pairs on their walls. The document also describes different types of perforation plates found in vessel elements and discusses simple and bordered pits.
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Xylem contains tracheids and vessels which are dead cells with lignified walls that transport water and minerals throughout the plant. Tracheids are elongated cells with thickened walls, while vessels are formed from rows of cells with dissolved walls to form continuous channels. Phloem contains sieve tubes, companion cells, bast fibers, and parenchyma. Sieve tubes are long thin-walled cells joined end to end to transport food, while companion cells are associated with sieve tubes and remain connected via pores. Bast fibers are dead sclerenchyma fibers in phloem, while parenchyma is ordinary plant tissue.
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Vascular tissue is found in vascular plants and contains the two primary components of xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant and is composed of tracheids, tracheae, fibers and parenchyma cells. Phloem transports nutrients and is composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, parenchyma and fibers. Both xylem and phloem are complex tissues with specialized cell types that facilitate their roles in conduction.
Complex tissue
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Types of pits
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Xylem
A group of cells which are similar in Origin and function but of more than One type in structure.
Water conducting tissue
Along with phloem make vascular tissue
Provide support to plants
1)Tracheary elements
These are nonliving cells, provide support and conduct water. Two types,
(a)Tracheids: elongate, tube like cell, tapering, rounded or oval ends, hard lignified walls.
(b)Vessels members: long, cylindrical, tube-like structures with lignified walls.
(2)Fibres: thick walls, evolve from tracheids and provide mechanical strength. Two types,
(a)Fibre-tracheids: medium thickness walls, have reduced boardered pits.
(b)Libriform fibres: very thick walls, have reduced simple pits.
Parenchyma cells: living cells, in woody plants, store of food in starch form. Two types:
(a)Axial parenchyma: derived from fusiform initials, have tracheary elements and fibres.
(b)Ray parenchyma: derived from ray initials of cambium, xylem ray cells.
Developmentally, xylem have two types
(1)Primary xylem: derived from procambium, developing from embryo, non-woody plants.
(2)Secondary xylem: from vascular cambium, second stage of plant development, in woody plants.
Plant anatomy
The document discusses the internal structure of dicot and monocot roots. It describes the key layers and tissues found in roots, including the epiblema, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles, xylem, phloem and pith. In dicot roots, the vascular bundles vary from 2-6 and are radial, while in monocot roots they vary from 8-20 and are also radial. The pith is poorly developed or absent in dicots but highly developed in monocots.
Lesson 10 bio101 (c)Dr. Evangelista
Xylem is a complex plant tissue that transports water and minerals. It is composed of tracheary elements like tracheids and vessel members, as well as xylem parenchyma and fibers. Primary xylem develops early in a plant and secondary xylem develops later from vascular cambium. Vessel members transport water more efficiently than tracheids due to perforation plates and evolutionary specialization of pitting and element shape. Xylem parenchyma and fibers provide support. Tyloses are outgrowths from parenchyma cells that block vessel lumens.
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Wall ingrowths are specialized structures that increase the surface area of plant cell membranes. They are formed through localized deposition of cell wall material which causes invaginations of the plasma membrane. There are three main types of wall ingrowths - flange, reticulate, and papillate. Flange ingrowths resemble secondary cell walls while reticulate ingrowths branch and fuse to form fenestrations. Papillate ingrowths are initially disorganized cellulose deposits that become surrounded by callose and cell wall proteins. Transfer cells are specialized plant cells that facilitate nutrient transport through extensive wall ingrowths that amplify the plasma membrane surface area.
Vascular cambium gurpreet s
The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem that increases the diameter of stems and roots through secondary growth. It is composed of fusiform initials that divide to form vertical tissues and ray initials that form horizontal tissues. In dicots, intrafascicular cambium initially develops within vascular bundles and interfascicular cambium develops between bundles, eventually joining to form a complete cambial ring. The cambium divides to produce secondary xylem internally and secondary phloem externally. Its seasonal activity varies the structure of the tissues produced.
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• STRUCTURE OF PITS
• TYPES OF PITS
• COMBINATION IN PITS
• STRUCTURE OF BORDERED PITS
• COMBINATION IN BORDERED PITS
• PLASMODESMATA
• STRUCTURE OF PLASMODESMATA
• CLASSIFICATION OF PLASMODESMATA
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Internal structure of stem
1. The internal structure of a dicot stem features an epidermis, hypodermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles arranged in rings, pith, and medullary rays.
2. Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral or bicollateral, and open type, containing xylem, phloem, and cambium.
3. The internal structure of a monocot stem lacks a differentiated cortex and pith, and has scattered vascular bundles surrounded by bundle sheath, lacking medullary rays.
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This document summarizes different types of plant tissue. It describes simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. It also describes complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem is responsible for water conduction and consists of vessels, tracheids, fibers and parenchyma. Phloem transports food and consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, fibers and parenchyma. The document outlines the key functions of xylem, which is to conduct water and minerals, and phloem, which facilitates two-way translocation of food in plants.
Plant tissue 2
This document summarizes the structure and types of xylem and phloem tissues. It describes that xylem is composed of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem sclerenchyma which help conduct water and minerals upwards. Phloem contains sieve elements, companion cells and phloem parenchyma which conduct synthesized food materials downwards. Both tissues can be primary or secondary, and classified based on development and position of early vs late formed elements.
Structure, Development & Function of Collenchyma
Type of ground tissue, they are elongated cells with irregularly thick cell walls that provide support and structure.
Structure & Development:
Large central vacuole.
Prominent nucleus.
Living cells.
Flexible.
Irregularly thickened cell walls.
Thick primary cell wall made up of cellulose and pectin.
Secondary wall deposition starts in them.
Located beneath the epidermis in the stem and roots of dicot.
Usually absent in monocot stem and root.
There are three main types of collenchyma:
Lamellar collenchyma (uniformly thickened cell walls).
Angular collenchyma (thickened at intercellular contact points).
Lacunar collenchyma (collenchyma with intercellular spaces).
Provides structural support.
Filling of vacant spaces in young shoots and leaves that is later used for lateral growth.
Provides elasticity to plant parts by allowing them to bend easily.
Helps in photosynthesis.
Storage of secretory products.
Exchange of respiratory gases.
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Roots have several key anatomical features. The root tip contains the root apical meristem where actively dividing cells produce new tissue. Behind this is the elongation region where cells mature and the root hair zone develops root hairs to absorb water and nutrients. Roots have root caps that protect the tip and aid absorption. They lack leaves, stems, and vascular bundles arranged in a ring. Roots develop lateral roots from the pericycle and have cell layers like the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle and vascular cylinder arranged around the pith.
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The document discusses the vascular cambium and secondary growth in plants. It describes:
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2. The vascular cambium itself - it is a lateral meristem found in vascular plants that produces secondary xylem and phloem. It is composed of fusiform and ray initials.
3. The development and cell types of secondary xylem (wood) and phloem in both gymnosperms and angiosperms. Key cell types include tracheids, fibers, vessels, and parenchyma.
Primary structure Monocot Root
Primary structure in primary plant body in monocot roots.
Maize root is type example in this presentation.
Collenchyma cell project
Collenchyma is a mechanical tissue found under the epidermis of young stems and in the veins of leaves. It provides support to growing organs through thick, unevenly thickened cell walls that are flexible due to being composed of cellulose and pectin instead of lignin. Collenchyma cells are elongated and closely packed without intercellular spaces, giving strength and structure while allowing growth through flexibility and elongation of the living cells.
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This document summarizes the different types of plant tissues. It describes two main categories of plant tissues - meristematic and permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are further divided into simple and complex tissues. Simple tissues include epidermis, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and cork. Complex tissues include xylem and phloem. Each tissue type is then defined and their structure and functions are explained.
Internal structure of monocot stem
The epidermis is a single layer of compact parenchyma cells with a cuticle and stomata. Below this is the hypodermis of compact sclerenchyma cells. The ground tissue makes up most of the stem and contains loosely arranged parenchyma cells with spaces. Vascular bundles are irregularly scattered throughout the ground tissue and each has a sclerenchyma bundle sheath. The bundles are conjoint, collateral and closed with endarch xylem formation.
Sclerenchyma
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This document summarizes the different types of plant tissues, including meristematic and permanent tissues. It discusses meristem tissue in plants, which are young, dividing cells capable of growth. There are four types of meristem tissue classified by plane of cell division, development, function, or position. The document also summarizes the three main types of permanent tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma - including their characteristics, distribution in plants, and functions in providing structure and support.
Laticifers
The document discusses different types of secretory tissues in plants, specifically laticifers. Laticifers are specialized parenchyma cells that transport latex, a suspension containing various substances like resins, proteins, oils, alkaloids and sugars. Laticifers can be non-articulate or articulate. Non-articulate laticifers are long multinucleated cells that branch extensively through tissues. Articulate laticifers form longitudinal chains of cells joined end to end, resembling xylem vessels. Articulate laticifers can be non-anastomosing or anastomosing, where the latter form net-like reticula through lateral connections. Specific plant families and examples of
ANATOMY OF THE STEM.pptx
The anatomy of the stem, and vascularity. The functions of the stem and features of the stem.
The xylem and phloem and sieve tubes and cambium.
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What's hot
Xylem
A group of cells which are similar in Origin and function but of more than One type in structure.
Water conducting tissue
Along with phloem make vascular tissue
Provide support to plants
1)Tracheary elements
These are nonliving cells, provide support and conduct water. Two types,
(a)Tracheids: elongate, tube like cell, tapering, rounded or oval ends, hard lignified walls.
(b)Vessels members: long, cylindrical, tube-like structures with lignified walls.
(2)Fibres: thick walls, evolve from tracheids and provide mechanical strength. Two types,
(a)Fibre-tracheids: medium thickness walls, have reduced boardered pits.
(b)Libriform fibres: very thick walls, have reduced simple pits.
Parenchyma cells: living cells, in woody plants, store of food in starch form. Two types:
(a)Axial parenchyma: derived from fusiform initials, have tracheary elements and fibres.
(b)Ray parenchyma: derived from ray initials of cambium, xylem ray cells.
Developmentally, xylem have two types
(1)Primary xylem: derived from procambium, developing from embryo, non-woody plants.
(2)Secondary xylem: from vascular cambium, second stage of plant development, in woody plants.
Plant anatomy
The document discusses the internal structure of dicot and monocot roots. It describes the key layers and tissues found in roots, including the epiblema, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles, xylem, phloem and pith. In dicot roots, the vascular bundles vary from 2-6 and are radial, while in monocot roots they vary from 8-20 and are also radial. The pith is poorly developed or absent in dicots but highly developed in monocots.
Lesson 10 bio101 (c)Dr. Evangelista
Xylem is a complex plant tissue that transports water and minerals. It is composed of tracheary elements like tracheids and vessel members, as well as xylem parenchyma and fibers. Primary xylem develops early in a plant and secondary xylem develops later from vascular cambium. Vessel members transport water more efficiently than tracheids due to perforation plates and evolutionary specialization of pitting and element shape. Xylem parenchyma and fibers provide support. Tyloses are outgrowths from parenchyma cells that block vessel lumens.
Wall ingrowths and transfer cells
Wall ingrowths are specialized structures that increase the surface area of plant cell membranes. They are formed through localized deposition of cell wall material which causes invaginations of the plasma membrane. There are three main types of wall ingrowths - flange, reticulate, and papillate. Flange ingrowths resemble secondary cell walls while reticulate ingrowths branch and fuse to form fenestrations. Papillate ingrowths are initially disorganized cellulose deposits that become surrounded by callose and cell wall proteins. Transfer cells are specialized plant cells that facilitate nutrient transport through extensive wall ingrowths that amplify the plasma membrane surface area.
Vascular cambium gurpreet s
The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem that increases the diameter of stems and roots through secondary growth. It is composed of fusiform initials that divide to form vertical tissues and ray initials that form horizontal tissues. In dicots, intrafascicular cambium initially develops within vascular bundles and interfascicular cambium develops between bundles, eventually joining to form a complete cambial ring. The cambium divides to produce secondary xylem internally and secondary phloem externally. Its seasonal activity varies the structure of the tissues produced.
Pits & plasmodesmata
• PRIMARY PIT FIELD
• PITS
• STRUCTURE OF PITS
• TYPES OF PITS
• COMBINATION IN PITS
• STRUCTURE OF BORDERED PITS
• COMBINATION IN BORDERED PITS
• PLASMODESMATA
• STRUCTURE OF PLASMODESMATA
• CLASSIFICATION OF PLASMODESMATA
• FUNCTION OF PLASMODESMATA
Internal structure of stem
1. The internal structure of a dicot stem features an epidermis, hypodermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles arranged in rings, pith, and medullary rays.
2. Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral or bicollateral, and open type, containing xylem, phloem, and cambium.
3. The internal structure of a monocot stem lacks a differentiated cortex and pith, and has scattered vascular bundles surrounded by bundle sheath, lacking medullary rays.
plant Tissue
This document summarizes different types of plant tissue. It describes simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. It also describes complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem is responsible for water conduction and consists of vessels, tracheids, fibers and parenchyma. Phloem transports food and consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, fibers and parenchyma. The document outlines the key functions of xylem, which is to conduct water and minerals, and phloem, which facilitates two-way translocation of food in plants.
Plant tissue 2
This document summarizes the structure and types of xylem and phloem tissues. It describes that xylem is composed of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem sclerenchyma which help conduct water and minerals upwards. Phloem contains sieve elements, companion cells and phloem parenchyma which conduct synthesized food materials downwards. Both tissues can be primary or secondary, and classified based on development and position of early vs late formed elements.
Structure, Development & Function of Collenchyma
Type of ground tissue, they are elongated cells with irregularly thick cell walls that provide support and structure.
Structure & Development:
Large central vacuole.
Prominent nucleus.
Living cells.
Flexible.
Irregularly thickened cell walls.
Thick primary cell wall made up of cellulose and pectin.
Secondary wall deposition starts in them.
Located beneath the epidermis in the stem and roots of dicot.
Usually absent in monocot stem and root.
There are three main types of collenchyma:
Lamellar collenchyma (uniformly thickened cell walls).
Angular collenchyma (thickened at intercellular contact points).
Lacunar collenchyma (collenchyma with intercellular spaces).
Provides structural support.
Filling of vacant spaces in young shoots and leaves that is later used for lateral growth.
Provides elasticity to plant parts by allowing them to bend easily.
Helps in photosynthesis.
Storage of secretory products.
Exchange of respiratory gases.
Roots Postlab
Roots have several key anatomical features. The root tip contains the root apical meristem where actively dividing cells produce new tissue. Behind this is the elongation region where cells mature and the root hair zone develops root hairs to absorb water and nutrients. Roots have root caps that protect the tip and aid absorption. They lack leaves, stems, and vascular bundles arranged in a ring. Roots develop lateral roots from the pericycle and have cell layers like the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle and vascular cylinder arranged around the pith.
Plant Tissues
Tissue is a level of organization between cells and complete organisms. There are three main types of plant tissue: epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. Vascular tissue contains xylem and phloem, which transport fluids and nutrients internally. Tissues can also be categorized as meristematic or permanent. Examples of permanent tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma provides structure and stores food, collenchyma provides strength and tensile support, and sclerenchyma provides rigidity. Xylem conducts water and minerals upward and contains tracheids, vessels, fibers and parenchyma. Phloem conducts sugars downward
Vc 2 X 2 P Secondary Body Of The Plant
The document discusses the vascular cambium and secondary growth in plants. It describes:
1. The tissues that make up secondary plant bodies including vascular cambium, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and periderm.
2. The vascular cambium itself - it is a lateral meristem found in vascular plants that produces secondary xylem and phloem. It is composed of fusiform and ray initials.
3. The development and cell types of secondary xylem (wood) and phloem in both gymnosperms and angiosperms. Key cell types include tracheids, fibers, vessels, and parenchyma.
Primary structure Monocot Root
Primary structure in primary plant body in monocot roots.
Maize root is type example in this presentation.
Collenchyma cell project
Collenchyma is a mechanical tissue found under the epidermis of young stems and in the veins of leaves. It provides support to growing organs through thick, unevenly thickened cell walls that are flexible due to being composed of cellulose and pectin instead of lignin. Collenchyma cells are elongated and closely packed without intercellular spaces, giving strength and structure while allowing growth through flexibility and elongation of the living cells.
Plasmodesmata & pit
This PPT intends to explore the cellular networking via plasmodesmata along with the modifications of secondary cell wall to extend adaptation for various needs.
Tissues
This document summarizes the different types of plant tissues. It describes two main categories of plant tissues - meristematic and permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are further divided into simple and complex tissues. Simple tissues include epidermis, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and cork. Complex tissues include xylem and phloem. Each tissue type is then defined and their structure and functions are explained.
Internal structure of monocot stem
The epidermis is a single layer of compact parenchyma cells with a cuticle and stomata. Below this is the hypodermis of compact sclerenchyma cells. The ground tissue makes up most of the stem and contains loosely arranged parenchyma cells with spaces. Vascular bundles are irregularly scattered throughout the ground tissue and each has a sclerenchyma bundle sheath. The bundles are conjoint, collateral and closed with endarch xylem formation.
Sclerenchyma
Sclerenchyma cells provide mechanical support to plant organs through their lignified secondary cell walls. They include sclereids and fibers. Sclereids are typically short cells that are strongly lignified with pits, while fibers are long, spindle-shaped cells that occur in strands or bundles. Fibers include xylary fibers in xylem and extraxylary fibers like phloem, cortical and perivascular fibers. Fibers are categorized as soft, flexible bast fibers or hard, stiff fibers. Sclerenchyma cells originate from procambium, vascular cambium or ground meristem and develop through intrusive or belated secondary thickening of cell walls.
Plant tissue 1
This document summarizes the different types of plant tissues, including meristematic and permanent tissues. It discusses meristem tissue in plants, which are young, dividing cells capable of growth. There are four types of meristem tissue classified by plane of cell division, development, function, or position. The document also summarizes the three main types of permanent tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma - including their characteristics, distribution in plants, and functions in providing structure and support.
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The document summarizes the three main tissue types in plants: dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Dermal tissue covers the outer surface and is composed of epidermal cells that secrete a waxy cuticle. There are two types of plant tissues: meristematic tissues which are undifferentiated and can divide, as well as permanent tissues. Meristematic tissue includes apical and lateral meristem while permanent tissues include various ground tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma as well as vascular tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem contains tracheids and vessels that transport water and minerals upward while phloem contains sieve tubes and companion cells that
Plant tissue systems
This document summarizes plant tissue systems. It describes the three main types of tissues - meristematic, permanent and secretory. Permanent tissues are further divided into simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Parenchyma is the most common simple tissue and performs many functions. Xylem conducts water and minerals throughout the plant and consists of tracheids, vessels, fibers and parenchyma. Phloem transports organic compounds and consists of sieve elements, companion cells, parenchyma and fibers. The document also discusses secretory tissues and their structures.
ppttissuesystems-190430075739.pptx
This document summarizes plant tissue systems. It describes the three main types of tissues - meristematic, permanent and secretory tissues. It focuses on mature or permanent tissues, which are divided into simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Parenchyma, the most common simple tissue, includes storage, aerenchyma and transfer cells. Xylem conducts water and minerals, containing tracheids, vessels, fibers and parenchyma. Phloem transports organic compounds using sieve elements, companion cells, fibers and parenchyma. Secretory tissues produce and secrete substances through internal and external structures.
Equisetum
This document summarizes the external and internal morphology of Equisetum (horsetail). It describes that Equisetum has underground stems called rhizomes that produce both sterile and fertile aerial branches. The sterile branches are green and photosynthetic while the fertile branches are short-lived and bear spores. The stems have scale-like leaves arranged in whorls and fibrous roots occur at rhizome nodes. Internally, the stem has ridges and grooves with photosynthetic tissue under ridges and air canals under grooves. Vascular bundles alternate with the canals and a pith cavity is in the center.
Plant tissue
This document summarizes plant tissues and their classification. It describes two main types of plant tissues - meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are tissues composed of actively dividing cells found in growing regions of roots and stems. Permanent tissues are of two types - simple tissues including parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like phloem and xylem. It provides details about the location, structure and function of each of these different plant tissue types.
TISSUES Class - 9th
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Tissues'. For Class - 9th.
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
Capillaries are thin vessels that have a lining (endothelial lining).pdf
Capillaries are thin vessels that have a lining (endothelial lining) that is only one cell thick. The
cells are held in place by the basement membrane (outer layer of capillaries). Since the
capillaries are so thin, they facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes
between cells and blood. Arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels end in capillaries. The capillaries
connect with each other to form a network. The capillaries are designed in such a way that they
allow the transport of substances into and out of the vessel. There are structural differences to
prevent or allow exchange of substances depending on where the capillaries are found. Water
and ions are exchanged through the spaces between the cells (intercellular clefts) that make up
the lining. There are areas where this is prevented by tight junctions that form impermeable
barrier between cells. Large molecules like albumen are exchanged with the help of transport
vesicles.
There are 3 main types of capillaries based on pore structure.
1. Continuous- They do not have pores but posses intercellular clefts and areas with tight
junctions.
2. Fenestrated- These have numerous pores of different sizes. They have a gylcocalyx layer that
covers the inside of the capillaries. The gylcocalyx layer peeks out of the pores and is called the
diaphragm (the intercellular clefts don\'t have the glycocalyx coming out of them). The
diaphragm allows small molecules and prevents large molecules to pass through. But not all
fenestrated capillaries have a glycocalyx layer.
3. Sinusodial (Discontinuous)- These have many intercellular clefts and pores and their basement
membrane is incomplete.This type is the largest of the capillaries and the most permeable. They
are found in the liver, spleen, bone marrow.
Solution
Capillaries are thin vessels that have a lining (endothelial lining) that is only one cell thick. The
cells are held in place by the basement membrane (outer layer of capillaries). Since the
capillaries are so thin, they facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes
between cells and blood. Arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels end in capillaries. The capillaries
connect with each other to form a network. The capillaries are designed in such a way that they
allow the transport of substances into and out of the vessel. There are structural differences to
prevent or allow exchange of substances depending on where the capillaries are found. Water
and ions are exchanged through the spaces between the cells (intercellular clefts) that make up
the lining. There are areas where this is prevented by tight junctions that form impermeable
barrier between cells. Large molecules like albumen are exchanged with the help of transport
vesicles.
There are 3 main types of capillaries based on pore structure.
1. Continuous- They do not have pores but posses intercellular clefts and areas with tight
junctions.
2. Fenestrated- These have numerous pores of different sizes. They have a.
PHLOEM.pptx
The phloem is a living tissue that transports organic nutrients throughout the plant. It is composed of sieve elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and sometimes phloem fibers. Sieve elements include sieve tubes and sieve cells, which have perforated walls that allow nutrients to pass between cells. Companion cells are associated with and support the sieve elements. Phloem parenchyma stores nutrients and phloem fibers provide structure and strength. Together these components transport food from leaves to other plant parts.
Dental pulp
This document discusses the anatomy, histology, and functions of the dental pulp. It begins by describing the development of the dental papilla and enamel organ during embryogenesis. It then details the four distinct histological zones of the pulp, including the odontoblastic, cell-free, cell-rich, and pulp core zones. Other topics covered include the pulp's vascular, nervous, and lymphatic supply, as well as the composition of its intercellular substance and cells such as odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and defense cells. The document concludes by discussing regressive changes in the aging pulp and applied aspects of pulp preservation during restorative procedures.
Tissues - slideshare.pptx
introduction to tissues-human body is made up of 4 basic tissues- connective tissues, epithelium tissue, nervous tissue, muscular tissue--biological tissues is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function and an embryological origin with similar structure , types of tissues , microscopic diagram, diagrams of tissues, epithelial tissue and types, connective tissue , its components and types
Types of tissues with characteristic's and distribution regions
CONNECTIVE TISSUE BRS;C.ppt
This document provides information on connective tissues. It discusses that connective tissue supports and surrounds other tissues, and is composed mainly of extracellular matrix secreted by connective tissue cells. The main components of connective tissue are cells, fibers, and ground substance. Connective tissues are classified as connective tissue proper (loose and dense connective tissues) or specialized connective tissues (including adipose, blood, cartilage, bone, and lymphoid tissues).
Phylum Porifera.pptx
- Porifera are aquatic animals that live in marine and freshwater environments. They have a simple body plan with pores that allow water flow through a canal system but lack true tissues and organs.
- Their cells come in specialized types but can change form, including collar cells that line canals and draw in water and food particles and amoeboid cells that digest and distribute nutrients.
- Sponges filter feed but some are predators or parasites. They reproduce asexually through regeneration and buds or sexually with internal fertilization and larval development.
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Capillaries are thin vessels that have a lining (endothelial lining).pdf
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- 3. Internal glands: 1. Laticiferous Tissue • • • • • •
- 5. A. Laticiferous cells/non-articulated ducts • These ducts are independent units which extend as branched structures for long distances in the plant body,in all the directions. • Show repeated branching, but they do not fuse together, thus no netted structures are formed. • The walls of the ducts are soft and very often thick. Such ducts are commonly found in Calotropis, Euphorbia, Nerium, Vinca, etc.
- 6. B. Laticiferous vessels/articulated ducts • These ducts or vessels are the result of anastamosing of many cells together. • They grow more or less as parallel ducts which by means of branching and frequent anastamoses form a complex network. • latex tube is living and coenocytic. • found in angiospermic families — Papaveraceae, Compositae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, etc.
- 8. External glands: 1. Nectories
- 9. 2. Oil and Resin glands/ducts.