Ecological succession
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Ecological succession is the gradual replacement of one community by another over time. It is initiated by disturbances that remove existing organisms or alter resources and habitat. There are two types of succession: primary succession occurs in areas without soil, while secondary succession occurs in areas with existing soil following a disturbance. In both cases, pioneer species are the first to colonize, and succession progresses gradually until an equilibrium climax community dominated by less tolerant species is reached if undisturbed.
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Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the process by which the species composition of an ecosystem changes over time. It occurs through a predictable sequence of species replacements as the environment changes. There are two types of succession - primary succession, which establishes ecosystems in newly available habitats like volcanic landscapes, and secondary succession, which reestablishes ecosystems after a disturbance like a forest fire. Succession proceeds through stages from pioneer to intermediate to climax communities as species alter environmental conditions and facilitate the establishment of other species. Ecological succession is driven by both biotic changes from organisms as well as abiotic changes in the physical environment and is an ongoing, endless process as conditions continually change over geological timescales.
Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the process by which one ecological community replaces another over time. There are two types of succession: primary and secondary. Primary succession occurs in areas without soil, like volcanic slopes, and involves pioneer species that help form soil and allow other plants and animals to move in over time. Secondary succession occurs in areas with existing soil that has been disturbed, like after a forest fire, and the process of the community reestablishing is faster since soil is already present. Both primary and secondary succession follow a similar pattern of colonization from small pioneer species to larger plants and animals that make up a climax community.
Ecological succession
This document discusses ecological succession, which is the process by which one community replaces another until a stable climax community is reached. It outlines the main steps of succession: nudation, invasion, competition/coaction, reaction, and climax. Nudation refers to the development of a bare area. Invasion involves pioneer species migrating and establishing in the bare area. Competition occurs as populations increase and species interact. Reaction changes the environment. The climax stage is the final stable community that will not be replaced. An example of succession is provided but not described in detail.
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Light is a limiting factor that varies between ecosystems and affects both plants and animals in different ways. It has direct effects like influencing photosynthesis, chlorophyll production, and plant distribution. Light also has indirect effects through processes like transpiration and respiration. Animals are impacted by changes in light through behaviors such as migration, hibernation, and biological clocks that are synchronized with day-night cycles.
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Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the process of change in species composition of an ecological community over time. There are two main types: primary succession, which occurs in areas without previous life, and secondary succession, which occurs after a disturbance in an existing ecosystem. Succession will continue through different stages as species colonize an area and change the environment, eventually reaching a climax community that is stable and able to reproduce itself until the next disturbance. Humans can impact ecological succession through activities like agriculture that clear land and disrupt existing ecosystems.
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Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the process by which the species composition of an ecosystem changes over time. It occurs through a predictable sequence of species replacements as the environment changes. There are two types of succession - primary succession, which establishes ecosystems in newly available habitats like volcanic landscapes, and secondary succession, which reestablishes ecosystems after a disturbance like a forest fire. Succession proceeds through stages from pioneer to intermediate to climax communities as species alter environmental conditions and facilitate the establishment of other species. Ecological succession is driven by both biotic changes from organisms as well as abiotic changes in the physical environment and is an ongoing, endless process as conditions continually change over geological timescales.
Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the process by which one ecological community replaces another over time. There are two types of succession: primary and secondary. Primary succession occurs in areas without soil, like volcanic slopes, and involves pioneer species that help form soil and allow other plants and animals to move in over time. Secondary succession occurs in areas with existing soil that has been disturbed, like after a forest fire, and the process of the community reestablishing is faster since soil is already present. Both primary and secondary succession follow a similar pattern of colonization from small pioneer species to larger plants and animals that make up a climax community.
Ecological succession
This document discusses ecological succession, which is the process by which one community replaces another until a stable climax community is reached. It outlines the main steps of succession: nudation, invasion, competition/coaction, reaction, and climax. Nudation refers to the development of a bare area. Invasion involves pioneer species migrating and establishing in the bare area. Competition occurs as populations increase and species interact. Reaction changes the environment. The climax stage is the final stable community that will not be replaced. An example of succession is provided but not described in detail.
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Light is a limiting factor that varies between ecosystems and affects both plants and animals in different ways. It has direct effects like influencing photosynthesis, chlorophyll production, and plant distribution. Light also has indirect effects through processes like transpiration and respiration. Animals are impacted by changes in light through behaviors such as migration, hibernation, and biological clocks that are synchronized with day-night cycles.
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Ecological succession is the process of change in species composition of an ecological community over time. There are two main types: primary succession, which occurs in areas without previous life, and secondary succession, which occurs after a disturbance in an existing ecosystem. Succession will continue through different stages as species colonize an area and change the environment, eventually reaching a climax community that is stable and able to reproduce itself until the next disturbance. Humans can impact ecological succession through activities like agriculture that clear land and disrupt existing ecosystems.
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This document discusses ecological niches and the relationships between organisms and their environments. It defines key terms like ecology, biotic and abiotic factors, and ecological niche. An ecological niche refers to an organism's role and position in its environment, including what it eats, habitat requirements, and tolerance of environmental conditions. The document contrasts fundamental and realized niches, and explains Hutchinson's niche concept and Gause's competitive exclusion principle. Examples are provided of how different species occupy different niches to avoid competition, such as various finch species on the Galapagos Islands. Habitat is defined as the actual environment an organism lives in, while niche refers more to the specific requirements that allow it to survive and reproduce.
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This document discusses ecological succession. It defines succession as the process by which plant and animal communities change over time until a stable climax community is reached. There are two types of succession: primary succession, which occurs in areas without previous species like new sand dunes, and secondary succession, which occurs after a disturbance removes existing vegetation, like in abandoned fields. The stages of succession involve pioneer species first inhabiting the area and changing the environment, allowing new species to enter until a stable climax community is established. Videos and a worksheet on succession are assigned as homework.
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Abiotic or Biotic factors
Ecosystems consist of interacting biotic and abiotic factors. Organisms rely on abiotic factors like temperature, water, and soil composition as well as biotic factors such as food sources and other species. Competition occurs when multiple individuals or populations rely on limited resources within the same niche. A limiting factor is any biotic or abiotic resource that, if depleted, prevents an organism or population from growing.
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Plant succession refers to the natural orderly changes in plant and animal communities over time. If undisturbed, an open field may become a forest over 150-300 years. However, factors like soil, climate, topography, and natural or human disturbances can affect succession patterns. Succession progresses through stages from herbs to shrubs to young forest to mature forest and finally climax forest. Primary succession occurs on undeveloped land while secondary succession occurs on previously vegetated land disturbed by events like fires or logging.
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The document discusses energy flow through ecosystems. It begins by explaining that solar energy is captured by producers like plants through photosynthesis and is then transferred to consumers and decomposers through food webs. As energy moves between trophic levels, 90% is lost as heat at each level according to the 10% law. Energy is also transformed between forms like chemical and kinetic as it moves between organisms, but the total amount of energy in an ecosystem remains constant according to the first law of thermodynamics. Food chains and pyramids of energy are used to represent these energy transfers and demonstrate how less energy is available at higher trophic levels.
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2. Liebig's Law of the Minimum states that growth is limited not by total resources but by the scarcest resource. Like a barrel limited by its shortest stave, increasing the limiting factor increases growth until a new factor becomes limiting.
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Limiting factors
1) Limiting factors determine the maximum population size that an environment can support by restricting available resources. Common limiting factors include food, water, oxygen, temperature, light, and space.
2) Limiting factors can be density-dependent, affecting population size directly, or density-independent like natural disasters.
3) Biological factors include predation, competition, and parasitism through interaction between species, while physical factors comprise resources like nutrients, water, and temperature. Limiting factors regulate population growth and distribution.
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1) Energy from the sun powers photosynthesis in green plants, which convert carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into glucose.
2) This chemical energy from glucose is transferred through ecosystems as organisms eat each other, forming food chains.
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This document discusses ecological succession. It defines succession as the process by which plant and animal communities change over time until a stable climax community is reached. There are two types of succession: primary succession, which occurs in areas without previous species like new sand dunes, and secondary succession, which occurs after a disturbance removes existing vegetation, like in abandoned fields. The stages of succession involve pioneer species first inhabiting the area and changing the environment, allowing new species to enter until a stable climax community is established. Videos and a worksheet on succession are assigned as homework.
Restoration ecology
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Ecosystems consist of interacting biotic and abiotic factors. Organisms rely on abiotic factors like temperature, water, and soil composition as well as biotic factors such as food sources and other species. Competition occurs when multiple individuals or populations rely on limited resources within the same niche. A limiting factor is any biotic or abiotic resource that, if depleted, prevents an organism or population from growing.
Plant Succession
Plant succession refers to the natural orderly changes in plant and animal communities over time. If undisturbed, an open field may become a forest over 150-300 years. However, factors like soil, climate, topography, and natural or human disturbances can affect succession patterns. Succession progresses through stages from herbs to shrubs to young forest to mature forest and finally climax forest. Primary succession occurs on undeveloped land while secondary succession occurs on previously vegetated land disturbed by events like fires or logging.
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The document discusses energy flow through ecosystems. It begins by explaining that solar energy is captured by producers like plants through photosynthesis and is then transferred to consumers and decomposers through food webs. As energy moves between trophic levels, 90% is lost as heat at each level according to the 10% law. Energy is also transformed between forms like chemical and kinetic as it moves between organisms, but the total amount of energy in an ecosystem remains constant according to the first law of thermodynamics. Food chains and pyramids of energy are used to represent these energy transfers and demonstrate how less energy is available at higher trophic levels.
Plant succession
The gradual replacement of one community by another in the development of vegetation towards a climax is the culmination stage in plant succession for a given environment.
Potential threats to rangelands
Potential threats to rangelands include overgrazing, invasive plants, human population growth, soil erosion, desertification, wildland fires exacerbated by climate change, complex land ownership issues, and a lack of institutional support. Overgrazing damages the land by exceeding the carrying capacity and allowing inferior plants to take over. Invasive plants outcompete native species and alter soil and fire regimes. Human population growth increases demands for food and fuel, resulting in conversion of rangelands and degradation through overexploitation of vegetation and soil erosion.
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A community is a complex group of individuals interacting and sharing an environment.
Communities can be characterized by their structure (the types and numbers of species present) and dynamics (how communities change over time).
Ecological succession slideshares
Succession is the process of ecological change in a community over time. It begins with pioneer species that colonize new or disturbed areas, followed by later successional communities that become more complex until a climax community is reached. There are two main types: primary succession, which establishes ecosystems in newly available areas like bare rock; and secondary succession, which occurs on previously developed land following disturbance. Examples include forest succession in Acadia National Park and coral reef succession underwater. Hydrosere and xerosere are aquatic and dry land successions respectively, that progress through distinct seral stages from bare substrates to climax plant communities.
DESERTIFICATION
Three main points:
1. Desertification is a type of land degradation where dry regions become more arid, losing vegetation and wildlife. It is caused by factors like drought, overgrazing, overcultivation, and removal of trees.
2. Categories of desertification range from light to very severe based on damage to vegetation and soil. Countermeasures include reforestation, soil fixation, contour trenching, and managed grazing.
3. Large-scale afforestation efforts in China have failed to solve desertification due to unsuitable climate with low rainfall, as the natural vegetation is grassland or desert in semiarid and arid regions with 50-500mm of rain. Previous attempts at aff
Laws of limiting factors
This document discusses limiting factors and three laws related to limiting factors:
1. Shelford's Law of Tolerance states that organisms have minimum, maximum, and optimal thresholds for environmental factors that determine their success. Outside the thresholds, survival rates decline.
2. Liebig's Law of the Minimum states that growth is limited not by total resources but by the scarcest resource. Like a barrel limited by its shortest stave, increasing the limiting factor increases growth until a new factor becomes limiting.
3. Blackman's Law of Limiting Factors says that when a process depends on multiple factors, its rate is determined by the slowest factor.
Introduction to ecology
Ecology is the scientific study of organisms `at home' which is called as the `environment'. The term `environment' refers to those parts of the world or the total set of circumstances which surround an organism or a group of organisms.
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This document summarizes the key biotic components of an ecosystem. It describes producers as autotrophic organisms like plants that produce their own food through photosynthesis. Consumers are heterotrophic animals that consume producers for energy and nutrition. Decomposers, like fungi and bacteria, are also heterotrophic as they break down dead organic matter and release inorganic nutrients back into the environment. Food chains represent the transfer of energy as producers are consumed by consumers in a linear pathway, while food webs illustrate the various intersecting food chains that comprise a full ecosystem.
Environmental Biology
This document defines key terms related to organisms and their environment, including biosphere, ecology, habitat, population, and community. It also discusses the components of a community, including producers, consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores), and decomposers. Additionally, it covers topics like primary/secondary/tertiary consumers, predator-prey relationships, ecosystems, and how energy flows through trophic levels in a food chain and food web.
Limiting factors
1) Limiting factors determine the maximum population size that an environment can support by restricting available resources. Common limiting factors include food, water, oxygen, temperature, light, and space.
2) Limiting factors can be density-dependent, affecting population size directly, or density-independent like natural disasters.
3) Biological factors include predation, competition, and parasitism through interaction between species, while physical factors comprise resources like nutrients, water, and temperature. Limiting factors regulate population growth and distribution.
Scope of ecology
This document discusses the scope of ecology, including applied ecology, forestry, rangeland management, fish farming, and wildlife management. Applied ecology involves understanding ecosystem needs, problems, and solutions to aid conservation efforts. Forestry is important for resources, habitat, and environmental benefits. Rangeland management maintains grasslands, soil, and acts as a natural mulch. Fish farming provides food and nutrition to meet the increasing demand for meat. Wildlife management is necessary to protect threatened and endangered species from extinction and maintain ecosystem balance.
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Ecological succession
Ecological Succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over a period of time.
But, over a long period of time, the climate conditions of an ecosystem is bound to change.
No ecosystem has existed or will remain unchanged over a Geological Time Scale.
ECOSYSTEMS
Ecosystems are dynamic communities of organisms and their environment that interact. They include living elements like producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as non-living elements like sunlight, water, nutrients and other chemicals. Scientists are concerned that human activities are exceeding environmental thresholds and disrupting ecosystems, which rely on complex interrelationships and are ultimately limited by environmental factors. Ecological succession describes how communities change over time through stages like primary and secondary succession, reaching a climax state.
Succession
Ecological succession is a series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time, typically resulting in an increase in species diversity. Succession can be primary, occurring in areas with no previous community traces like new lava, or secondary, in partially disturbed areas where soil survives. Pioneer species alter the environment making it suitable for other species in successional stages from grasses to shade-tolerant trees in a climax community.
Community ecology
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
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Speciation
Speciation is the process by which new species form. It occurs when populations become isolated from each other and diverge to the point that they can no longer interbreed. Isolation can be geographic, such as when physical barriers separate populations, or reproductive, such as when changes prevent successful mating. Speciation rates may be gradual over millions of years or punctuated by rapid changes following events like natural disasters. The evolutionary history and relationships between species can be modeled in cladograms or phylogenetic trees.
Evolution of populations
This document discusses population genetics and microevolution. It explains that evolution occurs at the genetic level through heritable changes in DNA, arising from various sources of genetic variation within populations like mutation, recombination, and random mating. The key concepts of gene pool, allele frequencies, genetic equilibrium, and Hardy-Weinberg principle are introduced to illustrate how evolution can result from changes in the distribution of alleles in a population over generations under the influence of genetic drift or natural selection.
Patterns of heredity and human genetics
This document discusses several patterns of human genetics and heredity, including simple dominant and incomplete dominant inheritance. It provides examples of traits that follow each pattern, such as tongue rolling being a simple dominant trait and flower color in plants being an example of incomplete dominance. The document also covers codominance, polygenic inheritance, sex determination and sex-linked traits such as hemophilia. It explains how traits can be influenced by sex hormones in some cases.
Dna to chromosomes
The document discusses how eukaryotic cells package DNA into chromatin and chromosomes. DNA is found in the form of chromatin during interphase, which involves tightly coiling DNA around histone proteins to form nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are the basic unit of DNA packaging, allowing the 2 meters of DNA in human cells to fit inside the nucleus. Chromosomes only form when cells are preparing to divide and reproduce, allowing DNA to be passed from parent cells to daughter cells.
Species interactions comm ecology
This document summarizes the five major types of species interactions: predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism. It defines each interaction and provides examples. Predation involves one species consuming another for food, while competition occurs when two species require the same limited resources. Parasitism benefits one species at the expense of the other. Mutualism is a cooperative relationship that benefits both species, such as pollination. In commensalism, one species benefits while the other is not affected.
The biosphere
The document summarizes the key spheres that make up Earth's biosphere - the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and anthrosphere. It then discusses Biosphere 2, an artificial closed ecosystem experiment in Arizona meant to study interactions within a biosphere. The experiment identified issues like too much CO2 and not enough O2 or food production. It also summarizes the major biogeochemical cycles of water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus that are vital to life on Earth.
Unique properties of water
Water is a polar molecule that is essential for life. Its polarity allows it to dissolve many other polar substances and act as a solvent for biological molecules and reactions in living cells and organisms. Water has unique physical properties, such as a high heat capacity and ability to form hydrogen bonds, that make it well-suited to regulate temperature and support life processes on Earth. The polarity and hydrogen bonding of water molecules also allow water to have high surface tension and influence many other physical phenomena.
Cells of the six kingdoms
There are six kingdoms that classify life on Earth - Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are prokaryotic and unicellular, while Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia are eukaryotic. Protista can be unicellular or multicellular, Fungi and Plantae are multicellular, and Animalia are always multicellular. The kingdoms differ in their cell structures, body forms, and modes of nutrition, which can include photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, heterotrophic nutrition like phagocytosis, or secretion and absorption of enzymes
Cells
Cells are the basic units of life. All living things are made of cells, and cells come only from other living cells. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The document goes on to describe the structures and functions of various cell organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell membrane, and others. It also compares the differences between plant and animal cells.
Introduction to ecology 2
This document provides an introduction to ecology, including definitions of key terms and concepts. It explains that ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environments. It describes the different levels of ecological organization from the biosphere down to the individual organism. It also defines biomes as large geographical areas with similar climates and ecosystems, and lists some major biomes such as tundra, taiga, and tropical rainforest. Finally, it discusses adaptations as traits that enhance an organism's survival and are maintained by natural selection.
Characteristics of life
This document outlines the 8 characteristics of living organisms: 1) unique biochemistry, 2) organization and cells, 3) response to stimulus, 4) homeostasis, 5) metabolism, 6) growth and development, 7) reproduction, and 8) adaptation and evolution. Each characteristic is defined and an example is provided to illustrate the meaning. The document explains that all living things share fundamental biochemical similarities and that cells are the basic functional units of living things.
Hierarchy of biology additional notes
The document discusses several key topics in biology including cells, tissues, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, and the biosphere. It explains that cells are the basic structural and functional units of all life on Earth and can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Tissues, populations, and communities are discussed in the context of multicellular organisms. Ecosystems are natural systems consisting of biotic and abiotic factors in an area, while biomes represent major communities with similar environmental conditions over large geographic areas. Finally, the biosphere encompasses all global ecosystems within the zones of air, land, and water where life exists.
Methods used by biologists
Biologists use several methods to study organisms including making inferences based on observations and prior knowledge, direct observation using the five senses to detect things in experiments and record events, and both qualitative observations using words, diagrams, pictures, colors, odors and sounds as well as quantitative observations involving numerical data through measurements, calculations and graphs which must include units when reporting raw or processed data.
Hierarchy of biology
This document outlines the levels of organization in biology from the subatomic to the biosphere, as well as the core concepts covered in biology. It begins with subatomic particles and atoms/ions, then moves up through compounds, nanosystems, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems, organisms, populations and communities, ecosystems, biomes and the biosphere. It also lists the five core ideas typically covered in biology: unity and diversity, structure and function, energy and regulation, interdependence, and science, technology and society.
Introduction to HBS: Unifying Themes
Introduction to the course of Human Body Systems (and how it relates to basic anatomy and physiology)
What is biology and Why study biology?
Biology is the study of living things, life processes, habitats, interactions, history and future of life. It examines all kingdoms including animals, plants, fungi, protists, eubacteria and archaebacteria. Studying biology is important because living things are interdependent and human existence relies on other organisms. Understanding biology has allowed humans to develop agriculture, solve medical problems, and be curious about their place in the world. Continued discovery will provide knowledge to improve lives and ensure a healthy future for our planet.
Antigens and antibodies
Antigens are substances that cause the immune system to produce antibodies. Antigens can be external, like bacteria or viruses, or internal, like bacterial toxins or damaged cells. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to antigens. Each antibody targets a specific antigen. When an antibody binds to its matching antigen, it helps protect the body or tags antigens for destruction.
Body defenses against infection
The document summarizes the body's immune defenses against infection. It describes two main types of immunity: innate immunity, which provides nonspecific defenses like skin barriers and phagocytes; and acquired (adaptive) immunity, which develops after exposure and provides pathogen-specific responses using B cells, T cells, antibodies, and immunological memory. The immune system uses successive lines of defense, from physical barriers and phagocytes to inflammation and antibodies, to protect the body. Vaccines help produce active immunity by exposing the immune system to weakened or killed pathogens.
Lymphatic system notes
The lymphatic system defends against infection and disease by returning tissue fluid to the bloodstream. It consists of lymphatic capillaries that collect fluid from tissues, terminal ends that connect to lymphatic ducts, and lymphatic ducts that return the fluid to the venous system.
Enzymes for hbs
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts and are necessary for most chemical reactions in living cells. They help reactions occur by lowering their activation energy. Enzymes have a unique three-dimensional shape with active sites that allow them to specifically bind to substrates and rearrange the molecules involved in chemical steps. While they are not consumed in these reactions, enzymes increase the rates of reactions and can be reused, making them highly efficient biological catalysts.
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Ecological succession
- 2. Stability vs Change • Stability = the tendency of a community to maintain relatively constant conditions. • More stable communities = better able to resist changes • Disturbances = events that change communities • Can be abiotic or biotic – Remove or destroy organisms – Alter resource availability – Habitat destruction
- 3. Community Change Ecological succession - gradual replacement of one kind of community of organisms by another over time Initiated by disturbance
- 4. Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition - Type #1 Primary succession - begins with barren area, no soil
- 5. Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition - Type #1 Slow soil development by weathering, activities of tolerant species - pioneer species
- 6. Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition - Type #1 Gradual changeover to less tolerant species over long periods of time - equilibrium or successional species
- 8. Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition - Type #2 Secondary succession - begins with soil already in place
- 9. Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition - Type #2 Rapid changeover to less tolerant species over shorter periods of time - rapid because soil already present
- 12. The End Product If undisturbed, communities change toward a relatively stable stage - climax community - long-term presence if not disturbed - dominated by less-tolerant species - general equilibrium
- 13. SUCCESSION SUMMARY Succession: the gradual regrowth of species in an area 2 Types: 1) Primary Succession: in an area that has not previously supported life 2) Secondary Succession: follows a disruption of an existing community i.e. flood, fire, etc. Pioneer Species: the first species to colonize a new habitat Climax Community: the end result of succession which remains constant over time -The “Biome”