Dna structure notes
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This document provides information on the structure of DNA. It describes that DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in mitochondria and chloroplasts. DNA is made up of genes located on chromosomes, which are made of DNA and proteins. The structure of DNA is a double helix with nitrogen bases sticking out from the sides and pairing with each other through hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine. The sides of the ladder-like structure are made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.
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DNA Structure
DNA contains the instructions for making proteins and is found in all organisms. It has a double helix shape with nucleotides as subunits. Each nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The bases bond together in a complementary pairing between strands with adenine bonding to thymine and cytosine bonding to guanine. DNA replication involves the DNA unraveling from histone proteins, being unzipped by the helicase enzyme, and then new complimentary nucleotides being attached to each strand by DNA polymerase to produce two new DNA molecules.
Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids
DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that functions to store genetic information. It consists of two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other to form a double helix structure. The two chains are held together by complementary base pairing between adenine (A) and thymine (T), and between guanine (G) and cytosine (C). This complementary base pairing involves hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases and forms the rungs of the DNA ladder.
Presentation on DNA structure and Chemical Compositions
DNA is composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, deoxyribose sugar, and phosphate groups. The bases adenine and thymine pair together via two hydrogen bonds, while cytosine and guanine pair together via three hydrogen bonds. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA exists as a double helix with two anti-parallel strands coiled around a common axis, with the bases pairing according to Chargaff's rules. Their model explained experimental X-ray crystallography data and is universally accepted as the structure of DNA.
Dna
DNA controls all chemical processes within cells and determines an organism's traits. It is a long molecule composed of nucleotides, each containing a sugar, phosphate, and organic base. The bases on two DNA strands bond together in a double helix structure. Before cell division, the DNA strands separate and each builds a new partner strand through nucleotide addition. This process of DNA replication results in two identical DNA molecules in each new cell.
RNA structure and functions
RNA exists in several forms that are involved in protein synthesis and regulation. Major RNA types include messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes for protein production. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a core component of ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs. Transfer RNA (tRNA) transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein assembly. Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) help process mRNA, while microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) regulate gene expression. Certain RNA molecules function as catalysts in cells. New research indicates miRNAs and siRNAs could be targeted for therapeutic drug development.
Nucleic Acids and DNA
DNA and RNA molecules are linear polymers built from individual units called nucleotides connected by bonds called phosphodiester linkages. DNA and RNA are used to store and pass genetic information from one generation to the next.
Dna structure
DNA contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. It exists in cells as a double helix structure, with two strands coiled around each other. Each strand is made up of repeating nucleotide units containing a phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases on the two strands bond together in specific patterns, with adenine bonding only to thymine and cytosine bonding only to guanine. This allows the DNA strands to reliably replicate and pass genetic information from parents to offspring. While DNA provides the code, RNA is involved in expressing this code by assisting in protein production.
DNA Denaturation and Renaturation, Cot curves
The document discusses DNA denaturation and renaturation, including:
- Denaturation involves unwinding the DNA double helix into single strands through heating or chemical treatment, disrupting hydrogen bonds between base pairs. This increases UV absorption.
- Renaturation is the spontaneous rewinding of single strands back into the original double helix structure when denaturing conditions are removed, through base pairing of complementary strands.
- C0t curves plot the fraction of single strands renatured versus the product of DNA concentration and time, and can indicate the complexity and size of the original DNA sample based on renaturation rates. More complex DNA with more dissimilar sequences takes longer to renature
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DNA Structure
DNA contains the instructions for making proteins and is found in all organisms. It has a double helix shape with nucleotides as subunits. Each nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The bases bond together in a complementary pairing between strands with adenine bonding to thymine and cytosine bonding to guanine. DNA replication involves the DNA unraveling from histone proteins, being unzipped by the helicase enzyme, and then new complimentary nucleotides being attached to each strand by DNA polymerase to produce two new DNA molecules.
Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids
DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that functions to store genetic information. It consists of two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other to form a double helix structure. The two chains are held together by complementary base pairing between adenine (A) and thymine (T), and between guanine (G) and cytosine (C). This complementary base pairing involves hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases and forms the rungs of the DNA ladder.
Presentation on DNA structure and Chemical Compositions
DNA is composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, deoxyribose sugar, and phosphate groups. The bases adenine and thymine pair together via two hydrogen bonds, while cytosine and guanine pair together via three hydrogen bonds. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA exists as a double helix with two anti-parallel strands coiled around a common axis, with the bases pairing according to Chargaff's rules. Their model explained experimental X-ray crystallography data and is universally accepted as the structure of DNA.
Dna
DNA controls all chemical processes within cells and determines an organism's traits. It is a long molecule composed of nucleotides, each containing a sugar, phosphate, and organic base. The bases on two DNA strands bond together in a double helix structure. Before cell division, the DNA strands separate and each builds a new partner strand through nucleotide addition. This process of DNA replication results in two identical DNA molecules in each new cell.
RNA structure and functions
RNA exists in several forms that are involved in protein synthesis and regulation. Major RNA types include messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes for protein production. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a core component of ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs. Transfer RNA (tRNA) transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein assembly. Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) help process mRNA, while microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) regulate gene expression. Certain RNA molecules function as catalysts in cells. New research indicates miRNAs and siRNAs could be targeted for therapeutic drug development.
Nucleic Acids and DNA
DNA and RNA molecules are linear polymers built from individual units called nucleotides connected by bonds called phosphodiester linkages. DNA and RNA are used to store and pass genetic information from one generation to the next.
Dna structure
DNA contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. It exists in cells as a double helix structure, with two strands coiled around each other. Each strand is made up of repeating nucleotide units containing a phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases on the two strands bond together in specific patterns, with adenine bonding only to thymine and cytosine bonding only to guanine. This allows the DNA strands to reliably replicate and pass genetic information from parents to offspring. While DNA provides the code, RNA is involved in expressing this code by assisting in protein production.
DNA Denaturation and Renaturation, Cot curves
The document discusses DNA denaturation and renaturation, including:
- Denaturation involves unwinding the DNA double helix into single strands through heating or chemical treatment, disrupting hydrogen bonds between base pairs. This increases UV absorption.
- Renaturation is the spontaneous rewinding of single strands back into the original double helix structure when denaturing conditions are removed, through base pairing of complementary strands.
- C0t curves plot the fraction of single strands renatured versus the product of DNA concentration and time, and can indicate the complexity and size of the original DNA sample based on renaturation rates. More complex DNA with more dissimilar sequences takes longer to renature
Notes on DNA and DNA structure
DNA is a complex molecule found in all living things that stores and transmits genetic information. It consists of two strands that wrap around each other to form a double helix structure. The sides of the helix are made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, while the rungs are composed of pairs of nitrogen bases - adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. This precise base pairing allows DNA to make exact copies of itself during cell replication.
DNA Replication
DNA Replication steps of DNA replication, classical model of DNA replication, difference between DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
DNA structure
DNA controls all chemical processes and determines the structure of cells in living organisms. It is composed of nucleotides that form a double helix structure. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base. The four bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—bind together in specific base pairs to form the rungs of the DNA ladder. Genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins. The unique sequence of bases in a gene determines the specific protein produced. DNA is packaged into chromosomes, which contain DNA coiled around histone proteins and condensed into a compact structure.
Structure of nucleic acids
The document summarizes key aspects of nucleic acids. It describes that nucleic acids consist of sugars, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate groups. The four main nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA. The document then discusses the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of nucleic acids. It also compares key differences between DNA and RNA as well as between mRNA and tRNA. Finally, it summarizes factors that contribute to the stability of the DNA double helix structure and differences between A, B, and Z forms of DNA.
Chromatin structure
Chromatin is composed of DNA wound around histone proteins to form nucleosomes. Nucleosomes contain 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) with a linker histone (H1) between nucleosomes. Nucleosomes further compact to form a 10nm fiber, then a 30nm fiber through interactions with histone H1, and finally form highly condensed metaphase chromosomes through additional folding. The structure of chromatin impacts gene expression, with tightly wound heterochromatin generally transcriptionally inactive and loosely wound euchromatin generally active. Histone modifications such as acetylation and methylation also influence chromatin structure and gene expression.
DNA replication in Prokaryotes
DNA REPLICATION: Semi conservative replication, Enzymes involved in DNA replication, Initiation, Elongation and Termination.
Biochemistry of DNA Structure
DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate groups, sugars, and nitrogenous bases. The bases on one DNA strand form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on another strand to form the famous double helix structure. The double helix allows DNA to tightly coil into chromosomes inside cells. Hydrogen bonding between adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine base pairs gives DNA its stable double-stranded structure.
Dna vs rna
DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids but have some key differences. DNA is double stranded and contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA is single stranded and contains ribose and predominantly uracil. RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and proteins and helps in protein synthesis. Uracil is used in RNA instead of thymine in DNA because uracil allows RNA to be shorter-lived than DNA and was recognized better by early RNA polymerases. Thymine is used in DNA instead of uracil to protect DNA through methylation and ensure selective base pairing with adenine only.
Histone Protiens
Histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package DNA into structures called nucleosomes. Nucleosomes consist of stretches of DNA wrapped around eight histone proteins. There are two main types of histones: core histones including H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, which assemble into nucleosome cores; and linker histones like H1, which bind the DNA between nucleosome cores. Histones compact DNA and are involved in regulating gene expression through various covalent modifications that alter their interaction with DNA.
DNA CHEMISTRY
DNA consists of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds to form two anti-parallel strands that coil together in a double helix structure. The strands are held together through hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleotide base pairs of adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine. DNA provides the genetic template for its own replication and transcription into RNA, allowing for the maintenance and expression of the genome.
DNA: structure, organization and function
Dr. Ifat Ara Begum's document provides an overview of DNA structure, organization, and function. Some key points include:
- DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds that carries the genetic instructions for life.
- The DNA double helix consists of two antiparallel strands connected by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
- DNA is organized into chromosomes through progressive coiling and folding. Chromosomes are highly condensed and visible during cell division.
- DNA contains both coding and non-coding regions. While genes only account for about 1.5% of DNA, non-coding DNA plays important roles in packaging, expression, and regulation of genes
Dna
DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It consists of two long strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. Attached to each strand are four types of nucleobases - adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine - that provide genetic information. The structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.
Lec 1 introduction to molecular biology
The document provides an overview of molecular biology and discusses several key topics:
1) It discusses how cells organize and package DNA within the nucleus and replicate it during cell division.
2) Genome organization, including introns, exons, satellites and repetitive DNA is covered. Chromatin structure and packaging is also discussed.
3) DNA interacts with proteins through specific and non-specific binding. DNA is organized into chromatin through interactions with histone proteins in eukaryotes and other proteins in prokaryotes.
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides, the building blocks that contain a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides bond together to form polynucleotide chains, with DNA existing as a double-stranded helix and RNA generally being single-stranded. Friedrich Miescher first discovered nucleic acids in the 1860s in white blood cells and sperm. Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information essential for growth, development, and reproduction in living organisms.
DNA structure and chromosome organization
- Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins and store the genetic material of organisms. In eukaryotes, DNA is organized into chromosomes in the nucleus.
- DNA consists of two strands coiled into a double helix. Each strand contains nucleotides with a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine). The bases pair specifically between strands in the helix.
- Before cell division, DNA is replicated through a semiconservative process where each original strand acts as a template for a new partner strand. This results in two new DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand.
Structure of DNA
The present slide describes the DNA Structures and the components of the DNA along with the illustrative structures.
Lecture 1 basic molecular biology
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level.
In broad sense, the study of gene structure and functions at the molecular level to understand the molecular basis of hereditary, genetic variation, and the expression patterns of genes.The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry.
DNA Double Helix Structure
This presentation discusses the structure of DNA. It defines DNA as the molecule containing genetic instructions for development, life and reproduction. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base groups. The bases adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine form the genetic code by their order. Nucleotides bond to form two strands coiled in a double helix structure, with bases pairing between strands. DNA is tightly coiled to fit into chromosomes, which contain the DNA molecule within cell nuclei. The double helix structure was discovered in 1953 by Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin, revealing how DNA can carry biological information.
Organization of DNA
Levels of organisation of DNA explains how 2 meters long DNA is compacted into chromatin. Useful self-assessment questions are given in the slides. If you want to know the answer, you can ask in comments.
Dna (deoxyribonucleic acid) structure and functions
DNA provides the genetic blueprint for all living organisms. It is made up of four nucleotide bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine - that are linked together in a double helix structure. The double helix allows DNA to be tightly packaged and also provides a mechanism for DNA replication. DNA stores genetic information that is passed from parents to offspring, enabling inheritance of traits. It also contains instructions for building and sustaining all life.
12.2 replication of dna
DNA replication is semi-conservative and involves several key enzymes. DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the parental DNA strands. RNA primase adds short RNA primers to each strand. DNA polymerase then adds complementary nucleotides to the new strands in the 5' to 3' direction, replicating the leading strand continuously but the lagging strand discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments, which are later joined by DNA ligase. The end result is two double-stranded DNA molecules that each contain one original and one new strand.
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Notes on DNA and DNA structure
DNA is a complex molecule found in all living things that stores and transmits genetic information. It consists of two strands that wrap around each other to form a double helix structure. The sides of the helix are made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, while the rungs are composed of pairs of nitrogen bases - adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. This precise base pairing allows DNA to make exact copies of itself during cell replication.
DNA Replication
DNA Replication steps of DNA replication, classical model of DNA replication, difference between DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
DNA structure
DNA controls all chemical processes and determines the structure of cells in living organisms. It is composed of nucleotides that form a double helix structure. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base. The four bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—bind together in specific base pairs to form the rungs of the DNA ladder. Genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins. The unique sequence of bases in a gene determines the specific protein produced. DNA is packaged into chromosomes, which contain DNA coiled around histone proteins and condensed into a compact structure.
Structure of nucleic acids
The document summarizes key aspects of nucleic acids. It describes that nucleic acids consist of sugars, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate groups. The four main nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA. The document then discusses the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of nucleic acids. It also compares key differences between DNA and RNA as well as between mRNA and tRNA. Finally, it summarizes factors that contribute to the stability of the DNA double helix structure and differences between A, B, and Z forms of DNA.
Chromatin structure
Chromatin is composed of DNA wound around histone proteins to form nucleosomes. Nucleosomes contain 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) with a linker histone (H1) between nucleosomes. Nucleosomes further compact to form a 10nm fiber, then a 30nm fiber through interactions with histone H1, and finally form highly condensed metaphase chromosomes through additional folding. The structure of chromatin impacts gene expression, with tightly wound heterochromatin generally transcriptionally inactive and loosely wound euchromatin generally active. Histone modifications such as acetylation and methylation also influence chromatin structure and gene expression.
DNA replication in Prokaryotes
DNA REPLICATION: Semi conservative replication, Enzymes involved in DNA replication, Initiation, Elongation and Termination.
Biochemistry of DNA Structure
DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate groups, sugars, and nitrogenous bases. The bases on one DNA strand form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on another strand to form the famous double helix structure. The double helix allows DNA to tightly coil into chromosomes inside cells. Hydrogen bonding between adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine base pairs gives DNA its stable double-stranded structure.
Dna vs rna
DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids but have some key differences. DNA is double stranded and contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA is single stranded and contains ribose and predominantly uracil. RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and proteins and helps in protein synthesis. Uracil is used in RNA instead of thymine in DNA because uracil allows RNA to be shorter-lived than DNA and was recognized better by early RNA polymerases. Thymine is used in DNA instead of uracil to protect DNA through methylation and ensure selective base pairing with adenine only.
Histone Protiens
Histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package DNA into structures called nucleosomes. Nucleosomes consist of stretches of DNA wrapped around eight histone proteins. There are two main types of histones: core histones including H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, which assemble into nucleosome cores; and linker histones like H1, which bind the DNA between nucleosome cores. Histones compact DNA and are involved in regulating gene expression through various covalent modifications that alter their interaction with DNA.
DNA CHEMISTRY
DNA consists of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds to form two anti-parallel strands that coil together in a double helix structure. The strands are held together through hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleotide base pairs of adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine. DNA provides the genetic template for its own replication and transcription into RNA, allowing for the maintenance and expression of the genome.
DNA: structure, organization and function
Dr. Ifat Ara Begum's document provides an overview of DNA structure, organization, and function. Some key points include:
- DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds that carries the genetic instructions for life.
- The DNA double helix consists of two antiparallel strands connected by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
- DNA is organized into chromosomes through progressive coiling and folding. Chromosomes are highly condensed and visible during cell division.
- DNA contains both coding and non-coding regions. While genes only account for about 1.5% of DNA, non-coding DNA plays important roles in packaging, expression, and regulation of genes
Dna
DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It consists of two long strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. Attached to each strand are four types of nucleobases - adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine - that provide genetic information. The structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.
Lec 1 introduction to molecular biology
The document provides an overview of molecular biology and discusses several key topics:
1) It discusses how cells organize and package DNA within the nucleus and replicate it during cell division.
2) Genome organization, including introns, exons, satellites and repetitive DNA is covered. Chromatin structure and packaging is also discussed.
3) DNA interacts with proteins through specific and non-specific binding. DNA is organized into chromatin through interactions with histone proteins in eukaryotes and other proteins in prokaryotes.
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides, the building blocks that contain a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides bond together to form polynucleotide chains, with DNA existing as a double-stranded helix and RNA generally being single-stranded. Friedrich Miescher first discovered nucleic acids in the 1860s in white blood cells and sperm. Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information essential for growth, development, and reproduction in living organisms.
DNA structure and chromosome organization
- Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins and store the genetic material of organisms. In eukaryotes, DNA is organized into chromosomes in the nucleus.
- DNA consists of two strands coiled into a double helix. Each strand contains nucleotides with a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine). The bases pair specifically between strands in the helix.
- Before cell division, DNA is replicated through a semiconservative process where each original strand acts as a template for a new partner strand. This results in two new DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand.
Structure of DNA
The present slide describes the DNA Structures and the components of the DNA along with the illustrative structures.
Lecture 1 basic molecular biology
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level.
In broad sense, the study of gene structure and functions at the molecular level to understand the molecular basis of hereditary, genetic variation, and the expression patterns of genes.The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry.
DNA Double Helix Structure
This presentation discusses the structure of DNA. It defines DNA as the molecule containing genetic instructions for development, life and reproduction. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base groups. The bases adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine form the genetic code by their order. Nucleotides bond to form two strands coiled in a double helix structure, with bases pairing between strands. DNA is tightly coiled to fit into chromosomes, which contain the DNA molecule within cell nuclei. The double helix structure was discovered in 1953 by Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin, revealing how DNA can carry biological information.
Organization of DNA
Levels of organisation of DNA explains how 2 meters long DNA is compacted into chromatin. Useful self-assessment questions are given in the slides. If you want to know the answer, you can ask in comments.
Dna (deoxyribonucleic acid) structure and functions
DNA provides the genetic blueprint for all living organisms. It is made up of four nucleotide bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine - that are linked together in a double helix structure. The double helix allows DNA to be tightly packaged and also provides a mechanism for DNA replication. DNA stores genetic information that is passed from parents to offspring, enabling inheritance of traits. It also contains instructions for building and sustaining all life.
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Dna (deoxyribonucleic acid) structure and functions
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DNA replication is semi-conservative and involves several key enzymes. DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the parental DNA strands. RNA primase adds short RNA primers to each strand. DNA polymerase then adds complementary nucleotides to the new strands in the 5' to 3' direction, replicating the leading strand continuously but the lagging strand discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments, which are later joined by DNA ligase. The end result is two double-stranded DNA molecules that each contain one original and one new strand.
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DNA Structure and Replication
This document provides information about DNA structure and replication. It discusses that DNA is a type of macromolecule called a nucleic acid, made of nucleotides. The four nucleotides contain one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine. The bases bond with each other in complementary pairs to form the two strands of DNA's double helix structure. Prior to cell division, DNA replicates its strands through a process where the strands separate and each acts as a template for producing a new complementary strand. This results in two new double-stranded DNA molecules.
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This document summarizes key concepts in bacterial genetics. It discusses that bacteria have a nucleoid containing circular DNA chromosomes, and sometimes plasmids. It describes DNA replication, transcription, translation, repair, and mutation. It also outlines several mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria: transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Genetic exchange allows bacteria to rapidly acquire new traits like antibiotic resistance.
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are evolutionary precursors to eukaryotes that lack a nucleus. They include organisms like Escherichia coli (E. coli). Prokaryotic cells have various parts like cell walls, plasma membranes, pili, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. However, these parts are not membrane-bound like organelles in eukaryotes. The prokaryotic DNA exists in a condensed nucleoid region. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, where the cell duplicates its DNA and divides in two.
Biomolecules macromolecules
The four main biomolecules found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each is composed of monomers that polymerize to form the biomolecule. Carbohydrates include sugars such as glucose and function as an energy source. Lipids include fats and oils and make up cell membranes. Proteins are composed of amino acid monomers and have important functions including structure, movement, immunity, and catalysis. Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA contain nitrogenous bases and store and transmit genetic information.
DNA Sequencing
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- DNA sequencing involves determining the order of nucleotides (A, T, C, G) in a DNA molecule. This provides important information for research and applications in diagnostics, biotechnology, forensics, and more.
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DNA Replication PowerPoint
The document summarizes DNA replication through three key points:
1. DNA replication is semi-conservative, where each parent strand serves as a template for a new complementary strand, resulting in two new double helices that are each half original and half new DNA.
2. Replication occurs through the unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicase, with the parent strands acting as templates for DNA polymerase to add complementary nucleotides to each new strand.
3. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short segments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined together, while the leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction as the replication fork progresses.
Dna replication
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself for transmission to daughter cells. In the late 1950s, three models were proposed for how DNA replicates: conservative, semi-conservative, and dispersive. Experiments showed that the semi-conservative model is correct, where each parental DNA strand acts as a template to replicate a new partner strand. DNA replication requires DNA and RNA polymerases, helicase, topoisomerases, primase, ligase and other proteins. It occurs through initiation, elongation and termination steps in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, though eukaryotes have multiple replication origins and use RNA primers on the lagging strand.
Structure of dna and rna
The document provides information on the structure of DNA and RNA. It discusses how DNA was discovered to have a double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 based on prior work by scientists like Franklin, Wilkins, Chargaff and Pauling. It describes the key components of DNA including the sugar-phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases, and how the bases pair up in the double helix structure. It also discusses different DNA structures like A, B and Z-DNA and how DNA packages into nucleosomes and chromosomes. For RNA, it notes that it is similar to DNA but contains the sugar ribose and base uracil instead of thymine.
DNA structure, Functions and properties
This document discusses the structure, properties, and functions of DNA. It describes DNA as a polymer composed of deoxyribonucleotides that carries the genetic information found in chromosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The basic structure of DNA involves two anti-parallel strands coiled around each other to form the familiar double helix structure, held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs and base stacking interactions. DNA exists in various structural forms and undergoes compaction in the cell, ultimately forming chromatin through association with histone proteins. The primary function of DNA is to serve as the template for its own replication and transcription into RNA to direct protein synthesis.
RNA- Structure, Types and Functions
RNA- A polymer of ribonucleotides, is a single stranded structure. There are three major types of RNA- m RNA,t RNA and r RNA. Besides that there are small nuclear,micro RNAs, small interfering and heterogeneous RNAs. Each of them has a specific structure and performs a specific function.
DNA Replication
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix at an origin of replication and using each strand as a template to synthesize new partner strands. RNA primers are used to initiate DNA synthesis, which occurs semi-conservatively and bidirectionally from the replication fork to produce two identical copies of the original DNA molecule.
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Dna structure and function
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. It is made up of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) that bond together in a double helix structure. DNA is found primarily in the cell nucleus where it is organized into structures called chromosomes that contain an organism's complete set of genes.
NAs.pptx assignment biochemistry part one
The document discusses nucleic acids and their role in molecular biology. It covers the basic structures of DNA and RNA, including that DNA contains deoxyribose and is double-stranded in its normal state, while RNA contains ribose and exists in several forms involved in protein synthesis. It also summarizes the key discoveries leading to the understanding of DNA as the genetic material, including the elucidation of its double helix structure by Watson and Crick.
Biomolecular pharmacy
i collect this ppt from my faculty Dr. shafiqul islam. actulally this based on chemistry of nucleic acid.
BU5.1 DNA Structure & Function
1. DNA encodes genetic information and is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. DNA exists as a double helix structure with two complementary strands bonded together.
2. Watson and Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953 using evidence from Franklin's X-ray diffraction images of DNA fibers showing the molecule consisted of two strands twisted around each other.
3. DNA has three main functions - storing genetic information through protein coding genes, duplicating itself through DNA replication, and transmitting genetic information between generations during cellular reproduction.
Nucleic acid and Nucleotide By BNP.pptx
There are two types of nucleic acids, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Primarily, nucleic acids serve as repositories and transmitters of genetic information.
Nucleic acids are the polymers of nucleotides (polynucleotides) held by 3′and 5′phosphate bridges. In other words, nucleic acids are built up by the monomeric units—nucleotides (It may be recalled that protein is a polymer of amino acids).
Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. Nucleotides perform a wide variety of functions in the living cells, besides being the building blocks or monomeric units in the nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) structure.
Central dogma of life
nucleic acid
history
central dogma of life
types of nucleic acid
functions of DNA
Replication
encoding information
mutation and recombination
gene expression
Lecture 4 winter 2012
Genetics, Lecture 4: Chemical Nature of Gene, DNA Structure and Replication (Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic)
Unit 1 genetics nucleic acids dna
This document provides an overview of genetics and DNA. It discusses the location of DNA in cells, DNA structure including the double helix model, DNA replication, and gene expression. Key events covered include Griffith's experiments demonstrating transformation, Hershey and Chase's experiments showing DNA is the genetic material in viruses, and Watson and Crick's discovery of DNA's double helix structure. The roles of DNA, including inheritance and protein coding, are described. DNA cloning techniques like recombinant DNA and PCR are also summarized.
Unit 1 genetics nucleic acids dna
This document provides an overview of genetics and DNA. It discusses the location of DNA in cells, DNA structure including its double helix formation, the discovery of DNA as the genetic material through experiments in the 1900s, DNA replication and repair, techniques like cloning and PCR, and applications of biotechnology including producing insulin through recombinant DNA and genetically modified crops. The key roles of DNA in inheritance and providing genetic instructions for life processes are also summarized.
Nucleic acids
Nucleic Acids
DNA
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
The Histones
Deoxynucleic acid ( DNA )
Importance of Nucleotides
Base pairing
Denaturation and Renaturation
Determination GC content
Prokaryotic DNA synthesis
Prokaryotic DNA Replication
Transcription
Coding Strand and Template Strand
Steps of RNA synthesize
Deoxyribonuclotides (1).pdf
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material found in humans and almost all other organisms. It contains the genetic instructions that determine traits and characteristics. DNA is located in the cell nucleus, but some is also found in mitochondria. DNA has a double helix structure with two strands coiled around each other. It is composed of nucleotides containing a phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine). The bases pair up (adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine) to form the rungs of the DNA ladder. DNA stores and transmits the genetic code from one generation to the next.
BU5.1 Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
The document discusses the history and structure of DNA. It describes how Miescher first isolated DNA in 1869. Griffith and Avery's experiments in the early 20th century showed that DNA was the genetic material that could be transformed between bacteria. The structure of DNA was elucidated by Chargaff, Franklin, Watson and Crick in the 1950s. They discovered that DNA is a double helix with two antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide bases, with cytosine bonding with guanine and adenine bonding with thymine. DNA stores genetic information and can self-replicate to transmit this information from parent to daughter cells.
DNA
DNA is a molecule that contains genetic information. It is composed of nucleotides that form two strands bonded together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases. The sequence of these nucleotides determines an organism's traits and distinguishes one organism from another. DNA replicates through a process where it unzips its two strands and uses each strand as a template to create a new complementary strand, duplicating the genetic information.
DNA
DNA is the molecule that holds genetic information. It is composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates. The nucleotides join together in two strands that twist into a double helix shape. The strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. The sequence of these bases determines an organism's traits and distinguishes one organism from another. DNA replicates through a process where it unzips and uses free nucleotides to make identical copies of each strand.
The nucleic acids
Friedrich Miescher first isolated nucleic acids in 1869 and called them "nuclein" due to their acidic properties. The discovery of DNA's double helix structure in 1953 by Watson and Crick was monumental. Nucleic acids function to store and transmit genetic information through DNA and RNA. DNA is made of two strands bound together by complementary nucleotide bases, with adenine pairing with thymine and guanine pairing with cytosine. The discovery of DNA's structure explained the mechanism of heredity.
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Dna structure notes
- 2. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid •Found in nucleoid of prokaryotic cells •Found in the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells •In mitochondria (mtDNA) •In chloroplasts (ctDNA) •Different segments along the DNA are genes • Genes - determine body function and physical characteristics • Genes are located on chromosomes. • Chromosomes are made of DNA & proteins
- 4. Simplified Nucleotide Model S P B Draw & Label
- 5. Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
- 7. STRUCTURE OF DNA • Double stranded – helix (twisted, curved) – Right-handed twist
- 8. DNA - Double Helix Structure 1) Sides of the ladder are made up of sugar and phosphates 2) Nitrogen bases stick out from the sides of the ladder (rungs) 3) When the two sides (chains) of the ladder are connected, it’s a complete DNA molecule
- 9. DNA - Double Helix 4) Adenine bonds with Thymine* 5) Guanine bonds with Cytosine* 6) Hydrogen bonds connect the bases *see next slide
- 10. Edwin Chargaff – 1947 Studied DNA in various species Nitrogen bases are proportionate within a species Ratio of bases are various between species •Adenine and Thymine were found in proportionate amounts •Cytosine and Guanine were found in proportionate amounts Chargaff’s Rules
- 13. Nucleotide
- 14. DNA Structure
- 15. DNA Structure
- 17. 3.4
- 18. 0.34
- 19. 1
- 20. Base pair
- 22. phosphate
- 23. hydrogen bonds
- 24. 5’ 5’
- 25. 3’ 3’